TEMA 5 : Penerokaan Bumi dan Angkasa Lepas

BIDANG
PEMBELAJARAN

9
Bumi
BAB
The Earth

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts

Stratifikasi atmosfera
seperti troposfera dan
Air permukaan, stratosfera Hidrosfera ialah
air bawah tanah, Stratification of the bahagian air seperti
mineral ekonomi, atmosphere such as lautan (contoh: zon
petroleum dan arang batu troposphere and gelap)
Surface water, ground stratosphere The hydrosphere is the
water, economic water part such as the
minerals, petroleum ocean (example: dark
and coal zone)

Geosfera terdiri
Skala masa geologi daripada litosfera,
dalam penentuan astenosfera dan
usia Bumi BUMI mesosfera
Geological time scale in THE EARTH The geosphere consists
determining the age of the lithosphere,
of the Earth asthenosphere and
mesosphere

Geobencana seperti
gempa bumi dan Proses eksogen
tanah runtuh (Contoh: Luluhawa)
Geohazard such as dan proses endogen
earthquakes and (Contoh: Olakan mantel)
landslides Exogenic processes
(Example: Weathering)
and endogenic processes
(Example: Mantle
convection]
Jenis-jenis batuan,
iaitu batuan igneus,
sedimen dan
metamorfik
Types of rocks, i.e.
igneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic
rocks

APAKAH BUMI?
WHAT IS THE EARTH?

Bumi ialah satu-satunya planet yang mempunyai atmosfera yang mengandungi oksigen bebas dan lautan.
Terdapat pelbagai fenomena yang berlaku pada Bumi. Bumi mempunyai diameter kira-kira 12 756 km. Tahukah
anda Bumi berusia kira-kira 4.54 bilion tahun?/The Earth is the only planet known to have an atmosphere that
contains free oxygen and oceans. There are various phenomena that occur on the Earth. The Earth has a
diameter of roughly 12 756 km. Did you know that the age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years?

131
 NOTA BESTARI
Sfera Utama Bumi dan Stratifikasi Atmosfera
1. Sistem Bumi dapat dibahagikan kepada empat sfera
utama, iaitu atmosfera, hidrosfera, biosfera dan
geosfera.
2. Atmosfera ialah lapisan udara yang mengelilingi Bumi.
3. Atmosfera dibahagikan kepada lima lapisan utama,
iaitu troposfera, stratosfera, termosfera (ionosfera),
mesosfera dan eksosfera.
4. Kerak, mantel, teras, litosfera, astenosfera dan
mesosfera terdapat di geosfera.
5. Terdapat tiga jenis batuan di Bumi, iaitu batuan igneus,
sedimen dan metamorfik.
Stratifikasi Lautan
1. Pada amnya, lautan dapat dibahagikan kepada tiga
zon mengikut kedalaman laut.
(a) Zon permukaan (atau zon sinar matahari)
• Proses fotosintesis berlaku di zon ini dan
menampung sebahgian besar hidupan laut.
(b) Zon senja
• Sangat sedikit atau tiada cahaya Matahari
(c) Zon gelap
• Lapisan laut paling dalam dan tiada cahaya.
Proses Utama Bumi dan Geobencana
1. Proses utama Bumi boleh dibahagikan kepada:
(a) proses eksogen seperti luluhawa.
(b) proses endogen seperti olakan mantel.
2. Geobencana ialah proses semula jadi bumi yang boleh
meragut nyawa dan merosakkan harta benda.
Penentuan Usia Bumi
1. Skala masa geologi digunakan oleh ahli geologi dan
paleontologi (mengkaji fosil) untuk menjelaskan
masa dan hubungan antara peristiwa yang terjadi di
BAB
sepanjang sejarah Bumi.
9
Sumber Air Bumi dan Mineral Ekonomi
1. Sungai, tasik, kolam dan laut membentuk air
permukaan Bumi.
2. Air bawah tanah ialah sejenis air yang terbentuk
apabila sebahagian air hujan meresap ke dalam tanah
di bawah permukaan Bumi.
3. Akuifer ialah lapisan batuan seperti kerikil dan pasir
yang menakung air bawah tanah.
4. Mineral ekonomi ialah mineral yang mempunyai nilai
ekonomi yang digunakan secara meluas dalam bidang-
bidang seperti industri, pembinaan dan pengeluaran
barangan.
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Major Spheres of Earth and Atmospheric Stratification
1. The Earth system is divided into four major spheresie.
atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphere.
2. The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds the
Earth.
3. The atmosphere is divided into five major layers. i.e.
troposphere, stratosphere, thermosphere (ionosphere),
mesosphere and exosphere.
4. The crust, mantle, core, lithosphere, asthenosphere
and mesosphere are found in the geosphere.
5. There are three major types of rocks on the Earth, i.e.
igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Stratification of the Ocean
1. Generally, the ocean can be divided into three zones
according to the depth of the ocean.
(a) Surface zone (or sunlight zone)
• The process of photosynthesis takes place
in this zone which supports a big portion of
marine life.
(b) Twilight zone
• Very little or no sunlight.
(c) Dark zone
• The deepest layer of the ocean which has no
light.
Major Earth’s Processes and Geohazard
1. Major Earth’s processes can be divided into:
(a) exogenic processes such as weathering.
(b) endogenic processes such as mantle convection.
2. Geohazard are natural phenomena of the Earth which
can cause loss of life and damage to property.
Determination of the Age of the Earth
1. The geological time scale is used by geologists and
palaeontologists (who study fossils) to describe the
timing and relationship between events that have
occurred throughout the Earth’s history.
Sources of Water on the Earth and Economic Minerals
1. Rivers, lakes, ponds and seas form the Earth’s surface
water.
2. Groundwater is a type of water formed when part of
the rainwater penetrates into the ground under the
Earth’s surface.
3. An aquifer is a layer of rock such as gravel and sand
which can hold groundwater.
4. Economic minerals are minerals of
commercial value which are used
widely in fields such as industry,
construction and manufacturing. Nota Grafik
 Standard Kandungan
9.1 Sistem dan struktur Bumi Tarikh:

9.1 AKTIVITI Sistem Bumi PBD

PERBINCANGAN The Earth System Masteri

Buku teks m/s 256 – 258

1 Kenal pasti empat komponen utama sistem Bumi.  TP1
Identify four major components of the Earth’s system.

Biosfera/Biosphere Atmosfera/Atmosphere Geosfera/Geosphere Hidrosfera/Hydrosphere

(a) Hidrosfera Bahagian air di Bumi seperti awan, sungai dan salji.
Hydrosphere The water part of the Earth, such as clouds, rivers and snow.
(b) Biosfera Bahagian Bumi yang didiami oleh semua benda hidup.
Biosphere The part of the Earth which is inhabited by all living things.
(c) Atmosfera Lapisan gas yang berada di atas permukaan Bumi.
Atmosphere The layer of gas located above the Earth’s surface.
(d) Geosfera Bahagian pepejal Bumi.
Geosphere The solid part of the Earth.

2 Kaji rajah di bawah tentang stratifikasi atmosfera. Kemudian, jawab soalan-soalan yang diberi.
Study the diagram below on the stratification of the atmosphere. Then, answer the given questions.
(a) Label lapisan-lapisan atmosfera dalam rajah
Eksosfera dengan perkataan di bawah.  TP1
Exosphere Label the layers of the atmosphere in the diagram
with the words below.
Termosfera (Ionosfera) 480 km
Thermosphere (Ionosphere) Stratosfera/Stratosphere Eksosfera/Exosphere
Troposfera/Troposphere Mesosfera/Mesosphere
Mesosfera 80 km Termosfera (Ionosfera)/Thermosphere (Ionosphere)
Mesosphere 50 km
(b) Lapisan yang manakah mengandungi sebahagian
13 km besar gas atmosfera seperti oksigen dan mengalami
Stratosfera
perubahan cuaca?/Which layer contains a big portion
Stratosphere
of atmospheric gases such as oxygen, and experiences
weather changes?  TP1
Troposfera Troposfera/Troposphere
Troposphere

(c) Lapisan yang manakah mengalami yang berikut:  TP1

Which layers experience the following:
(i) Kesan rumah hijau/The greenhouse effect : Troposfera/Troposphere
(ii) Penipisan lapisan ozon/The depletion of ozone layer : Stratosfera/Stratosphere
(iii) Aurora berlaku di sini/Aurora happens here : Termosfera/Thermosphere
BAB

(iv) Pesawat jet terbang di sini./Jet planes fly here : Stratosfera/Stratosphere

(v) Satelit komunikasi mengorbit Bumi : Eksosfera/Exosphere
Communication satellites orbit the Earth
(vi) Ion-ion memantulkan gelombang radio : Termosfera/Thermosphere
9
The ions reflect the radio waves
(vii) Pembakaran meteor (tahi bintang) berlaku di sini : Mesosfera/Mesosphere
The burning of meteor (shooting star) occurs here
(viii) Aurora iaitu jalur-jalur cahaya berwarna-warni : Termosfera/Thermosphere
Aurora i.e. streams of colourful light
(d) Apakah hubungan antara altitud dengan tekanan dan suhu udara?  TP2
What is the relationship between the altitude and air pressure and temperature?
Semakin tinggi altitud, semakin rendah tekanan dan suhu udara.
higher lower Praktis
The the altitude is, the the air pressure and temperature will be. Kendiri

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 Tarikh:

9.2 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Stratifikasi dalam lautan (hidrosfera)
Stratification of ocean (hydrosphere)
PBD
Kontekstual
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 258 – 259
Kaji rajah tentang lautan di bawah. Jawab soalan-soalan yang diberikan.
Study the diagram about the ocean below. Answer the given questions.

X: Zon permukaan Y: Zon senja Z: Zon gelap

Surface zone Twilight zone Dark zone
0

200 m

1 500 m

1 Label lapisan-lapisan lautan dalam rajah di atas dengan perkataan-perkataan di bawah.  TP1
Label the layers of the ocean with the words given below.

