Gps Chapter

Professional Elective – VI
Subject code: EC863PE

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
UNIT – I
Introduction to GPS
2/5/2020
UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM Prepared by G.Vikram Assistant Professor (ECE) 1
IV YEAR II SEMESTER
UNIT - I Introduction:
 Basic concept
 system architecture
 GPS and GLONASS Overview
 Satellite Navigation
 Time and GPS
 User position and velocity calculations
 GPS, Satellite Constellation
 Operation Segment
 User receiving Equipment
 Space Segment Phased development
 GPS aided Geoaugmented navigation (GAGAN)
architecture.
UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
2/5/2020 Prepared by G.Vikram Assistant Professor 2
(ECE)
TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCES
• TEXT BOOK:
• 1. Mohinder S.Grewal, Lawrence R.Weill,
Angus P.Andrews, “Global positioning
systems, Inertial Navigation and Integration”,
Wiley 2007.
• REFERENCE:
• 1. E.D.Kaplan, Christopher J. Hegarty,
“Understanding GPS Principles and
Applications”, Artech House Boston 2005.
(ECE)
For Study Material
• https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105/107/105107062/
• https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZM7muB
8Y35wC&pg=PA55&source=gbs_selected_pa
ges&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=true
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gps

(ECE)
Basics of GPS:
• The Global Positioning System (GPS),
originally NAVSTAR GPS is a satellite-based radio
navigation system owned by the United
States government and operated by the United States
Air Force.
• It is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that
provides geolocation and time information to a GPS
receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is
an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS
satellites.
• Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the
relatively weak GPS signals.

(ECE)
(ECE)
Basics of GPS:
• The GPS does not require the user to transmit any
data, and it operates independently of any
telephonic or internet reception, though these
technologies can enhance the usefulness of the
GPS positioning information.
• The GPS provides critical positioning capabilities
to military, civil, and commercial users around the
world. The United States government created the
system, maintains it, and makes it freely
accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.
(ECE)
Basics of GPS:
• The GPS project was started by the U.S.
Department of Defense in 1973, with the first
prototype spacecraft launched in 1978 and the full
constellation of 24 satellites operational in 1993.
• Originally limited to use by the United States
military, civilian use was allowed from the 1980s.
Advances in technology and new demands on the
existing system have now led to efforts to
modernize the GPS and implement the next
generation of GPS Block IIIA satellites and Next
Generation Operational Control System (OCX).
• .

(ECE)
Basics of GPS:
• Announcements from Vice President Al
Gore and the White House in 1998 initiated these
changes.
• In 2000, the U.S. Congress authorized the
modernization effort, GPS III
• During the 1990s, GPS quality was degraded by
the United States government in a program called
"Selective Availability"; this was discontinued in
May 2000 by a law signed by President Bill
Clinton
(ECE)
Basics of GPS:
• The GPS service is provided by the United States
government, which can selectively deny access to the
system, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 during
the Kargil War, or degrade the service at any time..
• As a result, several countries have developed or are in the
process of setting up other global or regional satellite
navigation systems.
• The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System GLONASS
was developed contemporaneously with GPS, but suffered
from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s.
• GLONASS can be added to GPS devices, making more
satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more
quickly and accurately, to within two meters (6.6 ft).
• .

(ECE)
Basics of GPS:
• China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite
System began global services in 2018, with full
deployment scheduled for 2020.
• There are also the European Union Galileo
positioning system, and India's NAVIC.
• Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is a
GPS satellite-based augmentation system to
enhance GPS's accuracy in Asia-Oceania,
with satellite navigation independent of GPS
scheduled for 2023
(ECE)
Basics of GPS:

(ECE)
Basics of GPS:

(ECE)
Module 1:Basic concept of GPS
Fundamentals:
• The GPS concept is based on time and the known
position of GPS specialized satellites.
• The satellites carry very stable atomic clocks that
are synchronized with one another and with the
ground clocks.
• Any drift from time maintained on the ground is
corrected daily. In the same manner, the satellite
locations are known with great precision.
• GPS receivers have clocks as well, but they are
less stable and less precise
(ECE)
contd…
• Each GPS satellite continuously transmits a
radio signal containing the current time and
data about its position.
• Since the speed of radio waves is constant and
independent of the satellite speed, the time
delay between when the satellite transmits a
signal and the receiver receives it is
proportional to the distance from the satellite
to the receiver.

