Shree Ambabai Talim Sanstha’s

SANJAY BHOKARE GROUP OF INSTITUTES, MIRAJ

FACULTY OF POLYTECHNIC
Institute Code: 1552

Department Of Civil Engineering

Micro Project Report
On

Collect information on advanced surveying equipments

Prepared By

Roll no. Enrolment No. Name

2101 2015520003 SARVESH SURESH MORE
2105 2015520007 NEMADE RUSHIKESH SANJAY
2107 2015520036 SANADE MUJJAMIL FAKRUDDINALI
2113 2115520172 PAWAR OMKAR SURESH
2114 2115520173 JADHAV ATHARV ANIL

Under the Guidance of

Submitted To

Ms.G.P. Gavane

Maharashtra StateBoard of Technical Education, Mumbai

(Autonomous) (ISO-9001-2008) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
Academic Year 2021-2022
 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that following students,

Roll no. Enrolment No. Name

2101 2015520003 SARVESH SURESH MORE
2105 2015520007 NEMADE RUSHIKESH SANJAY
2107 2015520036 SANADE MUJJAMIL FAKRUDDINALI
2113 2115520172 PAWAR OMKAR SURESH
2114 2115520173 JADHAV ATHARV ANIL
of Third Semester of Diploma in Civil Engineering , of Institute ATS
Sanjay Bhokare Group Of Institutes, Faculty Of Polytechnic, Miraj.
(Code: 1552) are completed the Micro Project work satisfactorily in course
Advanced Surveying(22301) for the academic year 2021 to 2022 as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Miraj
Date:

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Ms.G.P. Gavane Ms.G.P. Gavane Mr.C.P. Divte

