Design of Shear Walls Using ETABS PDF

Design of Shear Walls Using ETABS
O-SCAAD-1
May 21, 2002, AIT, Bangkok
Buddhi S. Sharma
ACECOMS, AIT
The Basic Issues
• What is a Shear Wall?
• Modeling and analysis issues
– Transfer of loads to shear walls
– Modeling of shear walls in 2D
– Modeling of shear Walls in 3D
– Interaction of shear-walls with frames
• Design and detaining issues

– Determination of rebars for flexure
– Determination of rebars for shear
– Detailing of rebars near openings and corners
– Design and detailing of connection between various components
of cellular shear walls
Design of Shear Walls

ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Wall
Definition
What is a Shear Wall?
• How can we “tell” when a member is a shear
wall
• Is the definition based on ?
– Intended Use
– Shape in Cross-section
– Geometry in Elevation
– Loading Type and Intensity
– Behavior and Theory
– Location, Direction, Orientation

ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Wall or Column
Wall Column
ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Wall or Frame
Shear Wall Shear Wall or Frame ? Frame

ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Wall or Truss?

ACECOMS, AIT
Planner Walls
Planer Stiffened Regular Irregular Openings

Openings
ACECOMS, AIT
Cellular Walls

ACECOMS, AIT
Location and
Layout of
Shear Walls
Purpose of Shear Walls
• Resist the lateral loads for medium rise buildings
up to 40 floors
– Reduce total deflection and story drift
– Increase lateral stiffness
– Reduce moments in columns and floor members due to
lateral loads
– Reduce the overall cost of the structural system
– Can also serve as elevator shafts, service ducts, etc,

ACECOMS, AIT
Loads Transferred to Shear Walls
• Distribution of lateral loads to individual shear walls, to

moment resisting frames, to wall-frames and to
individual columns depends on:
– Stiffness of each column and wall
– Lateral stiffness of each frame or wall frame
– Location of the the vertical unit with respect to the load building
lateral stiffness center
– Location of the load center with respect to the stiffness center
– The geometry and in-plane stiffness of the floor slab system

ACECOMS, AIT
Load Transferred to Shear Walls
?
Load Center
F
f D
Stiffness
Center
?
Building Plan

ACECOMS, AIT
How to Locate the Walls
• Reduce the eccentricity between the stiffness center and
the load center
– Consider Eccentricity due to Wind Loads, depending on overall
geometry of the structure
– Consider Eccentricity due to Earthquake Loads, depending on
Mass Distribution
– Consider Eccentricity not only at foundation level but at various
heights
• Reduce the in-plane bending in the slab system and
Evenly distribute the stiffness in both directions
• Use building layout in plan to enhance overall stiffness
and reduce need for shear walls

ACECOMS, AIT
How to Check Eccentricity!
• For Wind Loads
– Apply Wind load in X-Direction and check nodal displacements. If
displacement in Y-Directions are nearly zero or very small, then
there is no eccentricity between wind load and and stiffness center
in Y-direction
– Repeat the same for Y-Direction Load
• Seismic Loads
– Assign the Mass properties to the building and carryout a Modal
Analysis: If the first two modes are Translational, and third mode is
Torsional, then there is no eccentricity between the mass center and
Stiffness Center in Both Directions

ACECOMS, AIT
Eccentric and Concentric Response
No Eccentricity
F
D
Eccentric Shear Wall

ACECOMS, AIT
Eccentric and Concentric Response
Unsymmetrical Mass and
Stiffness
Symmetrical Mass and

Stiffness
Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3

ACECOMS, AIT
Avoid Eccentricity in Plan
Or

ACECOMS, AIT
Reduce In-plane Bending in Floor

ACECOMS, AIT
Vertical Irregularity
Expansion
Joint
No Shear Walls Balanced Shear Using Expansion

Walls at All Levels Joints to eliminate
some walls

ACECOMS, AIT
Using Efficient Building Plan Shape

ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Wall
Behavior
Shear Wall and Frame Behavior
Shear Wall Behavior Frame Behavior

ACECOMS, AIT
Axial Stresses in Planer Walls
10

ACECOMS, AIT
Axial Stresses in Cellular Walls
10 Uniaxial Bending

ACECOMS, AIT
Axial Stresses in Cellular Walls
10 Biaxial Bending

ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling of
Shear Walls
Modeling of Planer Walls
Using Truss
Using Beam and Column Using Panels, Plates and Beams

ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling of Shear Walls
Using Beam Elements

ACECOMS, AIT
Frame Models for Shear Walls
– 4-Node plane element does not accurately capture the
linear bending, because constant shear distribution is
assumed in formulation but actually shear stress
distribution is parabolic
– Since the basic philosophy of RC design is based on

cracked sections, it is not possible to use the finite
elements results directly for design
– Very simple model (beam-column) which accurately

captures the behavior of the structure, and the results
can be used directly to design the concrete elements

ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling of Walls using 1D Elements
Simple beam Beam elements Beam elements
elements with rigid ends in “Truss Model”
H2
H1
t t txh
L L L
ACECOMS, AIT
Frame Model for Planer Walls
• Specially Suitable when H/B is
more than 5
H
• The shear wall is represented
by a column of section “B x t”
• The beam up to the edge of the
t wall is modeled as normal
B beam
• The “column” is connected to
beam by rigid zones or very
Rigid Zones
large cross-section

ACECOMS, AIT
Frame Models for Cellular Walls
t
• Difficult to extend the concept to
H
Non-planer walls
B • Core Wall must be converted to
“equivalent” column and
appropriate “rigid” elements
• Can be used in 2D analysis but
2t more complicated for 3D analysis
H • After the core wall is converted to
t
B
planer wall, the simplified
procedure cab used for modeling

ACECOMS, AIT
Using Plate/Shell Elements

U3, R3 U3, R3
U2, R2 U2, R2
Node 3 Node 4
U1, R1
U1, R1
3 2
U3, R3
1
U3, R3 U2, R2 U2, R2

Node 1 Node 2
U1, R1 U1, R1
Shell

ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling Walls using 2D Elements
• Walls are subjected to in-plane deformations so
2D elements that have transnational DOF need
to be used
• A coarse mesh can be used to capture the
overall stiffness and deformation of the wall
• A fine mesh should be used to capture in-plane
bending or curvature
• General Shell Element or Membrane Elements
can be used to model Shear Walls

ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling Walls Using Membrane
Nodes: 4
DOFs: 2 (or 3) DOFs /Node Ux and Uy
2-Translation, 0 or 1 rotation
Dimension: 2 dimension element
Shape: Regular / Irregular
Properties: Modulus of Elasticity(E),
Poisson ratio(v),
Thickness( t )

ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling Walls using Shell Elements
Nodes: 4
DOFs: 5 or 6 DOFs /Node Ux and Uy
3 Translation, 2 or 3 rotation
Dimension: 2 dimension element
Shape: Regular / Irregular
Properties: Modulus of Elasticity(E),
Poisson ratio(v), U3, R3 U3, R3
Thickness( t ) U2, R2 U2, R2
Node 3 Node 4
U1, R1
U1, R1
3 2
U3, R3
1
U3, R3 U2, R2 U2, R2

Node 1 Node 2
U1, R1 U1, R1
Shell

ACECOMS, AIT
Using Panel/ Plate Elements
Modeling Shear-Walls Modeling Shear-Walls using Panels,

using Panels only Beams, Columns
(No Moment continuity (Full Moment continuity

with Beams and Columns unless with Beams and Columns is restored by
6 DOF Shell is used) using additional beams)

ACECOMS, AIT
Using Plates to Model Walls
Multiple elements greater accuracy in determination of stress distribution
and allow easy modeling of openings
Using Plate Elements only Using Plate Elements with

Beams, Columns
(No Moment continuity
with Beams and Columns unless (Full Moment continuity
6 DOF Shell is used) with Beams and Columns)

ACECOMS, AIT
Connecting Walls to Slab
“Zipper”
In general the mesh in the slab Some software automatically

should match with mesh in the wall establishes connectivity by using
to establish connection constraints or “Zipper” elements

ACECOMS, AIT
Using Truss Models
txt
C
t x 2t
t
B
ACECOMS, AIT
Using Trusses to Model Shear Walls
• The behavior of shear walls can be closely
approximated by truss models:
– The vertical elements provide the axial-flexural
resistance
– The diagonal elements provide the shear resistance
• Truss models are derived from the “strut-tie”
concepts
• This model represents the “cracked” state of the
wall where all tension is taken by ties and
compression by concrete

ACECOMS, AIT
Truss Model for Shear Walls
10
Comparing Deformation and

Deflections of Shell Model with
Truss Model

ACECOMS, AIT
Truss Model for Shear Walls
10
Comparing Deformation and

Deflections of Shell Model
with Truss Model

ACECOMS, AIT
Truss Models for Shear Walls
10
Comparing Axial Stress and Axial

Force Patterns

ACECOMS, AIT
Truss Models for Shear Walls
10
Uniaxial Biaxial

ACECOMS, AIT
How to Construct Truss Models
• For the purpose of analysis, assume the
main truss layout based on wall width
and floor levels
• Initial member sizes can be estimated as
t x 2t for main axial members and t x t for
diagonal members
txt • Use frame elements to model the truss.
It is not necessary to use truss
elements
• Generally single diagonal is sufficient for
modeling but double diagonal may be
C used for easier interpretation of results
t x 2t • The floor beams and slabs can be
connected directly to truss elements
t
B

ACECOMS, AIT
Openings in Shear Walls

ACECOMS, AIT
Openings in Shear Walls
Very Small Openings Medium Openings Very Large Openings
may not alter wall may convert shear may convert the Wall
behavior wall to Pier and to Frame
Spandrel System
Spandrel Beam
Wall Column
Pier Pier

ACECOMS, AIT
Openings in Shear Walls - Cellular

ACECOMS, AIT
Openings in Shear Walls - Planer

ACECOMS, AIT
Modeling Walls with Opening
Plate-Shell Model Rigid Frame Model Truss Model

ACECOMS, AIT
Frame Model of Shear Walls
A: Shear Wall with Line Loads B: Finite Element Model
Rigid Zones
Beams
3 DOF
Columns per rigid zone
C: Define Beams & Columns D: Beam-Column Model
Based on Concept proposed by E.L. Wilson

ACECOMS, AIT
Design of
Shear Walls
Basic Design Considerations
• Main Shear Wall
– Flexural Design
– Shear Design
• Spandrels and Links
– Flexural Design
– Shear Design
• Ductility Considerations
• Anchorage with Footings
• Connection with Floor Slab/ Beams

ACECOMS, AIT
Flexural Design

ACECOMS, AIT
Flexural Design
As Single Flexural Member

ACECOMS, AIT
Designing as A Flexural Member
• Approach
– Design the Wall as “Big Column”
– Follow the normal axial-flexural
concept and provisions
• Input Needed
– P, Mx , (and My)
– Wall Dimensions
• Problems
– Does not consider the non-linear
strain distribution
– In efficient rebar distribution

ACECOMS, AIT
Design Procedure
1. Obtain Design Actions from Analysis
2. Assume rebar sizes, amount and distribution
3. Determine Cross-section capacity as column in
form of Interaction Surfaces and Curves
4. Check if all action sets (P, Mx, My) fall within
the interaction surface. The extreme values
should be near the surface
5. If required, revise cross-section and repeat

ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Result from Frame Model
Design actions (P, Mx, My and V) are obtained directly
P P
V Vy Vx Mx
M
My

ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Results from Truss Model
P  T  C  D sin( )
M  Txt  Cxc  D sin( ) xd
V  D cos( )
D P
T C
M V
xd
xt xc
Tension Compression
Member Member

ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Results From Shell Model
CL of wall
Fi  Ai f i
n
P   Fi
i 1
P n
M   Fi xi
A A V i 1
M
n
V   Ai vi
i 1
f5 x1
f4
f3 f2
T f1
f1, f2, …..fn are the nodal stresses at
C section A-A , obtained from analysis
x1

ACECOMS, AIT
Assuming Reinforcement
• Assume larger bars on the corners
• Assume more bars on predominant tension
direction/ location
• Assume uniform reinforcement on wall sides
• Total Rebars ratio should preferably be more
than 0.8% and less than 3% for economical
design

ACECOMS, AIT
Obtaining Section Capacity Curves
• Can be done manually by using linear strain
distribution and equilibrium conditions
– Generate few control points on the curve
– Difficult to apply for Cellular and non rectangular walls
• Can be obtained in more complete form using
Software
– CSI-Section Builder
– GEAR – Column Section Module
– PCA Column

ACECOMS, AIT
Interaction Curves - Uniaxial
The curve is generated by varying
the neutral axis depth
Un-safe
 Nb  Safe
Nnx     fc ( )da   fsi Asi 
A i 1 
 Nb 
Mny      fc ( ) da.dz   fsi Asidzi 
z A i 1 

ACECOMS, AIT
Interaction Surface - Biaxial
+P
The surface is
A cross-section of
generated by interaction surface at P
Un-safe
u
changing Angle and - My

Depth of Neutral
Axis Pu
- Mz Safe + Mz
+ My
1 n 
   x, y  dx dy ... 
1
N z  1   A  ( x , y ) ...
 1 2 i i
 x y i 1 

1 1 n 
M x  2 
  x y  x, y  dx dy . y ...   2  Ai i ( x, y ) yi ...

 1 i 1 
1 1 n 
M y  3      x , y  dx dy . x ...   A  ( x , y ) x ...
 
 1 x y  2 i  1
i i i



ACECOMS, AIT
Interaction Surface and Curves

ACECOMS, AIT
Narrow Planner Walls
The capacity is almost completely un-
axial
Moment capacity can be increased by

providing Rebars at the corners

ACECOMS, AIT
Cellular Wall – No Opening
The capacity is
almost completely
biaxial

ACECOMS, AIT
Single Cell Walls

ACECOMS, AIT
Double Cell Walls

ACECOMS, AIT
Flexural Design
Using Axial Zones

ACECOMS, AIT
Design Walls in Zones
• Basic Concept
– Design the wall to resist the external actions by
compression, tension and shear zones
– More intuitive and more economical
– Zone of high tension designed as tension member
with concentrated rebars
– Zone of high compression designed as compression
member with appropriate rebar limits
– Zone of low stress design as wall with nominal wall
rebars

ACECOMS, AIT
Designing as Axial Zones

ACECOMS, AIT
Design Procedure
1. Obtain Design Actions from Analysis
2. Compute Axial Forces
3. For each axial force, assume section, assume
rebars and check capacity
4. If capacity not enough, revise section, re-
compute Axial Forces, and continue until
required section for each force is designed
5. Provide nominal wall reinforcement in between
the axial zones

ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Result from Frame Model
Compute Forces from Actions
P
P
My
Mx
M
F1 F2
Fi
x1 x2 yi
F1  0.5P  M / x1 P Mx My
F2  0.5P  M / x2 Fi   
4 yi xi

ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Results from Truss Model
Results obtained from truss

analysis can be used Directly
D
T C
F1 = T
xd F2 = C
xt xc
Tension Compression
Member Member

ACECOMS, AIT
Getting Results From Shell Model
CL of wall
F1=T F2=C
A A
f5 x1 Ai  xi t
f4
f3 Fi  Ai f i
f2
T f1
f1, f2, …..fn are the nodal stresses at
C section A-A , obtained from analysis
x1

ACECOMS, AIT
Axial Zone Model – Planer Wall

ACECOMS, AIT
Axial Zones for Box Wall

ACECOMS, AIT
Design as Truss: Strut and Tie
• Directly design the
tension members for
reinforcement
• Directly design the
compression members
as columns
• The design is similar to
the “Axial Zones”
concept

ACECOMS, AIT
Concrete Shear Wall Design in ETABS
• 2D wall pier design and boundary-member checks
• 2D wall spandrel design
• 3D wall pier check for provided reinforcement
• Graphical Section Designer for concrete rebar location
• Graphical display of reinforcement and stress ratios
• Interactive design and review
• Summary and detailed reports including database
formats

ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Design
Spandrel
Pier

ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Design Procedure
• For Walls without Openings
– Design the wall as piers
• For Walls with Openings

– Design the Piers, the vertical part
– Design the Spandrels, the horizontal part

ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Design of Pier
• Determine Concrete
shear capacity, Vc
• Check if Vc exceeds the
limit, if it does, section
needs to be revised
• Determine steel Rebars
for Vs=V-Vc
• Check additional steel for Lp
seismic requirements tp

ACECOMS, AIT
ACI Equations for Pier Design
Basic Concrete Shear Capacity
Pu 0.8L p 
Vc  3.3RLW f ct p 0.8L p  
4Lp
Concrete not to Exceed the limit

  P 
 L p 1.25 RLW f c  0.2 u 
 

Vc  0.6 RLW 
fc   Lpt p  t 0.8 L 
M  L  p p
 Abs  u   p 
  Vu  2 
 
Area of Steel Computed as

Abs Vu 
 Vc Abs Vu 
  10 RLW f ct p 0.8L p 
Av  
f ys 0.8L p 

ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Design for Spandrel
• Determine Concrete hs
shear capacity, Vc Ls
• Check if Vc exceeds the Elevation
limit, if it does, section ts
needs to be revised d r top
• Determine steel Rebars a

c
for Vs=V-Vc
hs
• Check additional steel for
seismic requirements
d r bot
Section

ACECOMS, AIT
ACI Equations for Spandrel Design
Basic Concrete Shear Capacity

Vc  2 RLW f c ts d s
Concrete not to Exceed the limit

Vu
Vs  Vn  Vc  V c

Area of Steel Computed as

Vs
Av  Vs  8RLW f ct s d s
f ys d s
Check for minimum steel and spacing etc.

ACECOMS, AIT
ACI Equations for Spandrel Design
50t s
Ls Vu Av min 
When 5 and  0.5Vc f ys
ds 
Ah min  0
Ls Vu
When  5 and  0.5Vc Av min  Ah min  0
ds 
When Ls
2 5 Check
ds
Vu2 Ls  Av min  0.0015t s
 10   RLW
 f ct s d s
 3 ds  Ah min  0.0025t s

ACECOMS, AIT
Notations for Shear Design
Ls = Length of Spandrel
ts = Thickness of Spandrel
d r top = Distance from top of spandrel to the centroid of top reinforcing

d r bot = Distance from bottom of spandrel to the centroid of bottom reinforcing
hs = Total depth of spandrel
RLW = Shear reduction factor as specified in the concrete material properties for
light weight concrete.
ds = Effective depth of spandrel
Vs = Portion of Shear force in spandrel carried by reinforcing steel

Vc = Portion of Shear force in spandrel carried by concrete

ACECOMS, AIT
Notations for Shear Design
Vn = Nominal Shear strength
f ys = Shear yield strength of steel
f c = Concrete Compressive Strength
Lp = Length of Pier
tp = Thickness of Pier
Av min = Minimum vertical required area of distributed shear reinforcing
Ah min = Minimum horizontal required area of distributed shear reinforcing

ACECOMS, AIT
Detailing of
Shear Walls
Wall Section
• Place more reinforcement at the ends and distribute the
remaining in the middle portion
• Confine the Rebars at the end for improved ductility and
increased moment capacity
Option -1
Option -2
Option -3

ACECOMS, AIT
Effect of Rebar Layout
Moment Capacity for 1% Rebars
a) Uniform Distribution
Max M= 380
b) Concentrated Bars
Nearly 25% increase for same steel Max M= 475

ACECOMS, AIT
Wall Section
• Place more reinforcement at
the corners and distribute the
remaining in the middle
portion
• Confine the Rebars at the
corners for improved
ductility and increased
moment capacity
• Provide U-Bars at the
corners for easier
construction and improved
laps

ACECOMS, AIT
Effect of Rebar Layout
Moment Capacity for 1% Rebars
a) Uniform Distribution
Max M= 16500
b) Concentrated Bars
Max M= 19600
Nearly 20% increase for same steel

ACECOMS, AIT
Rebar Detailing For Openings

ACECOMS, AIT

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Design of Shear Walls Using ETABS

• Design and detaining issues

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Shear Wall Shear Wall or Frame ? Frame

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Planer Stiffened Regular Irregular Openings

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

• Distribution of lateral loads to individual shear walls, to

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Eccentric Shear Wall

Design of Shear Walls

Symmetrical Mass and

Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

No Shear Walls Balanced Shear Using Expansion

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Shear Wall Behavior Frame Behavior

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Using Beam and Column Using Panels, Plates and Beams

Design of Shear Walls

Using Beam Elements

Design of Shear Walls

– Since the basic philosophy of RC design is based on

– Very simple model (beam-column) which accurately

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Using Plate/Shell Elements

U3, R3 U2, R2 U2, R2

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

U3, R3 U2, R2 U2, R2

Design of Shear Walls

Modeling Shear-Walls Modeling Shear-Walls using Panels,

(No Moment continuity (Full Moment continuity

Design of Shear Walls

Using Plate Elements only Using Plate Elements with

Design of Shear Walls

In general the mesh in the slab Some software automatically

Design of Shear Walls

Using Truss Models

Design of Shear Walls

Comparing Deformation and

Design of Shear Walls

Comparing Deformation and

Design of Shear Walls

Comparing Axial Stress and Axial

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls

Design of Shear Walls