A

Micro Project

On

“Collect Information with justification about short and long

columns”
Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Of Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai
2020-21

-Submitted-
Mr. Deep S. Mandokar

Second Year Civil Engineering

-Under the guidance of-
Prof. R. D. Dongarwar
Lecturer in Civil Engineering Department
 Certificate
This is to certificate that project report on

“Collect Information with justification about short and long

columns”

Which has been submitted by

Mr. Deep S. Mandokar 1901320124

During the academic year 2020-21 in the practical fulfillment of the

requirement of development of development in Civil Engineering
prescribed by Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education,
Mumbai

Prof. R. D. Dongarwar Dr .S. P. Burghate

(Guide) (H.O.D)

Department of civil Engineering, Government

Polytechnic, Arvi
2020-2021
 Declaration

I undersigned hereby declare that the micro project

entitled Analysis Report of “Collect Information with justification
about short and long columns” contents of my own literature
“Mechanics of Structure”.
I further declare that contents of this report are
properly cited and well acknowledged. This present report in nit
submitted to any other examination of this or any other institute
for the award of any diploma.

Place: Arvi Signature

Date:
 Index

Sr. No. Contents Page No.

1. Introduction 1
2. Classification of columns 2
3. Euler’s Theory of Long column 3
4. Limitation of Euler’s Formula 3
5. Factor of Safety 4
6. Safe Load 4
7. Strength of Columns 4
8. Rankine’s Formula 4
9. Meaning of symbols used 5
10. Example 6
11. Conclusion 7
12. Reference 7
Introduction

A structural member carrying an axial compressive load is called a column. The vertical
compression members in buildings are called columns, posts or stanchions. The compression
members in roof trusses are called struts.

In this topic, we shall study Euler’s column theory. Rankine’s column theory and its
applications to design solid and hollow circular sections. Before gong into the details of this
topic, it is very necessary to understand the following terms.
Classification of columns

A column may be classified as short, medium or long depending upon its mode of failure.

1. Short Column: - A column in which failure occurs due to crushing is called a short column.
Short columns do not buckle under the action of axial compressive load. Therefore, in the
design of short columns, buckling stresses are neglected and only direct stresses are taken
into account.
2. Medium size column: - A column in which failure occurs both due to direct stress and
buckling stress is called a medium size column.
3. Long column: - A column in which failure occurs due to buckling is called a long column.
Slenderness ratio of such a column is very large. In the design of long columns, direct
stresses are neglected and only buckling stresses are taken into account.
Euler’s Theory of Long Column

Stability of long columns was first studied by the Swiss Mathematician Leonhard Euler in
1757. He neglected the effect of direct compressive stresses totally and determined critical
loads that would cause failure due to buckling only. Euler’s analysis is based on the following
assumptions.

Assumptions made in Euler’s Theory of Long Columns: -

1. The column is long and fails due to buckling only.

2. The stresses do not exceed the limit of proportionality.

Euler’s Formula: -

The buckling load for a long column of constant cross-sectional area and length L hinged at
both ends and subjected to axial compression is given by the equation.

P = π2EImin/(Le)

Limitations of Euler’s Formula

Crippling load by Euler’s formula is given by

P = π2EImin/(Le)2

P = π2EAK2min/(Le)2

P = π2EA/(Le/Kmin)2

Euler’s crippling stress is given by σc=P/A=π2E/(Le/Kmin)2

The value of σc thus depends only on E and the slenderness ratio Le/Kmin

The column material cannot with stand compressive stresses more than the yield stress for the material.

For mild steel, yield stress = 320 N/mm2 and Young’s modulus = 2 × 105 N/mm2

Now,

Maximum value of σc = 320 N/mm2

σc ≤ 320
 π2E/(Le/Kmin)2 ≤ 320

(Le/Kmin)2 ≥ π2E/320

Le/Kmin ≥ √π2 × 2 × 105/320

Le/Kmin ≥ 80.48

Factor of Safety

Euler’s formula gives the building load at failure. To determine the safe working load, a
suitable factor of safety must be applied. Generally, factor of safety for mild steel is taken as 3
and for cast iron as 5.

Safe Load
It is obtained by dividing load at failure by a suitable factor of safety.

Safe load = Buckling load/Factor of safety

Strength of column

It means the load carrying capacity of a column.

Strength of a column by Euler’s formula is given by

P = π2EImin/(Le)2

The Strength of a column depends upon the slenderness ratio. As the slenderness ratio
increases, the tendency of buckling increases.

Rankine’s Formula

Rankine suggested the following empirical formula for calculating the strength of a column.

1/PR = 1/Pc + 1/Pe

PR = Rankine’s crippling load.

Pc = σc × A = Crippling load for short column in which there is no buckling.

Pe = π2EI/(Le)2 = Euler’s crippling load for long column.

Substituting the values of Pc and Pe in equation.

1/PR = 1/σcA + 1/π2EI/(Le)

PR = σcA/1 + a(Le/K)

This is Rankine’s formula which is valid for all types of columns ranging from very short to
very long columns. This formula gives a crippling load which is in between Pc and Pe and takes
into account the effect of both direct and bending stresses.

Meaning of symbols used: -

PR = Rankine’s crippling load

σc = Ultimate crushing stress for the column material.
A = Area of cross-section
a = σc /π2E = Rankine’s constant
Le = Effective length or effective height of the column which depends upon the column and
conditions.
K = Minimum radius of gyration = √Imin/A
Imin = Minimum moment of inertia = Least of Ixx and Iyy.
Example: -

A column having diameter 200 mm is of length 3 m. Both ends of the column are hinged. Find
Euler’s crippling load. Take E = 2 × 105 MPa.

Data: Diameter D = 200 mm,

Original length L = 3 m = 3 × 103 mm

Young’s modulus E = 2 × 105 N/mm2

To find: Euler’s crippling load.

Solution: Since both ends of a column are hinged, Le = L = 3 m = 3 × 103 mm

M.I. of solid circular section is given by,

I = π/64(200)4

= 78539816.34 mm4

Crippling load by Euler’s formula is given by,

P = π2 × (2 × 105) × (78539816.34)/(3 × 103)2

= 17225709.27 N

P = 17225.71 kN
Conclusion
1. Short columns fail by crushing or yielding of the material under the load.
2. Long column fails by buckling at a substantially smaller load.
3. The buckling load is less than the crushing load for a long column.
4. The value of buckling load for long column is low whereas for short column the value of
buckling load is relatively high.

Reference

1. https://www.slideshare.net/nell0511/columns-and-struts
2. http://ocw.ump.edu.my/mod/resource/view. php?id=11900
3. https://www.iitg.ac.in/rkbc/me101/Presentati on/L01-03.pdf
4. https://basiccivilengineering.com/2015/03/col umn-and-beam-system-in-construction.html