 Annexure –I

PART A – Micro-Project Proposal

1.0 Brief Introduction
Hardware
The main surveying instruments in use around the world are the theodolite, measuring
tape, total station, 3D scanners, GPS/GNSS, level and rod. Most instruments screw onto
a tripod when in use. Tape measures are often used for measurement of smaller distances. 3D
scanners and various forms of aerial imagery are also used.
The theodolite is an instrument for the measurement of angles. It uses two
separate circles, protractors or alidades to measure angles in the horizontal and the vertical
plane. A telescope mounted on trunnions is aligned vertically with the target object. The
whole upper section rotates for horizontal alignment. The vertical circle measures the angle
that the telescope makes against the vertical, known as the zenith angle. The horizontal circle
uses an upper and lower plate. When beginning the survey, the surveyor points the instrument
in a known direction (bearing), and clamps the lower plate in place. The instrument can then
rotate to measure the bearing to other objects. If no bearing is known or direct angle
measurement is wanted, the instrument can be set to zero during the initial sight. It will then
read the angle between the initial object, the theodolite itself, and the item that the telescope
aligns with.
The gyrotheodolite is a form of theodolite that uses a gyroscope to orient itself in the absence
of reference marks. It is used in underground applications.
The total station is a development of the theodolite with an electronic distance measurement
device (EDM). A total station can be used for leveling when set to the horizontal plane. Since
their introduction, total stations have shifted from optical-mechanical to fully electronic
devices.[9]
Modern top-of-the-line total stations no longer need a reflector or prism to return the light
pulses used for distance measurements. They are fully robotic, and can even e-mail point data
to a remote computer and connect to satellite positioning systems, such as Global Positioning
System. Real Time Kinematic GPS systems have significantly increased the speed of
surveying, and they are now horizontally accurate to within 1 cm ± 1 ppm in real-time, while
vertically it is currently about half of that to within 2 cm ± 2 ppm.[10]
GPS surveying differs from other GPS uses in the equipment and methods used. Static GPS
uses two receivers placed in position for a considerable length of time. The long span of time
lets the receiver compare measurements as the satellites orbit. The changes as the satellites
orbit also provide the measurement network with well conditioned geometry. This produces
an accurate baseline that can be over 20 km long. RTK surveying uses one static antenna and
one roving antenna. The static antenna tracks changes in the satellite positions and
atmospheric conditions. The surveyor uses the roving antenna to measure the points needed
for the survey. The two antennas use a radio link that allows the static antenna to send
corrections to the roving antenna. The roving antenna then applies those corrections to the
GPS signals it is receiving to calculate its own position. RTK surveying covers smaller
distances than static methods. This is because divergent conditions further away from the
base reduce accuracy.
Surveying instruments have characteristics that make them suitable for certain uses.
Theodolites and levels are often used by constructors rather than surveyors in first world
countries. The constructor can perform simple survey tasks using a relatively cheap
instrument. Total stations are workhorses for many professional surveyors because they are
versatile and reliable in all conditions. The productivity improvements from a GPS on large
scale surveys makes them popular for major infrastructure or data gathering projects. One-
person robotic-guided total stations allow surveyors to measure without extra workers to aim
the telescope or record data. A fast but expensive way to measure large areas is with a
helicopter, using a GPS to record the location of the helicopter and a laser scanner to measure
the ground. To increase precision, surveyors place beacons on the ground (about 20 km
(12 mi) apart). This method reaches precisions between 5–40 cm (depending on flight
height).[11]
Surveyors use ancillary equipment such as tripods and instrument stands; staves and beacons
used for sighting purposes; PPE; vegetation clearing equipment; digging implements for
finding survey markers buried over time; hammers for placements of markers in various
surfaces and structures; and portable radios for communication over long lines of sight.
Software
Land surveyors, construction professionals, and civil engineers using total station, GPS, 3D
scanners, and other collector data use Land Surveying Software to increase efficiency,
accuracy, and productivity. Land Surveying Software is a staple of contemporary land
surveying.
Typically, much if not all of the drafting and some of the designing for plans and plats of the
surveyed property is done by the surveyor, and nearly everyone working in the area of
drafting today (2021) utilizes CAD software and hardware both on PC, and more and more in
newer generation data collectors in the field as well.[13] Other computer platforms and tools
commonly used today by surveyors are offered online by the U.S. Federal Government and
other governments' survey agencies, such as the National Geodetic Survey and
the CORS network, to get automated corrections and conversions for collected GPS data, and
the data coordinate systems themselves.
Techniques

Surveyors determine the position of objects by measuring angles and distances. The factors
that can affect the accuracy of their observations are also measured. They then use this data to
create vectors, bearings, coordinates, elevations, areas, volumes, plans and maps.
Measurements are often split into horizontal and vertical components to simplify calculation.
GPS and astronomic measurements also need measurement of a time component.
2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project
This Micro-Project aims at:
• To study different types of advanced survey instruments.
• Learn uses of advanced surveying instruments and techniques.

3.0 Intended Course Outcomes

a) Prepare plans using plane table surveys, theodolite surveys,total station instrument.
b) Find distances and elevations using tacheometer.
c) Set out simple circular curves.
d) Locate coordinates of stations using GPS.

4.0 Literature Review

• STATE OF ART OF SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
Technological developments in the field of computer science, information technology
and satellite technology have created new hopes for surveying and geoinformatics.
Whilst it is true that mine surveyors in Deep/Underground mines do also carry out
surveys above ground, their main work is carried out many hundreds of meters
underground. The coming of global positioning system (GPS), total station and digital
theodolites has made the acquisition of data much simpler and faster than hitherto was
the case.

• TESTING AND CALIBRATION OF SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS AND

TOOLS
The paper introduces the basic calibration procedures of selected surveying
instruments and ancillary equipment (digital levels and bar code levelling staffs, total
stations and electronic tacheometers, reflective systems). The results from testing of
the light influence on work of digital level are presented. The testing procedure and
results of the calibration of horizontal circles of the surveying instruments on the
calibration device in the Slovak Institute of Metrology in Bratislava are introduced as
well.
Key words: Calibration, testing, digital level, bar code levelling staff, electronic
tacheometer, horizontal circle.

