Geodesi Satelit GT2204 - 3 SKS: Introduction To Satellite Geodesy

Program Studi Teknik Geomatika
Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan

Institut Teknologi Sumatera
GEODESI SATELIT
GT2204 – 3 SKS
INTRODUCTION TO SATELLITE GEODESY
Zulfikar Adlan Nadzir, S.T., M.Sc.
Geomatics Engineering Study Program of Sumatera Institute of Technology

(ITERA)
zulfikar.nadzir@gt.itera.ac.id
What is GEODESY?
‘Geo’ (γη) and ‘Daisia’ (δαιω)
‘I divide the Earth’
GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 2

Definition(s) of Geodesy
• According to Helmert (1880), Geodesy is the science of the

measurement and mapping of the Earth’s surface.
• IAG defines Geodesy as the discipline that deals with the measurement
and prepresentation of the Earth, including its gravity field, in a three-
dimensional time varying space.

The modern(er) definition of Geodesy

‘In the last two decades, the scope of Geodes has changed. 20 years ago,
Geodesy was the scientific discipline of measuring the shape, the rotation
and the gravitational field of the Earth. Nowadays, this is only one part of
Geodesy since it has turned into a multidisciplinary science of providing
reliable and accurate measurements of a highly dynamic and complex
system Earth including the discussion of causes of the observed changes.
Bloßfeld, 2017

Domains and Branch of Geodesy
Thus, the domains of Geodesy are, based on Vanicek and Krakiwsky

(1986):
• Determination of positions
• Determination of Earth’s gravity field
• Temporal variations of positions and gravity field of the Earth.

Branches of Geodesy

Definition of Satellite Geodesy
• Since 1957, Satellite Geodesy became increasingly popular sub-

discipline of Geodesy.
• Seeber (2003) stated that Satellite Geodesy comprises the
observational and computational techniques which allow the solution of
geodetic problems by the use of precise measurements to, from, or
between artificial, mostly near-Earth, satellites.

Aspects of Satellite Geodesy
Based on Abidin (2001), Satellite Geodesy comprises of several aspects:

• Observations and Measurements
• Coordinate Systems
• Time Systems
• Orbital Dynamics
• Signal Propagations
• Data Processing, and
• Applications and Examples

Observation type in Satellite Geodesy
Satellites near our Earth can be utilized as:

• Targets and or measurement vehicles, with the satellite considered as
fixed control points. It is called ‘geometrical method’
• Probes or sensors, to detect the gravity field of the Earth. It is known as
‘dynamical method’
Geometrical Dynamical

Advantages of using Near-Earth Objects (1)
There are several advantages of using near-Earth objects, as opposed to

the on-Earth objects:
• It can bridge large distances.
• Various parameters can be measured.
• Its repeatability brings about better understandings about the dynamics
of said parameters.
• It is defined in a uniform system (in a global scale).
• Often, it is free of legal and administrative wrangling (privacy and
defense concerns)

Advantages of using Near-Earth Objects (2)

Relation between distance and accuracy

Further Classification on Observation Methods (1)
Based on the relation between the observation platform and the target
platform, there are three main distinctive groupings:
1. Earth to Space
• Satellite Photography
• Laser-based ranging (SLR and LLR)
• Doppler Positioning (TRANSIT, DORIS, PRARE)
• GNSS System
2. Space to Earth
• Satellite Altimetry
• Spaceborne Laser
• Satellite Gradiometry
3. Space to Space (Satellite to Satellite Tracking)
Further Classification on Observation Methods (2)

Historical Development of Satellite Geodesy (1)









Global Geodetic Observation System (GGOS) (1)
To fully monitor all scope of Geodesy, one needs to integrate various

observation methods to fully exploit their individual strengths.