Zon senja/Twilight zone Zon gelap/Dark zone Zon permukaan/Surface zone

2 Pada pendapat anda, mengapakah zon permukaan mengandungi sebahagian besar daripada hidupan
laut?/In your opinion, why does the surface zone contain a large portion of marine life?  TP4/KBAT
Proses fotosintesis berlaku di zon ini yang menerima banyak cahaya matahari . Makanan

yang mencukupi dan suhu laut yang sesuai dapat menampung banyak hidupan laut.
The process of photosynthesis takes place in this zone which receives a lot of sunlight .
Sufficient food and a suitable temperature support marine life.

3 Zon yang manakah proses fotosintesis tidak dapat berlaku? Terangkan mengapa.  TP2
In which zone is photosynthesis unable to take place? Explain why.
Zon gelap . Cahaya matahari tidak dapat menembus ke zon ini.
The dark zone . Sunlight cannot penetrate this zone.

4 Kadangkala paus sperma menjunam ke dalam zon gelap yang kekurangan oksigen dan tekanan air
yang sangat tinggi. Apakah pendapat anda tentang kejadian ini?  TP4/KBAT
Sometimes sperm whales dive into the dark zone that lacks oxygen and is under very high water
pressure. What is your opinion on this?
BAB

Paus sperma mencari makanan seperti sotong raksasa .

Galeri Info
9 The sperm whales look for food such as giant squids .
Zon permukaan juga dikenali
5. Terangkan mengapa kebanyakan haiwan dalam zon gelap mempunyai sebagai zon sinar matahari.
badan yang berkilau atau bersinar dalam gelap. The surface zone is also known as
Explain why most animals in this zone have shimmering bodies or are the sunlight zone.
able to glow in the dark.
Zon ini amat dalam dan tiada cahaya yang boleh sampai.
This zone is very deep and no light can reach it.

6 Selain lautan, senarai lima taburan air di Bumi.  TP1

Other than the ocean, list five sources of water on the Earth.
Sungai, glasier, awan, air bawah tanah dan salji.
Video
Rivers, glaciers, clouds, underground water and snow.

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 Tarikh:

9.3 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Komposisi dan sifat fizik lapisan Bumi
Composition and physical characteristics of Earth
PBD
Masteri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 260 – 261
Kaji rajah lapisan Bumi di bawah.
Study the diagram of the Earth’s layers.

P: Litosfera/Lithosphere
X: Kerak/Crust

Q: Astenosfera
Asthenosphere
Y: Mantel/Mantle R: Mesosfera
Mesosphere
Teras luar
Outer core Cecair
Liquid

Teras
Z: Teras/Zore dalam
Inner Pepejal
core Solid
Video Praktis
Kendiri

1 Namakan tiga lapisan utama Bumi, X, Y dan Z dalam rajah di atas dengan menggunakan perkataan
di bawah.  TP1
Name the three main layers of the Earth which are labelled X, Y and Z in the above diagram by using
the words below.
Mantel/Mantle Teras/Core Kerak/Crust

2 Berdasarkan maklumat di bawah, nyatakan tiga lapisan Bumi, P, Q dan R dalam rajah di atas dengan
menggunakan perkataan di bawah./Based on the given information, state the three layers of the Earth
which are labelled P, Q and R in the above diagram by using the words below.  TP2
Mesosfera/Mesosphere Litosfera/Lithosphere Astenosfera/Asthenosphere

Kerak dan bahagian pepejal paling atas mantel (65 – 100 km).
P
The crust and the solid outermost part of the mantle (65 – 100 km).

Bahagian tengah mantel dan mempunyai batuan separa cecair (200 – 235 km).
Q
The centre part of the mantle and contains semi-liquid rock (200 – 235 km).
BAB

Bahagian pepejal mantel di bawah astenosfera and di atas teras luar (660 km).
R
The solid part of the mantle below the asthenosphere and above the outer core (660 km).

3 Bumi adalah satu-satunya rumah bagi semua hidupan. Wajarkan pernyataan tersebut.  TP5/KBAT 9
The Earth is the only home for all living things. Justify this statement.
panas/hot suhu/temperature sejuk/cold oksigen/oxygen air/water

Bumi adalah sesuai untuk hidupan kerana suhu Bumi tidak terlalu panas

atau terlalu sejuk berbanding planet lain. Bumi mengandungi air dan
oksigen untuk semua hidupan.
The Earth is suitable for living things because the temperature on the Earth is not too
hot or too cold compared to other planets. The Earth contains
water and oxygen for all living things.

135
 Standard Kandungan
9.2 Bahan Bumi Tarikh:

9.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Jenis dan ciri batuan
The type and characteristics of rocks
PBD
Masteri

Buku teks m/s 261 – 262

1 Kelaskan batuan yang diberikan kepada tiga kumpulan dalam peta pokok di bawah.  TP1
Classify the given rocks into three groups in the tree map below.

Syal/Shale Pumis/Pumice Gneis/Gneiss Granit/Granite

Slat/Slate Basalt/Basalt Marmar/Marble Batu pasir/Sandstone
Kuarzit/Quartzite Batu kapur/Limestone Konglomerat/Conglomerate

Jenis bantuan/Types of rock

Batuan igneus Batuan sedimen Batuan metamorfik

Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock

Granit/Granite Syal/Shale Gneis/Gneiss

Pumis/Pumice Batu kapur/Limestone Marmar/Marble
Basalt/Basalt Batu pasir/Sandstone Kuarzit/Quartzite
Basalt/Basalt Konglomerat/Conglomerate Slat/Slate

2 Kenal pastikan jenis batuan.  TP1

Identify the types of rock.