(ECE)
contd…
• A GPS receiver monitors multiple satellites
and solves equations to determine the precise
position of the receiver and its deviation from
true time.
• At a minimum, four satellites must be in view
of the receiver for it to compute four unknown
quantities (three position coordinates and clock
deviation from satellite time).

(ECE)
contd…
• Each GPS satellite continually broadcasts a signal
(carrier wave with modulation) that includes:
 A pseudorandom code (sequence of ones and zeros)
that is known to the receiver. By time-aligning a
receiver-generated version and the receiver-measured
version of the code, the time of arrival (TOA) of a
defined point in the code sequence, called an epoch,
can be found in the receiver clock time scale
 A message that includes the time of transmission (TOT)
of the code epoch (in GPS time scale) and the satellite
position at that time
(ECE)
contd…
• Conceptually, the receiver measures the TOAs
(according to its own clock) of four satellite
signals.
• From the TOAs and the TOTs, the receiver forms
four time of flight (TOF) values, which are (given
the speed of light) approximately equivalent to
receiver-satellite ranges.
• The receiver then computes its three-dimensional
position and clock deviation from the four TOFs.
(ECE)
contd…
• In practice the receiver position (in three
dimensional Cartesian coordinates with origin at the Earth's
center) and the offset of the receiver clock relative to the GPS
time are computed simultaneously, using the navigation
equations to process the TOFs.

(ECE)
Module 2: GPS Architecture
• The GPS architecture is divided into three

major segments:
 GPS Space Segment (SS)
 GPS Ground Segment (CS)
 GPS User Segment (US)
2/5/2020 UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM Prepared by G.Vikram Assistant Professor (ECE) 20
contd…
GPS Space Segment (SS) :
 The main functions of the GPS Space Segment are to
transmit radio-navigation signals with a specific signal
structure, and to store and retransmit the navigation
message sent by the Control Segment. These
transmissions are controlled by highly stable atomic
clocks on board the satellites.
 The GPS Space Segment is formed by a satellite
constellation with enough satellites to ensure that the
users will have, at least, 4 simultaneous satellites in
view from any point at the Earth surface at any time.
(ECE)
contd…
GPS Ground Segment (CS) :
• The GPS Ground Segment (also referred to as Control
Segment) is the responsible for the proper operation of the
GPS system.
• The GPS Control Segment is composed by a network of
Monitor Stations (MS), a Master Control Station (MCS) and
the Ground Antennas (GA).
• The Master Control Station (MCS) processes the
measurements received by the Monitor Stations (MS) to
estimate satellite orbits (ephemerides) and clock errors, among
other parameters, and to generate the navigation message.
These corrections and the navigation message are uploaded to
the satellites through the Ground Antennas, which are co-
located in four of the Monitor stations (Ascension Island, Cape
Canaveral, Diego Garcia, and Kwajalein).
(ECE)
contd…
GPS User Segment (US) :
• The GPS User Segment is composed by GPS
Receivers. Their main function is to receive
GPS signals, determine pseudo ranges (and
other observables), and solve the navigation
equations in order to obtain their coordinates
and provide a very accurate time.