5.0 Proposed Methodology

Firstly discussed and finalized the topic then started the preparation of submission of
proposal. All members in group discussed and planed layout of micro project then
after having preference of various books of basic survey and various websites from
Google chrome we all were prepared with our micro project content. Then we have
discussed about all required resources raw material etc. and collected them. Then the
report was completed by our all group members, and was ready to submit.

6.0 Resources Required

S. No. Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty Remarks
 1. Internet Browser 1
www.ijert.org
2. Books- 3
1. SURVEING AND LEVELING By
N.N. BASAK, McGraw Hill
Education, New Delhi
2. SURVEYING VOL. 1, Standard
book house By KR ARORA.
3. SURVEY 1, McGraw Hill
Education, New Delhi

7.0 Action Plan

S. Details of activity Planned Planned Finish Name of
No. Start date date Responsible
Team Members
1 Selected group member 01Oct 06 Oct 2021 All members
2021

2 Selected topic 07Oct 14 Oct 2021 All Members

2021
3 We discussed with guide 15Oct 22Oct 2021 All members
2021
4 Collected rough 23Oct 01Nov 2021 All members
information 2021
5 Conformed collected data 02Nov 09Nov2021 All members
2021
6 Arranged the information 10Nov 17Nov 2021 All members
in given format 2021
7 Check the information by 18Nov 25 Nov 2021 All members
our teacher 2021
8 Printed the collected 26Nov 02 Dec 2021 All members
information and arrange it 2021
in file
 **************

Annexure –II
PART B – Micro-Project Report

Title of Micro-Project
1.0 Rationale
• Planning and design ofall civil engineering projects require measurements from surveying.
• Execution of work needs surveying too for transferring the points onto the ground.
• Fixing of state
and national boundaries also required measurements obtained from surveying.
• Control points can be established with the help of surveying.
• Hydrographical and oceanographic charting and mapping are facilitated by surveying.
• A topographic map of the land surface can be prepared with the help of surveying.

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

e) Prepare plans using plane table surveys, theodolite surveys,total station instrument.
f) Find distances and elevations using tacheometer.
g) Set out simple circular curves.
h) Locate coordinates of stations using GPS.

3.0 Literature Review

➢ INTRODUCTION TO MODERN SURVEYING
Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining
the terrestrial or three- dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles
between them. Revolutionary changes have taken place in last few years in surveying
instruments that are used for measuring level differences, distances and angles. This
has become possible because of introduction of electronics in these measurements.
With rapid advancements in the technology and availability of cheaper and innovative
electronic components, these instruments have become affordable and easy to use.
This module outlines developments in the technology for various survey
 measurements such as digital levels, electronic distance measuring instruments,
electronic theodolites, and total stations.

➢ MODERN SURVEY INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USE IN MINE

SURVEYING
Although surveying techniques have always played a primary role in collecting data
for mapping, recently new Instruments and methods for data capture and processing
have introduced the chance to increase the mass and the variety of achievable
information. Nowadays real-time monitoring systems based on robotic total stations
and GPS, digital photogrammetric techniques, high-resolution satellite imagery,
satellite, airborne, and terrestrial laser scanners devices are able to give a set of
powerful tools for the geometric surveying and modeling. The paper focuses on the
new trends in surveying gadgets and their applications in mine surveying, which has
been pushed up in the latest years by the diffusion of information technology.