1 2 Batuan
3
Magma (batuan lebur)
Magma (molten rocks) Rocks
Tekanan/Pressure
Laut
Kerak bumi Sea
Crust
Batuan/Rock
BAB

Ruang magma Mampatan

Compression Haba/Heat (magma)
Magma chamber

9 Batuan igneus Batuan sedimen Batuan metamorfik

Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock

Penyejukan dan pembekuan
magma atau lava yang
mengalir keluar dari lapisan
mantel ke kerak.
Cooling and freezing of
magma or lava that flows out
of the mantle to the crust.
Enapan yang dibawa oleh
sungai, glasier atau angin
yang dimampat secara
berlapis-lapis di laut atau
tasik.Deposited materials
carried by the rivers, glaciers
or wind which are compressed
in layers, normally occurs in
seas or lakes.
Batuan igneus atau sedimen
yang mengalami suhu dan
tekanan yang sangat tinggi serta
tindak balas kimia.
The igneous or sedimentary rock
which is subjected to a very high
heat and pressure and chemical
reactions.

136
 Standard Kandungan
9.3 Proses utama Bumi Tarikh:

9.5 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Proses eksogen dan endogen
Exogenic and endogenic processes
PBD
Masteri

Buku teks m/s 263 – 264

1 Berdasarkan pernyataan yang diberi, nyatakan ‘Proses eksogen’ atau ‘Proses endogen’.  TP1
Based on the given statements, state ‘Exogenic process’ or ‘Endogenic process’.

(a) Proses eksogen Proses yang berlaku di permukaan Bumi.

Exogenic process The processes that occur on the surface of Earth.
(b) Proses endogen Proses yang berpunca daripada bahagian dalam Bumi yang membentuk
Endogenic process dan mengubah permukaan Bumi.
The process that originates from the interior of the Earth which that forms
and changes the Earth’s surface.

2 Kelaskan proses Bumi kepada proses eksogen dan endogen dalam peta pokok di bawah.  TP1
Classify the Earth’s processes into exogenic and endogenic processes in the tree map below.

Angkutan Hakisan Luluhawa Susutan jisim Aktiviti magma

Transport Erosion Weathering Mass depletion Magmatic activity
Pengenapan Olakan mantel Susutan darat Pergerakan kerak Bumi (tektonik plat)
Deposition Mantle convection Land depletion Earth's crust movement (plate tectonics)

Proses/Processes

Proses eksogen/Exogenic process Proses endogen/Endogenic process

Angkutan/Transport Olakan mantel

Hakisan/Erosion Mantle convection
Luluhawa/Weathering Aktiviti magma
Susutan jisim/Mass depletion Magmatic activity
Pengenapan/Deposition Pergerakan kerak Bumi (plat tektonik)
Susutan darat/Land depletion Earth’s crust movement (plate tectonics)

3 Kenal pasti jenis proses Bumi. Tuliskan jenis proses sama ada eksogen (Ek) atau endogen (En) dalam
petak yang diberikan./Identify the types of Earth’s processes. Write whether the processes are exogenic
(Ex) or endogenic (En) in the boxes provided.  TP1

(a) (b)
Ek/Ex Ek/Ex BAB

Luluhawa/Weathering Hakisan/Erosion
Pemecahan dan penguraian atau pereputan Penghausan di permukaan Bumi akibat
batuan akibat perubahan suhu, air hujan, tindakan agen-agen bergerak seperti angin,
tindakan fros dan mikroorganisma. air dan ombak.
The fragmentation or decomposition or decay  The wearing away of the Earth's surface
of rocks due to temperature changes, rainwater, resulting from the action of moving agents
action of frost and microorganisms. such as wind, water and waves.

137
 (c) (d)
Ek/Ex Ek/Ex

Pengenapan/Sedimentation
Pengenapan bahan yang telah diluluhawa
atau terhakis yang diangkut oleh angin atau
air pada dasar tasik atau laut.
The deposition of weathered or eroded
materials, carried by wind or water at the
bottom of lakes or seas.
Angkutan/Transport
Pemindahan bahan-bahan yang telah
diluluhawa atau terhakis. Angin, ombak
glasier dan sungai adalah contoh-contoh
agen angkutan.
The transfer of weathered or eroded
materials. The wind, wave, glacier and river
are examples of transporting agents.

(e) (f)
Ek/Ex Ek/Ex

Susutan jisim dan susutan darat Aktiviti magma/Magmatic activity

Mass and land depletion
Pergerakan tanah, pasir atau serpihan
batuan ke bawah cerun akibat tarikan
graviti. Contoh: tanah runtuh.
Downhill movement of soil, sand or rock
fragments caused by the pull of gravity.
Example: Landslide
Transformasi magma daripada
pembentukannya, melalui letusan dan
penyejukan di kerak, sehingga pemejalan
menjadi batuan.
The transformation of magma from its
creation, through eruption and cooling down
at the crust, until solidification into rock.

(g) Teori yang menyatakan bahawa kerak luar

En
Bumi dibahagikan kepada beberapa plat yang
menggelongsor di atas mantel, disebabkan
arus dalam mantel. Hanyutan benua berlaku.
Semua benua berasal daripada satu benua
besar.
BAB

The theory which states that the Earth’s

outer shell is divided into several plates that

9 Pergerakan kerak Bumi (Plat Tektonik)

Earth's crust movement (Plate Tectonics)
glide over the mantle, due to the currents in
the mantle. The continental drifts occurred.
The continents were originated from a super
continent.

(h) Suhu tinggi dalam mantel dan teras Bumi

En
menghasilkan arus-arus perolakan di
lapisan astenosfera. Arus-arus ini berupaya
Mantel
Mantle
menggerakkan kerak Bumi.
High temperatures in the mantle and Earth's
Arus
Current core produce convection currents in the
asthenosphere layer. These currents are able to
move the Earth's crust.

138
 Standard Kandungan
9.4 Fenomena geobencana Tarikh:

9.6 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Geobencana
Geohazard
PBD
Masteri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 265 – 267
1 Foto di bawah menunjukkan suatu geobencana./The photo below shows a geohazard.
Apakah itu geobencana?  TP2
What is geohazard?
Proses semula jadi Bumi yang boleh menyebabkan
kehilangan nyawa  , kerosakan harta benda

dan boleh menjejaskan kuantiti alam sekitar.

The natural phenomena of the Earth which can cause
loss of life , damage to property and
affect the quality of the environment.

2 Kenal pastikan jenis geobencana.  TP2

Identify the types of geohazard.

Tanah terjerlus Pemanasan global Lubang benam Volkanisme

Land subsidence Global warming Sinkhole Volcanism
Gempa bumi Tanah runtuh Hujan asid Tsunami Video
Earthquake Landslide Acid rain Tsunami

(a) (b) (c)

Gempa bumi Pemanasan global Tanah runtuh

Earthquake
Gegaran di permukaan
kerak Bumi akibat anjakan
plat-plat tektonik.
The shaking of the surface
of the Earth’s crust caused
by the displacement of the
tectonic plates.
Global warming Landslide
Peningkatan suhu Sejenis susutan jisim di
atmosfera Bumi mana tanah bergerak
disebabkan oleh kesan menuruni cerun akibat
rumah hijau./The increase tarikan graviti./A form of
in the Earth’s atmospheric mass wasting where the
temperature due to the ground moves downhill due
greenhouse effect. to the pull of gravity.

(d) (e) (f) Terhakis/Corroded

BAB

Tsunami/Tsunami
Kejadian ombak raksasa
disebabkan oleh gempa
bumi di dasar laut atau
letusan gunung berapi di
dasar laut./A huge wave
caused by an undersea
earthquake or a volcanic
eruption.
Volkanisme/Volcanism
Kejadian letusan magma di
mana lava dan gas gunung
berapi terbebas melalui
rekahan di permukaan
Bumi./The eruption of
magma where lava and
volcanic gases erupt through
a break in the Earth’s
surface.
9
Hujan asid/Acid rain
Air hujan bersifat asid
disebabkan kelarutan
gas berasid seperti sulfur
dioksida di dalamnya.
The rain water has an
acidic property due to the
dissolving of acidic gases
such as sulphur dioxide in it.

139
 (g) (h)

Tanah terjerlus/Land subsidence Lubang benam/Sinkhole

Penenggelaman secara perlahan atau
mendadak permukaan Bumi disebabkan
kehilangan air bawah tanah atau aktiviti
perlombongan.
A gradual settling or sudden sinking of the
Earth’s surface caused by the removal of
underground water or mining activity.
Lubang besar dalam tanah disebabkan
keruntuhan lapisan di permukaan Bumi
ke dalam rongga kosong di bawahnya
terutamanya berlaku di kawasan batu
kapur./A big hole in the ground caused by
the collapse of the Earth’s surface layer
into the empty space beneath, especially
occurring in limestone areas.

3 Nyatakan alat-alat yang mampu memberikan amaran awal terhadap kejadian geobencana.
State the devices that can give an early warning of the occurrence of the geohazard.

Alat pengesan tsunami Alat pengesan tanah runtuh

Tsunami detector Landslide detector

(a) Alat pengesan tanah runtuh/Landslide detector

• Sistem ini menggunakan sensor tanpa

Penggera wayar untuk mengesan pergerakan tanah di
Alarm cerun bukit sebagai amaran awal kejadian
tanah runtuh.
This system uses a wireless sensor to detect
land movements on hill slopes as an early
warning of landslides.

(b) Alat pengesan tsunami/Tsunami detector

BAB

Satelit
Satellite • Perakam pada dasar laut memantau
9
Pelampung
Buoy perubahan tekanan dan mengesan tsunami.
Data kemudiannya dihantar ke pelampung
dan ke satelit. Satelit menghantar data ke
stesen di pesisiran pantai.
Recorder on seabed monitors changes in
pressure and detect tsunamis. Data is then
transmitted to buoy and to satellite. The
satellite transmits data to ground station.