(ECE)
(ECE)
Module 2: GPS Architecture (contd…)
Boundaries Among Segments
• The communication boundaries between these three segments
are documented in the Interface Control Documents (ICDs):
• IS-GPS-200: defines the requirements related to the interface
between the Space Segment (SS) of the Global Positioning
System (GPS) and the navigation User Segment (US) of the
GPS for radio frequency (RF) link 1 (L1) and link 2 (L2).
• IS-GPS-705): defines the requirements related to the interface
between the Space Segment (SS) of the Global Positioning
System (GPS) and the navigation User Segment (US) of the
GPS for radio frequency (RF) link 5 (L5).
• ICD-GPS-870: This ICD defines the interfaces between the
Operational Control Segment and the GPS users. The files
provided by the Control Segment to the users are the
Almanacs, Operational Advisories (OAs), Anti-Spoofing (A/S)
status, and the Notice Advisory to Navstar Users (NANUs).

(ECE)
• Besides these interface documents, the
following three centers (privately referred as
the Big Three or the GPS triad) provide a
interface between GPS and any user, civilian
or military

(ECE)
• U.S. Strategic Command GPS Operations

Center (GPSOC): is the Department of Defense
(DoD) primary point of contact for information
regarding status of GPS Precise Positioning
Service (PPS) and GPS Standard Positioning
Service (SPS). The GPSOC is in charge of
responding to inquiries and providing information
regarding the GPS constellation and the existence
of space segment anomalies or issues that could
result in GPS outages worldwide.
(ECE)
• U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) Navigation
Center (NAVCEN): is the primary interface to
all civil non-aviation users of GPS. It provides
capabilities for question or issue resolution
regarding GPS anomalies and interference
reporting, to support maritime and land users
with prioritized approach for safety-of-life
applications.

(ECE)
• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
National Operations Control Center (NOCC):
Responsible for the management and resolution of
all aviation reported interference. Due to the
safety-of-life considerations, the FAA has well-
defined procedures for dealing with the
notification and coordination of any interference
reports from aviation users, which includes the
processing of National Airspace System (NAS)
interference reports and specifically, GPS
interference reports.

(ECE)
(ECE)
Module 3: GPS and GLONASS
Overview
GLONASS :
• GLONASS refers to Global Navigation System operated for
Russian government. So, it is also termed as in Russia i.e.
Global’naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema.
• It creates an alternative to GPS which is operated for U.S
government. GLONASS have the benefits of global or wide
coverage and same accuracy or precision.
• The beginning of development of GLONASS has started in
the Soviet Union in 1976 by launching 43 GLONASS
satellites. After that in 1982, satellites with aided
functionality have been launched by number of rockets to
form constellation

(ECE)
Module 3: GPS and GLONASS
Overview
• In 2000’s, on the basis of government priority,
restoration of the system has been increased.
• It is most expensive program as seen in third
budget of Russia in 2010.
• GLONASS proves very beneficial for Russia’s
territory by 2010. In 2011, restoration of
system is improved to enabling full global
coverage. Many upgrades of GLONASS have
been launched i.e. GLONASS-K.
(ECE)
Module 3: GPS and GLONASS Overview
- GLONASS Features
 Developed by Soviet Union, first launch: 1982.

 Declined under Russia, but now revived.
 Have launched 81 satellites so far Constellation.
 24 satellites in 3 orbital planes, 64.8o inclination.
 19,100 km altitude, 11 1⁄4 hour period Signals.
 3 allocated bands: G1 (1602 MHz), G2: (1245 MHz), G3
(1202 MHz).
 C/A-like code: 511 chips, 1 ms code period, 50 bps.
 All SVs use same PRN with frequency division multiple
access (FDMA) using 16 frequency channels, reused for
antipodal SVs.
(ECE)
Module 3: GPS and GLONASS Overview -
GLONASS Architecture

(ECE)
GLONASS Orbit

(ECE)
GLONASS –M Space craft

(ECE)
Module 3: GPS and GLONASS Overview
GLONASS Development cycle and characteristics of various
satellite constellations

