A

Micro Project Report

On

“Prepare a model of a bridge to demonstrate the relevant

associated components etc. Prepare detailed project report”
Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Of Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai
2020-21

-Submitted by-

Mr. Deep Mandokar

Second Year Civil Engineering

-Under the guidance of-
Mr. A. B. Tatte
Lecturer in Civil Engineering Department
 Certificate
This is to certificate that project report on

“Prepare a model of a bridge to demonstrate the relevant

associated components etc. Prepare detailed project report”

Which has been submitted by

Mr. Deep Mandokar 1901320124

During the academic year 2020-21 in the practical fulfillment of the

requirement of development of development in Civil Engineering
prescribed by Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education,
Mumbai

Mr. A. B. Tatte Dr .S. P. Burghate

(Guide) (H.O.D)

Department of civil Engineering,

Government Polytechnic, Arvi
2020-2021
 Declaration

I undersigned hereby declare that the micro project

entitled Analysis Report of “Prepare a model of a bridge to
demonstrate the relevant associated components etc. Prepare
detailed project report” contents of my own literature “Railway
and Bridge Engineering”.
I further declare that contents of this report are
properly cited and well acknowledged. This present report in nit
submitted to any other examination of this or any other institute
for the award of any diploma.

Place: Arvi Signature

Date:
Introduction

Suspension bridge, bridge with overhead cables supporting its roadway. Modern suspension
bridges are light and aesthetically pleasing and can span longer distances than any other bridge
form. They are also among the most expensive bridges to construct. Though suspension bridges
can be made strong enough to support freight trains, they have nearly all been designed for
automobile traffic.

This type of bridge has cables suspended between towers, with vertical suspender cables that
transfer the live and dead loads of the deck below, upon which traffic crosses. This
arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc upward for additional clearance. Like
other suspension bridge types, this type often is constructed without falsework.

The suspension cables must be anchored at each end of the bridge since any load applied to the
bridge is transformed into a tension in these main cables. The main cables continue beyond the
pillars to deck-level supports, and further continue to connections with anchors in the ground.
The roadway is supported by vertical suspender cables or rods, called hangers. In some
circumstances, the towers may sit on a bluff or canyon edge where the road may proceed
directly to the main span, otherwise the bridge will usually have two smaller spans, running
between either pair of pillars and the highway, which may be supported by suspender cables
or their own trusswork. In the latter case, there will be very little arc in the outboard main
cables. A typical suspension bridge is a continuous girder suspended by suspension cables,
which pass through the main towers with the aid of a special structure known as a saddle, and
end on big anchorages that hold them. the essential structural members and elements of typical,
including tower, hanger, main girder, and the anchorage. The main forces in a suspension
bridge are tension in the cables and compression in the towers.
Structure

Bridge main components

1. Two towers/pillars
2. two suspension cables
3. four suspension cable anchors
4. multiple suspender cables
5. the bridge deck.

Structural analysis
The main cables of a suspension bridge will form a catenary; the cables will instead form
a parabola if they are assumed to have zero weight. One can see the shape from the constant
increase of the gradient of the cable with linear (deck) distance, this increase in gradient at each
connection with the deck providing a net upward support force. Combined with the relatively
simple constraints placed upon the actual deck, that makes the suspension bridge much simpler
to design and analyse than a cable-stayed bridge in which the deck is in compression.

Suspension cable types

The main suspension cables in older bridges were often made from a chain or linked bars, but
modern bridge cables are made from multiple strands of wire. This not only adds strength but
improves reliability (often called redundancy in engineering terms) because the failure of a few
flawed strands in the hundreds used pose very little threat of failure, whereas a single bad link
or eye bar can cause failure of an entire bridge. (The failure of a single eye bar was found to be
the cause of the collapse of the Silver Bridge over the Ohio River.) Another reason is that as
spans increased, engineers were unable to lift larger chains into position, whereas wire strand
cables can be formulated one by one in mid-air from a temporary walkway.