4.0 Actual Methodology Followed

1. Discussed and finalized of Topic

2. Preparation of submission of proposal
3. Planning layout of micro project
4. Content preparation
5. Discuss about required resources
6. Create the report
7. Final submisin of project

5.0 Actual Resources Used

S. No. Name of Resource/material Specificati Qty Remarks

ons
• Internet Browser
www.ijert.org
• Books-
➢ SURVEING AND
LEVELING By N.N.
BASAK, McGraw Hill
Education, New Delhi
➢ SURVEYING VOL. 1,
Standard book house By KR
ARORA.
 ➢ SURVEY 1, McGraw Hill
Education, New Delhi

6.0 Outputs of the Micro-Project

THEODOLITE
It is the most precise instrument for the measurement of horizontal and vertical angles. It
is popular in various surveying applications.
There are two types of theodolite– transit and non–transit. Non–transit theodolites have
become obsolete these days.
Transit theodolite is such theodolite in which the telescope can be revolved by 180° in
the vertical plane.

Theodolite
Parts of transit theodolite include
1. Telescope
2. Vertical circle
3. Index/Vernier frame
4. Standards/A frame
5. Leveling head
6. Two Spindles
7. Lower/Scale Plate
8. Upper/Vernier Plate
9. Plate levels
10. Tripod
11. Plumb bob
 12. Compass
13. Striding level
Temporary adjustments of a theodolite include setting over
the station, leveling and elimination of parallax. Setting up includes centering with
a plumb bob and approximate leveling. Leveling up is done by the screw head– it is
either three screw head or four screw head. Parallax is eliminated by focusing the eyepiece as
well as the objective.
A theodolite can be used to,
• Measure the magnetic bearing of a line
• Measure direct angles
• Measure deflection angles
• Extend a straight line
• Establish a straight line between two points
• Locating point of intersection between two straight lines
• Setting out a horizontal angle
• Setting out an angle by repetition
• Establish grade
• Measure the difference in elevation
• Setting out curves
Repetition method or Reiteration methods can be employed for setting out horizontal
angles to obtain more precise results.

TOTAL STATION
It is an electronic transit theodolite with an electronic distance meter (EDM).
The crosshairs on the reflector of TS are aligned to the ranging rod and
the vertical and horizontal angles are measured along with slope distances simultaneously.
 Total Station
It is used to take the measurement of-
1. Horizontal angles: The rotation of the optical axis of TS from the instrument north in
a horizontal plane gives the horizontal angle.
2. Vertical angle: The inclination of the optical axis of TS from the local vertical gives
a vertical angle.
3. Slope distance: The distance between TS and target gives the slope distance.
TS can store data too as some have inbuilt internal electronic data storage, which can
be uploaded to the computer, and the data analysis can be done with the help of various
applications.

INSTRUMENTS FOR PLANE TABLE SURVEYING

Tripod
A tripod with a device for leveling and controlling its orientation is used in
the plane table surveying.
Plane Table
Three types of plane tables are commonly used,
• Traverse table: It consists of a small drawing board mounted on a light tripod so that
the board can be rotated about the vertical axis and then clamped in the desired position.
The table is leveled via tripod legs by eye-estimation.
• Johnson table: It consists of a drawing board of size 45 * 60 cm or 60 * 75 cm. The head
has a ball and socket joint while on its underside, a vertical spindle
with thumbscrews is present. After loosening the upper screw, the table can be tilted via
ball and socket joint and the leveling is done. Then the clamp is tightened so that
the board is fixed in the horizontal position. The lower screw is loosened to fix
the orientation of the table by moving it about the vertical axis.
• Coast Survey table: This survey table is used for high precision works and is
more accurate than the previous two. There are three–foot screws for accurate leveling.
A clamp and tangent screw are also provided for moving the table about the vertical axis.

Plane Table Accessories

 Alidade
It is a straight edge with some sort of sighting device.
Plain alidade:
It is made up of metal or timber rule having vanes at each end, which are folded down on
the rule when the alidade is not in use. The vanes are to be kept perpendicular to
the paper surface. A narrow slit is provided at one vane while the other vane has a hair
or thin wire.
Both slits can thus give a line of sight, which is oriented towards the object to be sighted.
Alidade can be rotated about the point corresponding to the station point.
After sighting the object, a line is drawn against the working edge of the alidade. It is
not suitable for hilly regions.
Telescopic alidade:
It is employed to take inclined sights. It is more accurate and provides a larger range
as compared to plain alidade. It has a small telescope with a level tube and
a graduated arc fixed on the horizontal axis. The horizontal axis is along the A–frame
comprising of verniers as in transit.
All the parts are fixed on one side of a heavy rule while the other forms working edge.
The inclination of the line of sight can be read from the vertical circle. The horizontal
distance between the station point and the point sighted can also be computed by taking
stadia readings of the staff at the object point.