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Module 4: Satellite Navigation
• A satellite navigation or satnav system is a
system that uses satellites to provide
autonomous geo-spatial positioning.
• It allows small electronic receivers to
determine their location (longitude, latitude,
and altitude/elevation) to high precision
(within a few centimeters to meters) using time
signals transmitted along a line of sight
by radio from satellites.
(ECE)
(contd..)
• The system can be used for providing position,
navigation or for tracking the position of
something fitted with a receiver (satellite
tracking).
• The signals also allow the electronic receiver to
calculate the current local time to high precision,
which allows time synchronization.
• Satnav systems operate independently of any
telephonic or internet reception, though these
technologies can enhance the usefulness of the
positioning information generated
(ECE)
Module 4: Satellite Navigation (contd..)
Global navigation satellite systems
GPS
• The United States' Global Positioning System
(GPS) consists of up to 32 medium Earth
orbit satellites in six different orbital planes,
with the exact number of satellites varying as
older satellites are retired and replaced.
Operational since 1978 and globally available
since 1994, GPS is the world's most utilized
satellite navigation system
(ECE)
GLONASS
• The formerly Soviet, and
now Russian, Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sp
utnikovaya Sistema, (Global Navigation
Satellite System or GLONASS), is a space-
based satellite navigation system that provides
a civilian radionavigation-satellite service and
is also used by the Russian Aerospace Defence
Forces. GLONASS has full global coverage
with 24 satellites.
(ECE)
Galileo
• The European Union and European Space
Agency agreed in March 2002 to introduce their own
alternative to GPS, called the Galileo positioning
system.
• Galileo became operational on 15 December 2016
(global Early Operational Capability (EOC)) the system
of 30 MEO satellites was originally scheduled to be
operational in 2010.
• The original year to become operational was 2014.
• The first experimental satellite was launched on 28
December 2005.
(ECE)
• Galileo is expected to be compatible with

the modernized GPS system. The receivers will
be able to combine the signals from both Galileo
and GPS satellites to greatly increase the
accuracy.
• Galileo is expected to be in full service in 2020
and at a substantially higher cost. The main
modulation used in Galileo Open Service signal is
the Composite Binary Offset Carrier (CBOC)
modulation.
(ECE)
BeiDou
• Beidou started as the now-decommissioned
Beidou-1, an Asia-Pacific local network on the
geostationary orbits.
• China has indicated their plan to complete the
entire second generation Beidou Navigation
Satellite System (BDS or BeiDou-2, formerly
known as COMPASS), by expanding current
regional (Asia-Pacific) service into global
coverage by 2020
(ECE)
Regional navigation satellite systems
NAVIC
• The NAVIC or Navigation with Indian
Constellation is an autonomous regional satellite
navigation system developed by Indian Space
Research Organization (ISRO) which would be
under the total control of Indian government.
• The government approved the project in May
2006, with the intention of the system completed
and implemented on 28 April 2016. It will consist
of a constellation of 7 navigational satellites.
(ECE)
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(contd..)

(ECE)
(contd..)
Satellite orbits:
• GPS Satellites occupy 6 orbital planes inclined
55 degrees from the equatorial plane with 4 or
more satellites per plane.
Navigation Solution (2 dimensional example):
• Receiver location in two dimensions can be
calculated by using range measurements.

(ECE)
(contd..)

(ECE)
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(ECE)
Module 5:Time and GPS

(ECE)
(ECE)
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(ECE)
Module 6: User position and velocity
calculations- User position calculations
• With the position of the satellites known, this
section will discuss how to calculate the range
(pseudo range) with no errors, including clock
bias. Additional errors are receiver errors,
selective availability, clock errors, and
ionospheric errors.

(ECE)
• Neglecting clock errors, let us first determine
position calculation with no errors:

(ECE)
• x, y, z and X , Y , Z are in the earth-centered,
earth-fixed (ECEF) coordinate system,
Position calculation with no errors gives

(ECE)
calculations
• Squaring both sides yields

(ECE)
calculations
• where r = radius of earth
Crr = clock bias correction
• The four unknowns are (X , Y , Z, Crr).
Satellite position (x, y, z) is calculated from
ephemeris data.
•
For four satellites,

(ECE)
calculations
• with unknown 4 x 1 state vector,
• We can rewrite the four equations in matrix
form as
• or

(ECE)
calculations
• Then we premultiply both sides of Eq. by M—1.