Forces
Three kinds of forces operate on any bridge: the dead load, the live load, and the dynamic load.
Dead load refers to the weight of the bridge itself. Like any other structure, a bridge has a
tendency to collapse simply because of the gravitational forces acting on the materials of which
the bridge is made. Live load refers to traffic that moves across the bridge as well as normal
environmental factors such as changes in temperature, precipitation, and winds. Dynamic load
refers to environmental factors that go beyond normal weather conditions, factors such as
sudden gusts of wind and earthquakes. All three factors must be taken into consideration when
building a bridge.
Construction

1. Where the towers are founded on underwater piers, caissons are sunk and any soft bottom
is excavated for a foundation. If the bedrock is too deep to be exposed by excavation or the
sinking of a caisson, pilings are driven to the bedrock or into overlying hard soil, or a large
concrete pad to distribute the weight over less resistant soil may be constructed, first
preparing the surface with a bed of compacted gravel. (Such a pad footing can also
accommodate the movements of an active fault, and this has been implemented on the
foundations of the cable-stayed Rio-Antiriot bridge.) The piers are then extended above
water level, where they are capped with pedestal bases for the towers.
2. Where the towers are founded on dry land, deep foundation excavation or pilings are used.
3. From the tower foundation, towers of single or multiple columns are erected using high-
strength reinforced concrete, stonework, or steel. Concrete is used most frequently in
modern suspension bridge construction due to the high cost of steel.
4. Large devices called saddles, which will carry the main suspension cables, are positioned
atop the towers. Typically, of cast steel, they can also be manufactured using riveted forms,
and are equipped with rollers to allow the main cables to shift under construction and
normal loads.
5. Anchorages are constructed, usually in tandem with the towers, to resist the tension of the
cables and form as the main anchor system for the entire structure. These are usually
anchored in good quality rock but may consist of massive reinforced concrete deadweights
within an excavation. The anchorage structure will have multiple protruding
open eyebolts enclosed within a secure space.
6. Temporary suspended walkways, called catwalks, are then erected using a set of guide
wires hoisted into place via winches positioned atop the towers. These catwalks follow the
curve set by bridge designers for the main cables, in a path mathematically described as
a catenary arc. Typical catwalks are usually between eight and ten feet wide and are
constructed using wire grate and wood slats.
7. Gantries are placed upon the catwalks, which will support the main cable spinning reels.
Then, cables attached to winches are installed, and in turn, the main cable spinning devices
are installed.
8. High strength wire (typically 4 or 6 gauge galvanized steel wire), is pulled in a loop by
pulleys on the traveller, with one end affixed at an anchorage. When the traveller reaches
the opposite anchorage, the loop is placed over an open anchor eye bar. Along the catwalk,
workers also pull the cable wires to their desired tension. This continues until a bundle,
called a "cable strand" is completed, and temporarily bundled using stainless steel wire.
9. This process is repeated until the final cable strand is completed. Workers then remove the
individual wraps on the cable strands (during the spinning process, the shape of the main
cable closely resembles a hexagon), and then the entire cable is then compressed by a
traveling hydraulic press into a closely packed cylinder and tightly wrapped with additional
wire to form the final circular cross-section. The wire used in suspension bridge
construction is a galvanized steel wire that has been coated with corrosion inhibitors.
10. At specific points along the main cable (each being the exact distance horizontally in
relation to the next) devices called "cable bands" are installed to carry steel wire ropes
called Suspender cables. Each suspender cable is engineered and cut to precise lengths, and
are looped over the cable bands. In some bridges, where the towers are close to or on the
shore, the suspender cables may be applied only to the central span. Early suspender cables
were fitted with zinc jewels and a set of steel washers, which formed the support for the
deck. Modern suspender cables carry a shackle-type fitting.
11. Special lifting hoists attached to the suspenders or from the main cables are used to lift
prefabricated sections of the bridge deck to the proper level, provided that the local
conditions allow the sections to be carried below the bridge by barge or other means.
Otherwise, a traveling cantilever derrick may be used to extend the deck one section at a
time starting from the towers and working outward. If the addition of the deck structure
extends from the towers the finished portions of the deck will pitch upward rather sharply,
as there is no downward force in the centre of the span. Upon completion of the deck, the
added load will pull the main cables into an arc mathematically described as a parabola,
while the arc of the deck will be as the designer intended – usually a gentle upward arc for
added clearance if over a shipping channel, or flat in other cases such as a span over a
canyon. Arched suspension spans also give the structure more rigidity and strength.
12. With the completion of the primary structure various details such as lighting, handrails,
finish painting and paving is installed or completed.
How does Suspension Bridge work?

One of the most popular types is the suspension bridge. Have you ever seen pictures of the
Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco? If so, you know that these structures aren’t just useful.
They can also be beautiful and elegant.

