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EARTH
 Is the 3rd planet from the Sun, and a few
hundred kilometers larger than the planet
Venus in terms of diameter.
 It is the 5th largest planet in the solar system.
EARTH
 Is characterized by its blue waters, rocky brown
and green band masses with white clouds.
 It is the only planet that can support life.
 70% of its surface is covered by water.
 HISTORY OF EARTH
Earth’s early evolution
As materials continued to accumulate, the
high velocity impact of interplanetary debris and
the decay of radioactive elements caused the
temperature of our planet to steadily increase.
 HISTORY OF EARTH
Earth’s early evolution
 this process occurred rapidly and
produced Earth’s dense iron-rich core.
 this early period of heating also resulted in
a magma ocean, about hundred km deep.
 HISTORY OF EARTH
Earth’s early evolution
 within the magma ocean buoyant masses
of molten rock rose toward the surface and
eventually solidified to produce a thin, primitive
crust. ( Earth’s interior = iron-rich core, thin
primitive crust, the mantle)
 EARTH’s LAYERS
Inner core  solid (iron & nickel)
Outer core  liquid (iron & nickel)
Mantle  rocks
Crust  mud and clay to diamond and coal
 composed of igneous, metamorphic, and
sedimentary rocks.
 EARTH’s LAYERS
Igneous rocks  form when magma (molten
rocks) cools and crystallizes, either at volcanoes
on the surface of the earth or while the melted
rock is still inside the crust.
 EARTH’s LAYERS
Metamorphic rocks  form when rocks are
subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-
rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination
of these factors.
 EARTH’s LAYERS
Sedimentary rocks  are types of rock that are
formed by the accumulation or deposition of
mineral or organic particles at Earth’s surface,
followed by cementation. Sedimentation is the
collective name for processes that cause these
particles to settle in place.
 HISTORY OF EARTH
Earth’s early evolution
 formed around 4.54 Billion yrs. Ago
 early atmosphere contained almost no oxygen.
 much of the earth was molten because of
frequent collisions w/ other bodies which led to
extreme volcanism.
 HISTORY OF EARTH
Earth’s early evolution
 a giant impact collision with a planet-sized
body named Theia is thought to have formed the
moon.
 Relative Dating
Earth’s early evolution
1. Original horizontality
 layers of sediments are deposited evenly,
with each new layer laid down nearly horizontally
over older sediments.
 Relative Dating
Earth’s early evolution
2. Superposition
 in an unreformed sequence of
sedimentary rocks, each layer is older than the
one above and younger than the one below.
 Relative Dating
Earth’s early evolution
3. Cross-cutting
 an igneous intrusion or fault that cuts
through preexisting rock is younger than the rock
which it cuts.
 Relative Dating
Earth’s early evolution
4. Inclusion
 inclusions are pieces of one rock type
contained within another. Any inclusion is older
than the rock containing it.
 Radiometric Dating
Earth’s early evolution
The actual age of a rock can be estimated by
radiometric dating, which entails measuring the
ratio of radioactive isotopes to their decay
products.
Geologic Time Scale
 Geologic Time Scale
EON  a very large division of geologic time equal
to a billion years, or a very lone period of time.
ERA  is the smaller time interval that divides the
eon.
PERIOD  eras are subdivided into periods. Each
era has at least two periods.
EPOCH  the periods are frequently subdivided into
epochs.
 Hadean Eon (4.54 – 4.0 Ga)
• Chaotic eon
• The surface of the Earth was bombarded by
meteorites
• There was severe volcanism
• Planetesimals frequently collide
• The cores and crust stabilized
• The moon was thought to have formed
 Archean Eon (4.0 – 2.5 Ga)
• Fossil evidence of earliest life form: prokaryotic
microbes ( cyanobacteria )
• Atmosphere contained mostly methane
• Recorded primitive ocean and atmosphere
• No evidence of glaciation
 Proterozoic Eon (2.5 Ga – 541
Ma)
• Eon of great changes
• Origin of eukaryotic life and appearance of first
oxygen-dependent animals ( Ediacaran fauna )
• Oxygenation of atmosphere
• Formation and breakup of supercontinents
• Glaciation
 Phanerozoic Eon
Paleozoic Era (541 Ma – 252 Ma)
• Begins with Cambrian explosion
• Silurian: leafless vascular plants and invertebrate
animals were established on land.
• Devonian: vertebrate animals transit to land via
evolution of amphibians from air breathing fish
• Flight was first achieved during carboniferous period
• Permian extinction: 95% marine invertebrate perished
 Phanerozoic Eon
Mesozoic Era (252 – 66 Ma)
• Time of dinosaurs
• Time of geological and biological transition
• Triassic period was dominated by therapsids and the
codons
• First mammal appeared
• Dinosaurs dominated during the Jurassic and Cretaceous
periods
• Mesozoic closed w/ extinction
Brasilodon quadrangularis
 Phanerozoic Eon
Cenozoic Era (66 Ma - present)
• Several of the world’s greatest mountain ranges and
canyons were built
• Glaciers covered the Northern Hemisphere
• Tremendous diversification of life
• Pleistocene period: recorded early human life
• Life was affected by major extinction 10,000 to 8,000
years ago
 THE END
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THE EARTH’S
SYSTEM
 GEOSPHERE
• Come from Latin word “Geo” which means ground.
• Makes up the solid portion of the Earth, its surface
and land.
• Includes the non-living land features.
• The layers of the Earth ( crust, mantle, core )
2 FORMS OF CRUST
1.Oceanic Crust
2.Continental Crust
 HYDROSPHERE
• Is composed of all the waters on or near the Earth
surface.
• This includes water on the surface, underground,
moisture in the air.
• Can be in a form of liquid, vapor and ice such as
glaciers.
 HYDROSPHERE
• The frozen part is called Cryosphere.
 97% of water is in the form of oceans (salty)
The rest is fresh water (non-salty), ¾ of this fresh water
is solid and exists in the ice sheets.
 ATMOSPHERE
• Is not just merely the air that we breath but also a
blanket of gas that surrounds our planet up to the
edge of space.
• Includes air, precipitation, clouds and aerosols.
 99% of volume in air is oxygen and nitrogen, the
remaining part is composed of gas such as argon,
carbon dioxide and ozone.
 PARTS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
• 1. Troposphere  extends 8 to 14.5 km high. It is
considered the densest among the other parts of the
atmosphere. Almost all weather types are in this
region.
• 2. Stratosphere  it extends up to 50 km high.
Where we can find the ozone layer.
 PARTS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
• 3. Mesosphere  extends up to 85 km high. Meteors
burn up in this region.
• 4. Thermosphere  extends up to 600 km. It is
where aurora and satellites occur.
• 5. Ionosphere  abundant layers of electron, ionized
atoms and molecules occur. Extends 48 km high.
This region makes radio communication possible.
 BIOSPHERE
• Termed as the “ zone of life “. Part of the earth where
life exists.
• It could occupy the oceans, surfaces of the land and
can also be in the atmosphere.
 THE END
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