(ECE)
calculations
• If the rank of M, the number of linearly
independent columns of the matrix M, is less
than 4, then M will not be invertible. In that
case, its determinant is given as

(ECE)
Calculations- User velocity Calculations

(ECE)
Calculations- User velocity Calculations

(ECE)
Module 7: Satellite constellation
• A satellite constellation is a group of artificial

satellites working together as a system. Unlike a
single satellite, a constellation can provide
permanent global or near-global coverage, such
that at any time everywhere on earth at least one
satellite is visible..
• Satellites are typically placed in sets of
complementary orbital planes and connect to
globally distributed ground stations. They may
also use inter-satellite communication.
UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING
2/5/2020 SYSTEM Prepared by G.Vikram Assistant 80
Professor (ECE)
• Satellite constellations should not be confused

with satellite clusters, which are groups of
satellites moving very close together in almost
identical orbits (see satellite formation
flying), satellite programs (such as Landsat),
which are generations of satellites launched in
succession, and satellite fleets, which are groups
of satellites from the same manufacturer or
operator that function independently from each
other (not as a system).

(ECE)
The GPS constellation calls for 24 satellites to be distributed equally among

six orbital planes

(ECE)
Module 7: Satellite constellation-
Walker Constellation
• There are a large number of constellations that
may satisfy a particular mission.
• Usually constellations are designed so that the
satellites have similar orbits, eccentricity and
inclination so that any perturbations affect each
satellite in approximately the same way. In this
way, the geometry can be preserved without
excessive station-keeping thereby reducing the
fuel usage and hence increasing the life of the
satellites
(ECE)
• Another consideration is that the phasing of each
satellite in an orbital plane maintains sufficient
separation to avoid collisions or interference at orbit
plane intersections. Circular orbits are popular, because
then the satellite is at a constant altitude requiring a
constant strength signal to communicate.
• A class of circular orbit geometries that has become
popular is the Walker Delta Pattern constellation. This
has an associated notation to describe it which was
proposed by John Walker. His notation is:
i: t/p/f
(ECE)
where:
• i is the inclination;
• t is the total number of satellites;
• p is the number of equally spaced planes
• f is the relative spacing between satellites in
adjacent planes.
• The change in true anomaly (in degrees) for
equivalent satellites in neighbouring planes is
equal to f*360/t.
(ECE)

(ECE)
Module 8: Operation Segment
• The GPS consists of three major segments:

− Space segment
− Control segment
− User segment

(ECE)
.

(ECE)
1. Space Segment
Each satellite broadcasts a navigation message
with exact position, clock, status and orbit
details of itself (called Ephemeris) and general
position and health information of all the other
satellites (called Almanac).

(ECE)
Module 8: Operation Segment-
Space Segment
The nominal space segment consists of 24 satellites:
− Six (6) fixed orbital planes
− Altitude 20.200 km (10.981 NM)
− Orbit period is almost 12 hours
− Orbital planes are equally spaced 60 degrees
apart
− Inclined 55 degrees with respect to the
equatorial plane
− 4 satellites in each orbit
− 3 satellites are active spares which can replace
failed satellites
(ECE)
Space Segment
• Satellites repeat the same track/configuration over any
point on earth every 24 hrs
(4 minutes earlier each day due to earths rotation
around the sun)
− At any time there are 4 to 8 satellites ‘visible’ above
150 elevation
− Above 100 there may be 10 visible
− Occasionally there may be 12 visible at or above 50
elevation.
NOTE: At angles less than 50 the signal has to travel
through a greater part of the atmosphere, attenuating
the signal too much and increasing the propagation
errors.

