Program Studi Teknik Geomatika

Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan

Institut Teknologi Sumatera

GEODESI SATELIT
GT2204 – 3 SKS

COORDINATE SYSTEMS

Zulfikar Adlan Nadzir, S.T., M.Sc.

Geomatics Engineering Study Program of Sumatera Institute of Technology

(ITERA)
zulfikar.nadzir@gt.itera.ac.id
Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Recall of The Week

Three Pillars of Geodesy

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 2

Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

What is Position?

“The Earth, its environment and the celestial bodies in the Universe are not
static: they move, rotate and undergo deformations. The study of their
kinematics and the dynamics that are behind is one of the major tasks of
geodesy, geophysics and astronomy.”
Kovalevsky, 1989

• One of the Three Pillars of Geodesy.

• It explains where a thing is located, qualitatively and quantitatively.
• To describes one’s position and or motion in quantitative manner, one
needs a consistent system, relating to some reference.

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Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Coordinate System
• A consistent system where one can express a position and motions of
an object quantitatively.

• This system simplifies expression and computation of geometrical and

dynamical aspects of position, while ensuring the uniformity.

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Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Parameters of Coordinate System

• In every coordinate systems, several parameters needs to be defined in

order to distinguish one to the other.

• The origin of the system.

• Orientation of the axes.
• The unit.

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Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Classification of Coordinate Systems

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 6

Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Excursus: Coordinate Transformation

• Transforming coordinates from one system to the other is one of our

main scope as Geodesist (Hakim, 2018).

• It has three main parts: rotation, scaling and offset.

• Rotation plays an important role in Satellite Geodesy.

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Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Reference System

• In order to transform one system to the other, the relation between both
system needs to be established.

• Thus, parameters of both systems needs to be defined.

• The parameters of a coordinate system and the underlying physical and

mathematical model are called reference system

• In Seeber [1993], reference system is defined as the complete

conceptual definition of how a coordinate system is formed.
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Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Reference Frame

• The practical realization of a reference system for describing positions

and motion on the Earth or of celestial bodies.

• This practical realization is done through geodetic observations,

represented in a set of fiducial points on the sky or on Earth’s surface.

• This set of parameters are not unique, hence the arbitrariness and
imperfection always remains.

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 9

Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Relations between Reference System and Frame

Five steps are necessary to bridge the concept and its realization:
• Concept : Setting up a theoretical concept
• Choice of Physical Structure: Identification of Physical Bodies that
supported the definition.
• Structure Modelling: Parameters value assignment. The underlying
arbitrariness makes the system imperfect.
• Realization of the system: Applying the model together with several set
of coordinates obtained through observations.
• Extension and Densification: Adding secondary set of observations to
determines coordinates of unknown points.
GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 10
Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Realization of a System Example (1)

A reference system called Geocentric Terrestrial Reference System (GTRS)

is defined to be a trihedron whose basic vectors span a 3 dimensional,
orthogonal and right-handed Euclidean vector space (Petit&Luzum,2010).
This system has these parameters:

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 11

Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Realization of a System Example (2)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 12

Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Our Mother Earth (1)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 13

Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Our Mother Earth (2)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 14

Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Our Mother Earth (3)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 15

Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Surface of our Earth

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 16

Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Geoid (1)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 17

Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Geoid (2)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 18

Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Ellipsoid (1)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 19

Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Ellipsoid (2)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 20

Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Ellipsoid (3)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 21

Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

ASSIGNMENT#2
Make a short essay themed

“The Earth and Its Geometry: A Mathematical

History”

• No less than 2 paragraph.

• Contains fundamental information about our Earth and the development
of its representation in Mathematical sense.
• Gather as many as sources and literatures as possible.

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Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan
Institut Teknologi Sumatera

Terima Kasih