Perakam/Recoder

140
 Standard Kandungan
9.5 Usia Bumi Tarikh:

9.7 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Kaedah penentuan usia Bumi
Method to determine the age of the Earth
PBD
Masteri
KBAT
Buku teks m/s 268 – 269
1 Kaji skala masa geologi di bawah yang dipetik daripada laman web yang berikut:
Study the geological time scale below which is taken from the following website:

http://geographyclassroom2014.weebly.com

MESTI BACA!
SENOZOIK MESOZOIK PALEOZOIK

PENNSYLVANIAN
CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC Usia Bumi dianggarkan sebagai

MISSISSIPPIAN
4.5 bilion tahun. Ahli geologi

ORDOVICIAN
CRETACEOUS

DEVONIAN

CAMBRIAN
menetapkan tempoh masa yang
PERMIAN

SILURIAN
JURASSIC

TRIASSIC
panjang itu sebagai era. Setiap era
dibahagikan kepada beberapa
tempoh masa.
The age of Earth is estimated to be
0
66.4 245 570 4.5 billion years. Geologists have set
100 200 300 400 500
such long periods of time as an era.
Masa dalam juta tahun dahulu/Time in millions of years ago Each era is divided into several
periods.
(a) Apakah kegunaan skala masa geologi?
What is the use of the geological time scale?  TP2  
Skala masa geologi digunakan oleh ahli geologi untuk menjelaskan masa dan
hubungan antara peristiwa yang terjadi di sepanjang sejarah Bumi.
The geological time scale is used by geologists to describe the timing and relationship
between events that have occurred throughout the Earth’s history.
(b) Daripada rajah di atas, kenal pastikan era yang sedang kita diami sekarang.  TP1
From the diagram above, identify the era we are currently living in.
Senozoik/Cenozoic

2 Bahan dalam foto di bawah merupakan bahan Bumi yang tertimbus seperti tumbuhan dan haiwan
sejak zaman purba.
The material in the photo below is the Earth's buried material like plants and animals from ancient
times.

Video

BAB

9
Apakah kepentingan fosil kepada perkembangan sains kini?  TP4/KBAT
What is the importance of fossils for the development of science now? 

cara/way pupus/extinct fosil/fossil berubah/change

fosil cara
Rekod memberikan maklumat tentang spesies hidupan di Bumi
berubah pupus
merentasi berbilion tahun dan tentang spesies yang telah .
The fossil record provides information on the way the living species on Earth
change across billions of years and about extinct species.

141
 Standard Kandungan
9.5 Sumber Bumi dan geologi gunaan Tarikh:

9.8 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Sumber air dan risikonya
The sources of water and their risks
PBD
Kontekstual

Buku teks m/s 270

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sumber air di Bumi.
The diagram below shows the sources of water on the Earth.

1 Apakah air permukaan dan air bawah tanah? Berikan

satu contoh sumber untuk setiap satu.  TP2
Perigi Air permukaan
What is surface water and groundwater? Give one example
Well Surface water of the source for each one.
(a) Air permukaan./Surface water.
Air yang dijumpai di atas permukaan Bumi.
Akuifer Air bawah tanah
Contoh: Laut/sungai/tasik .
Aquifer Groundwater
The water found above the surface of the
Earth. Example: Seas/rivers/lakes  .

(b) Air bawah tanah/Groundwater

Air yang dijumpai di bawah permukaan Bumi. Contoh: Akuifer .
The water found beneath the surface of the Earth. Example Aquifer .
(c) Apakah pandangan anda tentang masalah yang akan timbul sekiranya kekurangan dan berlebihan
air permukaan?/What is your view of the problem that may arise if there is a lack of surface water
and there is an excessive amount of surface water.  TP4/KBAT
Kekurangan air permukaan akan menyebabkan kemarau dan berlebihan air permukaan
akan menyebabkan banjir .
The lacking of surface way will cause drought and the excessive amount of surface water
will cause floods  .

2 Azman mendapati suatu sumber air tidak sesuai lagi digunakan oleh manusia seperti yang ditunjukkan
dalam gambar foto di bawah.
Azman found that a water source was no longer suitable for human use as shown in the photo below. 

Video
BAB

Apakah risiko yang dihadapi oleh sumber air di Bumi?  TP5/KBAT

What is the risk faced by the sources of water on the Earth?

Pencemaran daripada bahan-bahan seperti baja dan

racun perosak daripada pertanian, bahan buangan daripada Kumbahan/Sewage
perindustrian, dan sampah sarap dan kumbahan daripada Baja/Fertiliser
kawasan perumahan. Sampah sarap/Garbage
fertilisers pesticides Racun perosak/Pesticides
Pollution by substances such as and Bahan buangan/Waste products
from agriculture, waste products from industry, and garbage

and sewage from residential areas .

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 Tarikh:

9.9 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Mineral ekonomi
Economic minerals
PBD
Masteri

Buku teks m/s 271

1 Kaji pernyataan di bawah./Study the statement below.

Mineral yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi yang digunakan secara meluas dalam bidang-bidang seperti
industri, pembinaan dan pengeluaran barangan.
Minerals of commercial value which are used widely in fields such as industrial, construction and
manufacturing.