(ECE)
2. Ground Segment
General
GPS satellites are under surveillance of the
Control Segment.
Five monitoring ground stations constantly track
the satellite’s transmissions, clocks, status and
orbits.
The ground stations are located at Hawaii,
Colorado Springs, Ascension Island, Diego
Garcia, and Kwajalein.
(ECE)
(ECE)
Ground Segment
Timekeeping
• This is the most essential function of the control
segment.
• A Composite Clock (a paper clock) consisting of all
Monitor Stations and Satellite frequency standards
gives GPS time.
• GPS time in turn is referenced to a Master Clock and
steered to UTC from which system time will not
deviate more then 1 microsecond. The exact difference
is given in the navigation message in the form of two
constants for time difference and rate of change against
UTC.
(ECE)
Ground Segment
Timekeeping
• This is the most essential function of the control
segment.
• A Composite Clock (a paper clock) consisting of all
Monitor Stations and Satellite frequency standards
gives GPS time.
• GPS time in turn is referenced to a Master Clock and
steered to UTC from which system time will not
deviate more then 1 microsecond. The exact difference
is given in the navigation message in the form of two
constants for time difference and rate of change against
UTC.
(ECE)
Ground Segment
Navigation message
• Collected data is send by data link to the Master
Control Station, also at Colorado Springs, which
calculates the orbital parameters of the satellites.
• These calculations as well as corrections of satellite
time are included in the navigation message.
• Satellite upload stations provide the satellites daily, via
S- band radio uplink, with the latest version of the
navigation message. Each satellite then stores the
navigation message until the next upload.

(ECE)
Ground Segment
Integrity
Faults and failures in the system are detected
and corrected by the Control Segment.
However, it may take up to 2 hours before a
faulty satellite is detected and up to 12 hours to
correct the situation.

(ECE)
Module 9: User receiving Equipment
• Satellite navigation device, colloquially called

a GPS receiver, or simply a GPS, is a device
that is capable of receiving information
from GNSS satellites and then to calculate the
device's geographical position. Using suitable
software, the device may display the position
on a map, and it may offer routing directions.

(ECE)
UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM A 1993 Magellan Trailblazer XL
(ECE) GPS Handheld Receiver
UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING
VehicleSYSTEM
navigation on a personal navigation
(ECE)assistant
Garmin eTrex10 edition
handheld

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Hand-held receivers
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A taxi equipped with GPS
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modern
2/5/2020 SiRFstarIII chip based 20-channel
Prepared GPS receiver
by G.Vikram Assistant Professor with WAAS/EGNOS support
104
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Module10:GPS aided Geoaugmented
navigation (GAGAN) architecture.
• The GPS-aided GEO augmented
navigation (GAGAN) is an implementation of a
regional satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS)
by the Indian government. It is a system to improve
the accuracy of a GNSS receiver by providing
reference signals.
• The AAI's efforts towards implementation of
operational SBAS can be viewed as the first step
towards introduction of modern Communication,
navigation and surveillance/Air Traffic Management
system over Indian UNITairspace
1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
(ECE)
(ECE)
(ECE)
GPS aided Geoaugmented
navigation (GAGAN) architecture
• The project has established 15 Indian reference stations,
3 Indian navigation land uplink stations, 3 Indian
mission control centers, and installation of all
associated software and communication links.It will be
able to help pilots to navigate in the Indian airspace by
an accuracy of 3 m.
• The first GAGAN transmitter was integrated into
the GSAT-4 geostationary satellite, and had a goal of
being operational in 2008.Following a series of delays,
GSAT-4 was launched on 15 April 2010, however it
failed to reach orbit after the third stage of
the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk.II
that was carrying it malfunctioned
(ECE)
• GAGAN will be the world's most advanced air
navigation system and further reinforces
India's leadership in the forefront of air
navigation.
• GAGAN will greatly improve safety, reduce
congestion and enhance communications to
meet India's growing air traffic management
needs