Plumbing Fork
It is used for centring in large–scale works at the station point. It is composed of a hair pin–
shaped light metal frame with arms of equal length. A plumb bob is suspended from
the lower arm.
It is also used for transforming the ground point on the sheet at the beginning of the survey so
that the plotted point and ground station are in the same vertical line.
The upper arm is set on the table while the plumb bob on the lower arm corresponds to
the ground point.
Spirit Level
It is used to ensure that the table is levelled properly. The spirit level is placed at two
perpendicular positions to as certain that it is levelled.
It is either of tubular or circular type. Its base is flat so that it can be easily placed on
the table. The table is leveled if the bubble is at the center.

Trough Compass
It is used for the orientation of the plane table towards the magnetic north.
In plane table surveying, a trough compass is used in which longer sides of
the compass are flat and parallel. The sides can be used as rulers or can be used
to coincide with a line already drawn on the paper.

Drawing Paper
 A superior quality drawing paper is used that has a minimum effect of humidity of
the atmosphere. Otherwise, the scale is disturbed.
Fibreglass sheets or paper with a backing of aluminium is used for high precision works.
Instruments for Direct Levelling
Barometric leveling, trigonometric leveling, and spirit leveling are the three principal
methods employed for leveling.
Instruments used in spirit leveling are discussed below:
Level
It is used to provide a horizontal line of sight. A horizontal line can be established with
the help of a level. It is the line perpendicular to the plumb line.
Telescope, level tube, leveling head, and tripod are the main parts present in every level.
Differential leveling, profile leveling, cross–sectioning, reciprocal leveling, and precise
leveling are some of the methods of precise leveling that can be carried out by a level.

Sr.
Instrument Uses
No.

1. Measuring tape To measure linear distances

2. Chain To measure linear distances with precision

3. Arrow To mark a single chain distance

To fix points on the ground To mark the terminal points of survey lines on
4. Peg
the ground

To mark the position of stations To sight the stations To range straight

5. Ranging rods
lines

6. Plumb bob To establish a vertical line

7. Cross Staff To set out right angle from a survey line

8. Optical Staff To set out right angle from a survey line

9. Prism Square To set out right angle from a survey line

10. Site Square To set out right angle from a survey line

Prismatic
11. To find the bearing of traversing To find included angles
Compass

Surveyor’s
12. To find a bearing and angles between two survey lines in a traverse
Compass
13. Level To establish relative heights of points with the help of levelling staff

To determine the height difference between two points To measure the

14. Levelling Staff
height or depth of a point with respect to the datum

To measure the angle between two pre-decided visible points in either

15. Theodolite
horizontal or vertical plane.

To measure horizontal angle To measure vertical angle To measure slope

16. Total Station
distance

To support surveying instruments like compass, level, theodolite, or total

17. Tripod
station

18. Plane table To provide a solid and level surface to make field drawings

To sight a distant object and establish a line of sight in plane table

19. Alidade
surveying

20. Plumbing fork For centring of alidade in plane table surveying

21. Spirit Level To level the table in plane table surveying

22. Trough Compass To set the orientation towards magnetic north in plane table surveying

23. Drawing Paper To note field points on paper in plane table surveying

7.0 Skill Developed / learning out of this Micro-Project

• Verifying data and calculations.
• Recording results of surveys.
• Calculating the measurements of sites.
• Preparing and maintaining sketches, maps, and reports.