Suspension bridges get their name from the fact that the roadway is suspended by cables from
two tall towers. Most of the weight is supported by the two towers. They, in turn, pass the
compression forces from the cables directly into the ground.

Suspension bridges also have smaller cables called suspenders. These run vertically from the
deck up to the main supporting cables. The suspenders move the deck’s compression forces to
the towers through the main supporting cables. This creates graceful arcs between the towers
and down to the ground.

The towers of a suspension bridge can be fairly thin. That’s because the forces at work are
carefully balanced on each side of the towers. The force of the deck pulls inward on the towers.
At the same time, the main support cables extend beyond the towers to anchor each end. These
are usually solid rock or heavy concrete blocks secured underground.

The anchors pull outward on the towers with an equal force to that of the deck. This centre the
weight of the bridge on the tower. Today’s suspension bridges can span distances as great as
7,000 feet or more.

Early forms of this structure had design flaws. For example, some used chains for the
main cables. These could collapse if one link broke. This problem was solved by making main
support lines out of bundles of high-strength steel. Several parts of the bundle can fail and the
bridge will stay standing.

Some early suspension bridges also had thin and unstable decks. When hit by heavy winds,
they would shake themselves apart. Today, the structures have thicker, rigid decks. They’re
unlikely to sway.

Suspension bridges seem like marvels of modern engineering. But the first ones were built by
the Incas over 500 years ago. These were made of twisted grass and often spanned over 150
feet.
Advantages of Suspension Bridges

1. Economic: The realm spanned by a bridge is extremely long in proportion to the number
of materials needed to construct bridges.
2. Height: Built over waterways, suspension bridges are engineered high, permitting the
passage of tall ships unrestrained by the bridge.
3. Construction: Throughout construction, temporary central supports do not have to be
compelled to be engineered, and access to the development is not needed from below. This
implies busy roadways and waterways do not have to be compelled to be discontinuous.

Disadvantages of Suspension Bridges

1. Heavy Loads: Flexibility also becomes an obstacle once significant, focused loads are
concerned. Suspension bridges do not seem to be usually used for regional rail crossings
that carry most weight loads that add dangerous stress to the structure.
2. Loss of Income: Despite the low prices of constructing suspension bridges and therefore
the job opportunities they provide, the length of your time required to complete building
these bridges are long. Taking a longer time may be the result of the loss of income that
may be full of the economy site.
3. Foundation pitfalls: Once inbuilt soft ground, suspension bridges need in-depth and high-
ticket foundation work to combat the results of the significant load on foundation towers.
4. Load Limitations: Another pitfall of a suspension bridge is that the material used is the
cables. These cables have limitations once it involves bearing the burden of masses. Though
it will enable a minimum weight with relevant vehicles passing through, an excessive
amount of weight will cause the breaking of cables.
5. Restricted Applications: Suspension bridges, despite their cost-effectiveness in
construction and adaptability once it involves site location, have limitations once it involves
its use. This can be as a result of they will be destroyed by sturdy winds and not sturdy
enough to carry limitless weight, careful thought ought to be taken before construction.
Conclusion

Bridges connect destination. Bridges are assets to mankind and have to last for generations as
the construction of bridge influences the whole ecosystem and the change is permanent. So
proper planning to adopt the bridge into the natural ecosystem has to be done. The scope of
bridge engineering is ever booming and technology used in bridge building is also getting
sophisticated.

Reference

1. https://www.google.com/url?client=internal-element-cse&cx=partner-pub-
2. https://www.google.com/url?client=internal-element-cse&cx=partner-
pub4755483520535943:cxldv6ou1iw&q=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineer
ing/suspension-bridges
3. https://www.google.com/url?client=internal-element-cse&cx=partner-pub-
4755483520535943:cxldv6ou1iw&q=https://www.britannica.com/technology/suspensio
n-bridge&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwjsqq-
4. https://www.google.com/url?client=internal-element-cse&cx=partner-pub-
4755483520535943:cxldv6ou1iw&q=http://www.historyofbridges.com/facts-about-
bridges/suspension-bridges/&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwjsqq-
5. https://www.google.com/url?client=internal-element-cse&cx=partner-pub-
4755483520535943:cxldv6ou1iw&q=https://civiltoday.com/construction/bridge/347-
suspension-bridge&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwjsqq-
Model of Suspension Bridge