Applications of Satellite Geodesy (1)
Using three pillars of Geodesy as a starting point, here summarized the

possible applications of Satellite Geodesy, after rigorous limitations:
1. Global Geodesy (Erdmessung)

• general shape of Earth’s figure and gravity field,
• dimensions of a mean Earth ellipsoid,
• establishment of a global terrestrial reference frame,
• detailed geoid as a reference surface on land and at sea,
• connection between different existing geodetic datums, and
• connection of national datums with a global geodetic datum


2. Geodetic Control
• establishment of geodetic control for national networks,
• installation of three-dimensional homogeneous networks,
• analysis and improvement of existing terrestrial networks,
• establishment of geodetic connections between islands or with the
mainland,
• densification of existing networks up to short interstation distances.

Excursus on Geodetic Control in Indonesia


3. Applied and Plane Geodesy (Landesvermessung)
• detailed plane surveying (land register, urban and rural surveying,
• Geographic information systems (GIS), town planning, boundary
demarcation etc.),
• installation of special networks and control for engineering tasks,
• terrestrial control points in photogrammetry and remote sensing,
• position and orientation of airborne sensors like photogrammetric
cameras,
• control and position information at different accuracy levels in
forestry, agriculture,
• archaeology, expedition cartography etc.


4. Navigation and Marine Geodesy
• precise navigation of land-, sea-, and air-vehicles,
• precise positioning for marine mapping, exploration, hydrography,
oceanography, marine geology, and geophysics,
• connection and control of tide gauges (unification of height
systems).

ASSIGNMENT#1
Given several observation methods of Satellite Geodesy :
• LLR
• PRARE
• QZSS
• IceSAT
• GRACE
• GOCE
Explain in five sentences about:
• Which classifications they belong to,
• Their unique characteristics,
• Observed parameters,
• Their state of development and,
• Which pillars of Geodesy can they contribute.
Terima Kasih

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Program Studi Teknik Geomatika

Jurusan Teknologi Infrastruktur dan Kewilayahan

INTRODUCTION TO SATELLITE GEODESY

Zulfikar Adlan Nadzir, S.T., M.Sc.

Geomatics Engineering Study Program of Sumatera Institute of Technology

‘Geo’ (γη) and ‘Daisia’ (δαιω)

‘I divide the Earth’

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 2

• According to Helmert (1880), Geodesy is the science of the

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 3

The modern(er) definition of Geodesy

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 4

Domains and Branch of Geodesy

Thus, the domains of Geodesy are, based on Vanicek and Krakiwsky

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 5

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 6

Definition of Satellite Geodesy

• Since 1957, Satellite Geodesy became increasingly popular sub-

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 7

Aspects of Satellite Geodesy

Based on Abidin (2001), Satellite Geodesy comprises of several aspects:

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 8

Observation type in Satellite Geodesy

Satellites near our Earth can be utilized as:

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 9

Advantages of using Near-Earth Objects (1)

There are several advantages of using near-Earth objects, as opposed to

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 10

Advantages of using Near-Earth Objects (2)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 11

Relation between distance and accuracy

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 12

Further Classification on Observation Methods (1)

Further Classification on Observation Methods (2)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 14

Historical Development of Satellite Geodesy (1)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 15

Historical Development of Satellite Geodesy (2)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 16

Historical Development of Satellite Geodesy (3)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 17

Historical Development of Satellite Geodesy (4)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 18

Historical Development of Satellite Geodesy (5)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 19

Historical Development of Satellite Geodesy (6)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 20

Historical Development of Satellite Geodesy (7)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 21

Historical Development of Satellite Geodesy (8)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 22

Historical Development of Satellite Geodesy (9)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 23

Global Geodetic Observation System (GGOS) (1)

To fully monitor all scope of Geodesy, one needs to integrate various

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 24

Global Geodetic Observation System (GGOS) (2)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 25

Global Geodetic Observation System (GGOS) (2)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 26

Global Geodetic Observation System (GGOS) (3)

GEODESI SATELIT (GT 2204) 27

Global Geodetic Observation System (GGOS) (4)