Namakan mineral ini./Name the minerals.  TP1

Mineral ekonomi/Economic minerals.

2 Lengkapkan peta pokok dengan jenis-jenis mineral ekonomi yang betul.  TP1
Complete the tree map with the correct types of economic minerals.

Mineral logam Mineral nadir bumi Mineral bukan logam

Metallic minerals Rare earth minerals Non-metallic minerals

Jenis bantuan/Types of rock

(a) (b) (c)

Mineral bukan logam Mineral logam Mineral nadir bumi

Non-metallic minerals Metallic minerals Rare earth minerals

Arang batu/Coal Emas/Gold Skandium/Scandium

Petroleum/Petroleum Perak/Silver Itrium/Yttrium
Marmar/Marble Kasiterit/Cassiterite Neodimium/Neodymium
Tanah liat/Clay Galena/Galena Europium/Europium
Pasir/Sand Hematit/Haematite Serium/Cerium
Batu kapur/Limestone Bauksit/Bauxite Lantanum/Lanthanum

BAB

3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) pernyataan yang betul tentang mineral ekonomi.  TP1

Mark ( ✓ ) the correct statements about the economic minerals.

(a) Mineral nadir bumi digunakan dalam banyak peralatan seperti DVD,
9
Praktis
komputer, televisyen, bateri boleh dicas semula dan telefon bimbit. Kendiri
✓
Rare earth metals are used in many devices such as DVDs, computer,
television, rechargeable batteries and cell phones.

(b) Besi dapat diekstrak daripada mineral logam seperti hematit.

✓
Iron can be extracted from metallic minerals such as haematite.

(c) Semua mineral bukan logam boleh digunakan sebagai bahan api.
All non-metallic minerals can be used as fuel.

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 Tarikh:

9.10 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Sumber semula jadi
Natural resources
PBD
Masteri

Buku teks m/s 271 – 272

1 Berdasarkan rajah yang diberikan, terangkan pembentukan petroleum dan gas asli.  TP2
Based on the given diagram, explain the formation of petroleum and natural gas.
P
Haiwan dan tumbuhan laut yang mati Tekanan/Pressure
Dead sea animals and plants
Petroleum/Petroleum
Tumbuhan/Plants
Q
Tekanan dan haba tinggi
Haba/Heat
High pressure and heat Gas asli/Natural gas
R
Gas asli Haiwan/Animals
Natural gas Batuan tidak telap Praktis
Petroleum Impermeable rocks Kendiri
Petroleum

Haiwan dan tumbuhan

laut yang mati tertanam dalam lumpur dan pasir dalam
P dasar laut berjuta-juta tahun dahulu./Dead sea animals and plants were buried
under mud and sand in the sea bed millions of years ago.
Tekanan dan haba yang tinggi bertindak pada sisa hidupan dalam lumpur dan
Q
pasir./High pressure and heat were exerted on the remains of the living things.

Sisa hidupan berubah menjadi petroleum dan gas asli yang terperangkap di antara
dua lapisan batuan tidak telap yang terbentuk daripada lumpur dan pasir.
R
The remains of the living things changed into petroleum and natural gas which are
trapped in between two layers of impermeable rock formed from the mud and sand.

2 Berdasarkan rajah yang diberikan, terangkan pembentukan arang batu.  TP2

Based on the given diagram, explain the formation of coal.
Arang batu terbentuk daripada tumbuhan yang
Hutan paya mati berjuta-juta tahun dahulu dan telah
Mangrove swamp dimampatkan oleh lapisan tanah di
atasnya. Tekanan dan haba tinggi
Arang batu
yang bertindak ke atas tumbuhan ini
Coal
menukarkannya kepada arang batu.
Coal is formed from plants that died
Tumbuhan/Plants
Tekanan/Pressure millions of years ago and have been compressed
Tanah/Earth earth pressure
by layers of on top. High
Haba/Heat
heat plants
BAB

Dimampatkan/Compressed and that acted on these

changed them into coal.

9 3 (a) Dihasilkan oleh air panas terutamanya air yang dipanaskan oleh haba daripada bahagian dalam
Bumi seperti geiser, untuk menjana tenaga elektrik./Produced by hot water, especially water
heated by the Earth’s internal heat such as geysers, to generate electrical energy.

Apakah jenis tenaga tersebut?/What is the type of energy?  TP1

Tenaga hidroterma/Hydrothermal energy.

(b) Bulatkan satu contoh tenaga hidroterma./Circle one example of hydrothermal energy.  TP1

Tenaga hidro Bahan radioaktif Geoterma

Hydro energy Radioactive substances Geothermal energy

144
 PT3 PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 9 KOMPONEN
PP

Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.

Instructions: Answer all questions.
Bahagian A/Section A

1 Antara batuan berikut, yang 2 Antara yang berikut, yang 3 Antara komponen sistem
manakah terbentuk daripada manakah merupakan proses Bumi berikut, yang manakah
penyejukan magma daripada eksogen?/Which of the following merupakan bahagian air?
mantel yang keluar ke kerak? is an exogenic process? Which of the components of the
Which of the following rocks I Luluhawa Earth’s system is the part of
forms from the cooling of magma Weathering water?
from the mantle which comes II Proses olakan mantel A Atmosfera
out to the crust? Mantle convection process Atmosphere
A Batu kapur III Aktiviti magma B Biosfera
Limestone Magma activity Biosphere
B Slat IV Angkutan dan pengenapan C Hidrofera
Slate Transport and sedimentation Hydrosphere
C Batu pasir A I dan/and II D Geosfera
Sandstone B III dan/and IV Geosphere
D Granit C II dan/and III
Granite D I dan/and IV

Bahagian B/Section B
1 Proses endogen ialah proses yang berpunca dari dalam Bumi dan mampu mengubah bentuk permukaan
Bumi. Proses ini digerakkan oleh haba dalaman Bumi.
The endogenic is the process that originates from the interior of the Earth which shapes the Earth’s surface. This
process is driven by the internal heat of the Earth.
(a) Tandakan ( ✓ ) bagi menunjukkan dua proses endogen.
Mark ( ✓ ) to show two endogenic processes.

(i) Luluhawa
Weathering

(ii) Aktiviti magma

✓
Magmatic activity

(iii) Pengenapan
Deposition
BAB

(iv) Olakan mantel

✓

9
Mantle convection
 [2 markah/2 marks]
(b) Kesan proses endogen ialah kejadian geobencana. Garikan jawapan yang betul.
The effect of the endogenic process is the occurrence of geohazard. Underline the correct answers.
(i) (Gempa bumi, Tanah runtuh) ialah gegaran di permukaan kerak bumi akibat anjakan plat-plat
tektonik.
The (earthquake, landslide) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth’s crust caused by the displacement
of the tectonic plates.
(ii) Volkanisme ialah kejadian letusan batuan lebur di mana (lava, tanah) mengalir keluar melalui
rekahan di permukaan Bumi.
Volcanism is the eruption of molten rock where (lava, soil) flows out through a break in the Earth’s surface.
 [2 markah/2 marks]

145
 Bahagian C/Section C
2 (a) Azmir menonton rancangan televisyen tentang hidupan di lautan. Azmir mendapati bahawa terdapat
sejenis spesies ikan di lautan menghasilkan cahaya sendiri seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2.1.
Azmir watched television shows about living things in the ocean. Azmir found that there was a kind of fish
species in the ocean that produced their own light as shown in Diagram 2.1.

Rajah 2.1/Diagram 2.1

Berikan penjelasan tentang zon lautan yang ikan ini hidup di dalamnya.  TP4/Menganalisis
Give explanation about the zone of the ocean in which the fish lives.
Ikan ini hidup di dalam zon gelap. Tiada cahaya dapat menembusi zon ini. Ikan ini menghasilkan
cahaya untuk membantu pergerakannya./This fish lives in the dark zone. No light penetrates this zone.
This kind of fish produces light to help them in their movement.
 [3 markah/3 marks]
(b) Azmir ternampak dinding di belakang sekolahnya runtuh disebabkan pertumbuhan akar tumbuhan

melaluinya.
Azmir saw the wall behind his school collapsed due to the growth of plant roots through it.

Organisma seperti tumbuhan, haiwan dan mikroorganisma juga memainkan peranan dalam proses
luluhawa. Huraikan luluhawa secara biologi yang disebabkan oleh hidupan tersebut.  TP4/Menganalisis
Organisms such as plants, animals and microorganisms also play roles in the process of weathering. Describe
biological weathering caused by the mentioned living things.
Akar tumbuhan yang membesar mengenakan tekanan pada batuan dan dapat memecahkan batuan.
Sesetengah mikroorganisma dapat menghasilkan asid organik yang dapat melarutkan mineral dalam
batuan. Asid organik yang terhasil dapat menguraikan mineral dalam batuan dengan mengubah
komposisi kimia dalam batuan./Growing plant roots can exert stress or pressure on rock and can break the
rock. Certain microorganisms can produce organic acids which help to dissolve minerals in rock. The organic
acids that are produced can break down rock minerals by altering the chemical composition of the rock.
 [4 markah/4 marks]
BAB

(c) Diketahui bahawa arang batu berasal daripada tumbuhan yang mati berjuta-juta tahun dahulu. Kenal

pastikan jenis batuan bagi arang batu. Terangkan jawapan anda.  TP4/Menganalisis

9
It is found that coal originated from plants millions of years ago. What type of rock is coal? Explain your
answer.
Arang batu adalah sejenis batu sedimen. Arang batu terbentuk daripada tumbuhan paya yang mati
berjuta-juta tahun dahulu dan dimampatkan oleh lapisan tanah di atasnya. Tekanan dan suhu tinggi yang
bertindak ke atas tumbuhan tersebut menukarkannya kepada arang batu.
Coal is a type of sedimentary rock. Coal is formed from swamp plants that died millions of years ago
and had been compressed by layers of earth on top. High pressure and temperature that acted on
these plants changed them into coal.
 [3 markah/3 marks]

Praktis
Formatif

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