3.

For the digital circuit shown in the figure, explain what happens at nodes N1, N2,
F and F’ when

a. Ck = 1 amd ‘A’ changes from ‘0’ to ‘1’

b. A=1 and Ck change from ‘1’ to ‘0’
c. Ck = 0 and ‘A’ change from ‘1’ to ‘0’
d. Initially, Ck =0 and ‘A’ changes from ‘0’ to ‘1’ and then Ck goes to ‘1’
e. What is the circuit performing

(a)

(b)
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From the circuit we directly get

T=x
J = Q1Q0’
K = Q1’+Q0’
y = Q1+Q0

(2). Design the system with two JK flip-flops and a minimal AND-OR-NOT network.
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Answer:

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STEP 1: excitation equations

D0 = Cnt Q0 = Cnt'*Q0 + Cnt*Q0'

D1 = Cnt'*Q1 + Cnt*Q1'*Q0 + Cnt*Q1*Q0'

STEP 2: Derive the next-state equations by converting these

excitation equations into flip-flop characteristic equations. In the case
of D flip-flops, Q(next) = D. Therefore the next state equal the
excitation equations.
 Q0(next) = D0 = Cnt'*Q0 + Cnt*Q0'
Q1(next) = D1 = Cnt'*Q1 + Cnt*Q1'*Q0 + Cnt*Q1*Q0'

STEP 3: Now convert these next-state equations into tabular form

called the next-state table.

Present State Next State

Q1Q0 Cnt = 0 Cnt = 1
00 00 01
01 01 10
10 10 11
11 11 00

STEP 4: The state diagram is generated directly from the next-

state table

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1- Excitation equations:

D0 = Cnt Q0 = Cnt'*Q0 + Cnt*Q0'

D0 = Cnt'*Q1 + Cnt*Q1'*Q0 + Cnt*Q1*Q0'

2- Next-state equations:

Q0(next) = D0 = Cnt'*Q0 + Cnt*Q0'

Q1(next) = D0 = Cnt'*Q1 + Cnt*Q1'*Q0 + Cnt*Q1*Q0'
In addition, however, we have computed the output equation.

Output equation: Y = Q1Q0

As this equation shows, the output Y will equal to 1 when the counter
is in state Q1Q0 = 11, and it will stay 1 as long as the counter stays
in that state.

3- Next-state and output table:

Present State Next State Output

Q1 Q0 Cnt=0 Cnt=1 Z
00 00 01 0
01 01 10 0
10 10 11 0
11 11 00 1

4- State diagram:
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TB =