1.0 Applications of this Micro-Project

Survey instruments alow very simple opretipons to be carried out , such as placing
points ,setting out directions and gradients, measuring horizontal and vertical angles
or differences in elevation.

9.0 . Area of Future Improvement

 Earlier this year, we looked back at 2020 and reviewed how surveying has dealt with the
worldwide pandemic while adapting to the new tools and technology being created. We
discovered the need for surveyors did not diminish during this crisis, and in many places
the demand has gone up significantly. Instruments, computers and measuring methods
continue to increase in capability and complexity to help with the shortage of qualified field
crews, yet we still need to expand our efforts to find the next generation of surveyors.

**************
Annexure – III

Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student: ………………………………………………………… Enrollment

No.……………………………………
Name of Programme………………………………………………… Semester:
………………………………………… Course Title
………………………………………………………………..
Code:………………………………………………………………

Title of the Micro-Project:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(For Office Use Only)

Course Outcomes Achieved
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………….
Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project
• (Please tick in appropriate cell for each characteristic)
S. Characteristi Poor Average Good Excellent
No c to be ( Marks 1-3 ) ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9- 10 )
. assessed
1 Relevance to Relate to very Related to some Take care of at- Take care of
the course few Los Los least one CO more than one
CO
• ..
2 Literature Not more than At-least 5 At –least 7 About 10
Survey two sources relevant sources, relevant sources, relevant sources,
/information (primary and at least 2 latest most latest most latest
collection secondary), very
old reference

3 Completion Completed less Completed 50 to Completed 60 to Completed more

of the Target than 50% 60% 80% than 80 %
as per project
proposal
4 Analysis of Sample Size Sufficient and Sufficient and Enough data
Data and small, data appropriate appropriate collected by
representatio neither organized sample, enough sample, enough sufficient and
n nor presented data generated data generated appropriate
well but not organized which is sample size.
and not presented organized and Proper inferences
well. No or poor presented well drawn by
inferences drawn but poor organising and
inferences drawn presenting data
through tables,
charts and
graphs.

5 Quality of Incomplete Just Well Well

Prototype/Mo fabrication/assem assembled/fabric assembled/fabric assembled/fabric
del bly. ated and parts are ated with proper ated with proper
not functioning functioning parts. functioning parts.
well. Not in In proper shape, In proper shape,
proper shape, within tolerance within tolerance
dimensions dimensions and dimensions and
beyond tolerance good good
limit. finish/appearance finish/appearance
Appearance/finis . But no . Creativity in
h is shabby. creativity in design and use of
design and use of material
material

6 Report Very short, poor Nearly sufficient Detailed, correct Very detailed,
 Preparation quality sketches, and correct and clear correct, clear
Details about details about description of description of
methods, methods, methods, methods,
material, material, materials, materials,
precaution and precautions and precautions and precautions and
conclusions conclusion, but Conclusions. conclusions.
omitted, some clarity is not Sufficient Enough tables,
details are wrong there in Graphic charts and
presentation. But Description. sketches
not enough
graphic
description.

7 Presentation Major Includes major Includes major Well organized,

information is not information but information and includes major
included, not well well organized information ,well
information is not organized and but not presented presented
well organized . not presented well
well
8 Any other
(depending
upon nature of
project: please
write
indicators by
pen)
Defense Could not reply Replied to Replied properly Replied most of
9 to considerable considerable to considerable the questions
number of number of number of properly
question. questions but not question.
very properly

MIcro-Project Evaluation Sheet

Process Assessment Product Assessment Total

Part A - Project PartB - Project individual Marks
Project Methodology Report/Working Presentation/Viva 10
Proposal (2 marks) Model (4 marks)
(2 marks) (2 marks)

Note:
Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution for each group of students in
first 3 columns as per rubrics & individual evaluation in 4TH columnfor each group of studentsas per
rubricsbased on viva.

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if

any)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Any Other Comment:

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…

Name and designation of the Faculty Member…………………………………….

Signature………………………………………………………………………………

Date:………………………..