(ECE)
Satellites:
• GSAT-8 is an Indian geostationary satellites, which was
successfully launched using Ariane 5 on 21 May 2011 and is
positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 55 degrees E longitude.
• GSAT-10 is envisaged to augment the growing need of Ku and
C-band transponders and carries 12 Ku Band, 12 C Band and
12 Extended C Band transponders and a GAGAN payload.
The spacecraft employs the standard I-3K structure with power
handling capability of around 6 kW with a lift off mass of
3400 kg. GSAT-10 was successfully launched by Ariane 5 on
29 September 2012.
• GSAT-15 carries 24 Ku band transponders with India coverage
beam and a GAGAN payload. was successfully launched on
10 November 2015, 21:34:07 UTC, completing the
constellation.
(ECE)
Applications:
• Karnataka Forest Department has used GAGAN to
build a new, accurate and publicly available satellite
based database of its forestlands. This is a follow-up to
the Supreme Court directive to states to update and put
up their respective forest maps. The geospatial database
of forestlands pilot has used data from the Cartosat-2
satellite. The maps are meant to rid authorities of
ambiguities related to forest boundaries and give clarity
to forest administrators, revenue officials as also the
public, according to R.K. Srivastava, chief conservator
of forests (headquarters)

(ECE)
Applications:
• The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information
Services (INCOIS) along with AAI has launched a new
satellite-based GEMINI(Gagan Enabled Mariner’s
Instrument for Navigation and Information) system that
will alert deep-sea fishermen of upcoming disasters..
• The GEMINI app on the cell phone decodes the signals
from GEMINI device and alerts the user on imminent
threats like cyclones, high waves, strong winds along
with PFZ and search and rescue mission.

(ECE)
(ECE)
UNIT - II
Signal Characteristics:
 GPS signal components, purpose, properties and power
level
 signal acquisition and tracking
 Navigation information extraction
 pseudo range estimation
 frequency estimation
 GPS satellite position calculation
 Signal structure
 anti spoofing (AS)
 selective availability
 Difference between GPS and GALILEO satellite
construction
(ECE)
Module 1:GPS signal components,
purpose, properties
50-bps Data Stream
The 50-bps data stream conveys the navigation message, which
includes, but is not limited to, the following information:
i. Satellite Almanac Data. Each satellite transmits orbital data
called the almanac, which enables the user to calculate the
approximate location of every satellite in the GPS
constellation at any given time.
ii. Satellite Ephemeris Data. Ephemeris data is similar to
almanac data but enables a much more accurate
determination of satellite position needed to convert signal
propagation delay into an estimate of user position. In
contrast to almanac data, ephemeris data for a particular
satellite is only broadcast by that satellite, and the data is
valid for only several hours.
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50-bps Data Stream…… (contd..)
iii. Signal Timing Data. The 50-bps data stream includes
time tagging, which is used to establish the
transmission time of specific points on the GPS
signal. This information is needed to determine the
satellite-to-user propagation delay used for ranging.
iv. Ionospheric Delay Data. Ranging errors due to
ionospheric effects can be partially canceled by using
estimates of ionospheric delay that are broadcast in
the data stream.
v. Satellite Health Message. The data stream also
contains information regarding the current health of
the satellite, so that the receiver can ignore that
satellite if it is not operating properly.
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Module 1:GPS signal components, purpose, properties
- C/A-Code and Its Properties

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MODULE 2: SIGNAL ACQUISITION AND TRACKING

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Module 3: Navigation information extraction

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Module 4: Pseudo Range Estimation &
Frequency Estimation

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Module 5: GPS satellite position calculation

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Professional Elective – VI

Subject code: EC863PE

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

• The GPS architecture is divided into three

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

• U.S. Strategic Command GPS Operations

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

 Developed by Soviet Union, first launch: 1982.

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

• Galileo is expected to be compatible with

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

For four satellites,

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

• A satellite constellation is a group of artificial

• Satellite constellations should not be confused

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

The GPS constellation calls for 24 satellites to be distributed equally among

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

• The GPS consists of three major segments:

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

• Satellite navigation device, colloquially called

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

UNIT 1 -GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM