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DWC Application Engineering Training Rev.1 PDF
DWC Application Engineering Training Rev.1 PDF
Table of Contents
1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................6
2. Key Drivers for Drilling with Casing .................................................................................7
Reduce Drilling Flat Time .....................................................................................................7
Getting Casing to Bottom ......................................................................................................8
Elimination of Problems Related to Tripping........................................................................8
Drilling Depleted Zone and Overcoming Lost Circulation ...................................................8
Better Borehole Quality .........................................................................................................8
Improve Safety.......................................................................................................................8
Reduce Rental Costs ..............................................................................................................9
Improve Hydraulics ...............................................................................................................9
3. Casing Design Fundamentals............................................................................................10
Casing Strength Properties...................................................................................................11
Yield Strength ..................................................................................................................11
Collapse Strength .............................................................................................................11
Burst Strength ..................................................................................................................11
Loads on Casing...................................................................................................................12
Tensile Force....................................................................................................................12
Collapse pressure .............................................................................................................12
Burst Pressure ..................................................................................................................12
Compression Load ...........................................................................................................13
Other Loadings.................................................................................................................13
Casing Seat Selection...........................................................................................................13
Example of Casing Grade and Weight Selection.................................................................15
4. DwC System........................................................................................................................22
Non-Retrievable (Defyer™) System versus Retrievable (Latch) System ...........................22
Casing Drive ........................................................................................................................24
The Defyer™ .......................................................................................................................27
5. Decision Making Process...................................................................................................32
6. Drillability...........................................................................................................................37
Compressive Strength Analysis ...........................................................................................37
D-Exponent ..........................................................................................................................42
Cone Penetration Test (CPT) ...............................................................................................44
Abrasiveness ........................................................................................................................48
Shale Reactivity (stickiness) ................................................................................................49
Plasticity...............................................................................................................................49
7. Basic Well Log Interpretation ..........................................................................................50
Sonic Log .............................................................................................................................50
Gamma Ray Log ..................................................................................................................50
Neutron Log (Porosity Log).................................................................................................51
Density Log..........................................................................................................................51
Photoelectric Log .................................................................................................................52
8. DwC Hydraulics .................................................................................................................57
Role of Hydraulics ...............................................................................................................57
The Borehole....................................................................................................................57
The Bit (Defyer™)...........................................................................................................57
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List of Figures
Figure 1 DwC Total Connection Time Saving ..........................................................................7
Figure 2 DwC vs Conventional Drilling Time Depth Curve.....................................................7
Figure 3 Annular Velocity Comparison.....................................................................................9
Figure 4 Load-Elongation Curve of Casing.............................................................................11
Figure 5 Casing Seat Placement Chart.....................................................................................14
Figure 6 Casing Grade Design Chart ......................................................................................16
Figure 7 Formation Pressure from Next Section TD ...............................................................17
Figure 8 Two Types of DwC Systems.....................................................................................23
Figure 9 Logan Spear...............................................................................................................25
Figure 10 Internal Casing Drive Tool (ICDT).........................................................................25
Figure 11 Modified HE or AZ Spear .......................................................................................25
Figure 12 TorkDrive™ ............................................................................................................26
Figure 13 Water Bushing .........................................................................................................26
Figure 14 Anatomy of Defyer™ DT .......................................................................................27
Figure 15 Chip Breaker Holes .................................................................................................28
Figure 16 Largest Defyer DT506 24” x 27” ............................................................................31
Figure 17 Risk Matrix..............................................................................................................33
Figure 18 Candidate Well Selection Flow Chart .....................................................................34
Figure 19 DwC Project Management Flow Chart ...................................................................35
Figure 20 Uniaxial and Triaxial Tests .....................................................................................38
Figure 21 Relationship between compressive strength and porosity.......................................38
Figure 22 Operating Envelop of Defyer™ DV........................................................................40
Figure 23 Operating Envelop of Defyer™ DT ........................................................................41
Figure 24 Operating Envelop of Defyer™ DPC......................................................................41
Figure 23 Sample Chart of D-Exponent ..................................................................................43
Figure 24 CPT Tool .................................................................................................................44
Figure 25 CPT Tool Dimensions .............................................................................................44
Figure 26 Sample CPT Result (Lithology, Density, Undrained Shear Strength) ....................46
Figure 27 Sample CPT Result (Cone Resistance, Sleeve Friction, Pore Pressure) .................47
Figure 28 Abrasiveness by Grain Size and Grain Angularity..................................................48
Figure 29 Bit Balling ...............................................................................................................49
Figure 30 Working Principle of Sonic Tool ............................................................................50
Figure 31 Working Principle of Neutron Logging Tool..........................................................51
Figure 32 Density Tool Gamma Ray Backscattering ..............................................................52
Figure 33 Density and PE Tools Gamma Ray Energy Level Utilisation ................................53
Figure 34 Log Responses in Different Formations..................................................................55
Figure 35 Radioactivity of Common Rock Types ...................................................................56
Figure 36 Hydraulic Data Input Sheet .....................................................................................61
Figure 37 Hydraulics Result Output Sheets Page 1 of 2..........................................................62
Figure 38 Hydraulics Result Output Sheets Page 2 of 2..........................................................63
Figure 39 DwC Economic Analysis Sheet...............................................................................65
Figure 40 Operational Time Comparison Chart ......................................................................67
Figure 41 Time-Depth Curve...................................................................................................67
Figure 42 Float Collar Model 402 ..........................................................................................75
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List of Tables
Table 1 DwC AV vs Conventional AV .....................................................................................9
Table 2 Sample Casing and Mud Programs.............................................................................15
Table 3 Collapse Resistance Including Safety Factor..............................................................16
Table 4 Burst Pressure Including Safety Factor ......................................................................18
Table 5 Selected Casing Grade and Weight ............................................................................19
Table 6 Selected Casing and Calculated Safety Factor ...........................................................19
Table 7 Final Casing Selections...............................................................................................21
Table 8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Non-Retrievable (Defyer™) System over
Retrievable (Latch) System..............................................................................................24
Table 9 Evolutions of Defyer™...............................................................................................28
Table 10 Restriction to DwC Application ...............................................................................32
Table 11 Risk Definitions ........................................................................................................33
Table 12 Common Electric Log Responses.............................................................................54
Table 13 Connection Time and On Bottom Drilling Hour Calculation...................................66
Table 14 Engineer and Spear Costs Estimation Sheet .............................................................66
Table 15 Mid Bore Float Collar Specifications .......................................................................77
Table 16 Model L42A Large Bore Float Collar Specifications...............................................79
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1. Introduction
Drilling with Casing (DwC) technology utilizes the casing string as a drill string so that casing
is landed on bottom during the drilling process rather than later in a separate installation
process.
In the 1920s casing drilling with retractable bits had been carried out in Poland and France.
From the 1950’s onwards, it has been common in some areas of the world to drill-in the
FINAL tubing string, and cement it in place along with the drill bit still attached. Modern
drilling with casing is not limited to only the final string of the well. In fact most modern DwC
jobs involve drilling the surface hole and intermediate hole sections. With the exception of a
few experimental wells, casing has been used to drill specific sections of the wellbore, rather
than the entire hole.
Drilling with Casing can be performed using two kinds of systems. In one system, a down
hole motor, under-reamer and drill bit assembly is latched onto the lowest-most casing joint
by means of a retrievable casing packer tool. As the assembly drills ahead, the casing is
lowered into the hole, either in a sliding or rotating mode. Upon reaching total depth, the
latch-on bottom hole assembly is recovered with a special retrieval tool. A valve system is
then pumped down hole and land in a landing profile before cementing can commence.
Weatherford developed a different system. The assembly comprises of a special drill bit,
called a Defyer™, attached to the bottom of the first joint of casing, usually with a float collar
and a joint of casing in between. Drilling torque is transferred from the top drive to the casing
string and Defyer™ via the casing drive. Casing drive can be a casing drilling spear, Internal
Casing Drive Tool (ICDT), TorkDrive™ or water bushing.
The unique feature of the Weatherford system is that the Defyer™ is fully drillable. Once the
targeted depth is reached, there is no drill bit to recover through the casing. Since a float
collar is also run in the casing string, cementing can begin immediately. The next bottom-
hole-assembly is run and drills-out the shoe track in exactly the same way as conventional
operation. The Weatherford Defyer™ system is currently applicable in soft to medium
formations, straight hole sections which can be drilled in a single bit run.
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45.0 46.0
30.0
31.0
40.0
25.8 38.3 40.3
25.0 35.0
25.3
30.6 33.5
20.6 30.0
Time, Hrs
Time, Hrs
20.0 21.0
25.0 22.9 26.8
15.4 16.8
15.0 DwC DwC
20.0 20.1
10.3 12.6 Conv 15.3 Conv
10.0 15.0
13.4
5.1 8.4 7.6
10.0
5.0 4.2 6.7
5.0
The proven experience of reducing lost circulation and stuck pipe coupled with the fact that
well control is much safer when the well can be circulated with pipe on bottom makes a
compelling argument that DWC should be the first choice for drilling these difficult zones.
Improve Safety
Some potentially hazardous operations may be eliminated when drilling with casing. Drilling
surface hole in shallow waters with high currents can require deployment of divers. Divers
are not required when drilling with casing as the string does not have to be POOH.
Hammering operations can be eliminated. Loading and rigging-up pile hammers is often
considered to be one of the most hazardous operations carried out on the rig floor.
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Improve Hydraulics
The annulus area between the BHA/casing OD and borehole ID is reduced in DwC, hence
under same operating conditions DwC deliver higher annular velocity (AV) then conventional
drilling. The improvement ranges from 81% to 134%, averaging 110% (Table 1), therefore a
‘rule of thumb’ of ‘DwC annular velocity = 2 x conventional annular velocity’ can be
established.
600 Conv
527 DwC
500
Annulus
400
341
Vann, ft/min
292
300
192
200 164
89 98
100
42
-
500 800 1000 1100
7 9 5/8 13 3/8 20
5 1/2 5 1/2 5 1/2 5 1/2
8 1/2 12 1/4 17 1/2 26
Flow, Csg , DP , Hole
One or more of the following strings of casing are required in every well:
Conductor pipe
Surface casing
Intermediate casing
Liner string
Production casing (oil string)
In casing design one needs to fully understand the following three important strengths of
casing.
Yield Strength
Collapse Strength
Burst Strength
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Yield Strength
Yield strength is the maximum load point on the Load-Elongation curve (Figure 4) where
Hooke’s Law is no longer applicable. The ratio between stress and strain along the portion
OA defines Young’s modulus, E. Before the yield point (eg. Point A) the casing elongation is
elastic meaning the casing will return to its original dimensions when the load is removed.
Beyond the yield point the casing yield becomes plastic, resulting in permanent deformation
even when the load is removed. Loading beyond the yield point results in a change in
internal structure of the material and in a loss of strength.
Load
Fracture Strength
O Elongation
Collapse Strength
Collapse strength is defined as the maximum external pressure required to collapse a
specimen of casing. Two types of collapse are observed:
1. Elastic – the specimen fails before it deforms
2. Plastic – certain deformation takes place prior to failure
Burst Strength
Burst strength (internal yield strength) is defined as the minimum value of internal pressure
required to cause the steel to yield.
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Loads on Casing
A casing design exercise involves the determination of factors that influence the failure of
casing and the selection of the most suitable casing grade for a specific operation. The
casing program should also meet the completion and production requirements. A safety
margin is also included in the design to allow for other unknown forces that may be
encountered such as corrosion, wear and thermal effects. The following sections discuss the
criterion for casing design. Only tensile force, collapse pressure, burst pressure and
compression load will be considered in the casing design. Other loadings, with the exception
of (5), cannot be determined by direct application of mathematical equations and will be
accounted for through the use of ‘safety factor’.
Tensile Force
Tensile forces originate from casing’s own weight, bending forces and shock loading. The
uppermost joint of the string is considered the weakest in tension as it has to carry the total
weight of the casing string. A safety factor of 1.6-1.8 is normally applied to the top joint.
Collapse pressure
Collapse pressure originates from the column of mud used to drill the hole. The hydrostatic
pressure is the highest at the bottom of the hole and can be calculated with
The designer should ensure that the collapse pressure never exceeds the collapse
resistance of the casing at bottom hole temperature. For this purpose the casing collapse
resistance is taken as the load at which the internal diameter of the casing yields. In
designing for collapse, the casing is assumed empty for surface and production casing and
partially empty for intermediate casing.
Burst Pressure
1. the maximum formation pressure envisaged in drilling the next hole section
2. in the event of a kick the entire mud column is displaced by the influx thereby subject
the entire casing to the bursting effect
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At the top of the hole the external pressure due to the hydrostatic head of the mud is zero
and the internal pressure must be supported entirely by the casing body. Therefore, burst
pressure is highest at the top and least at the casing shoe. In production casing the burst
pressure at the shoe can be higher than the burst pressure at the surface in situations when
the production tubing leaks gas to the casing.
Compression Load
A compression load arises in casings that carry inner strings. Production strings do not
develop any compression load since they do not carry inner strings.
Other Loadings
1. Plot the pore pressure gradient; the mud pressure gradient and the fracture gradient
against depth as shown in Figure 5.
2. Starting at hole TD (11,000ft), draw a vertical line through the mud gradient until it
intersects the fracture gradient line. In our example the mud gradient at TD is
0.94psi/ft and a vertical line through it (A-B) intersects the fracture gradient line at
Point B, 10,320ft. Above 10,320ft the mud gradient of 0.94 psi/ft will exceed the
fracture gradient. Thus formations above 10,320ft have to be protected and cased off
with casing.
3. Above 10,320ft the hole must be drilled with a mud weight less than 0.94 psi/ft. The
new mud gradient is obtained by drawing a horizontal line (B-C) from Point B to the
mud gradient line. Point C shows the new mud gradient of 0.85 psi/ft. Draw vertically
from Point C until the fracture gradient line is intersected at Point D, at 8558ft. Point
D establishes the maximum depth that can be drilled before changing to the new
mud gradient of 0.85 psi/ft. Hence a intermediate casing has to be set at 8558ft.
4. From point D move horizontally to the mud gradient line to Point E, where the mud
gradient is 0.57 psi/ft. A vertical line from Point E shows that a hole can be drilled
with a mud gradient of 0.57 psi/ft without fracturing the formation.
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1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Depth (ft SS)
6000
7000
8000
E
8558
D
9000
10000 C B
10320
11000 11000
A
12000
Pore Pressure Gradient, psi/ft Mud Pressure Gradient, psi/ft
Fracture Gradient, psi/ft Surface casing
Intermediate casing Intermediate casing or protection line
Protection casing or liner
An exploration well to be drilled to a total depth of 13,900ft (4327m). Casing and mud
programs are as in Table 2:
Safety factors:
Burst = 1.1
Collapse = 0.85
Tension = 1.8
13-3/8” Casing
This string is set at 6200 ft and will be subjected, in the event of a kick, to formation
pressures from the next hole drilled to a TD of 10,400 ft.
Collapse
This pressure acts on the outside of the casing and for the worst possible situation assume
that the casing is 100% evacuated
The collapse line is drawn between 0 at the surface and 2886 psi at 6200 ft, as shown in
Figure 6
From Table 3 the collapse resistances of the available grades as adjusted for a safety factor
of 0.85 are as follows:
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The collapse resistance values are plotted as vertical lines, as shown in Figure 6.
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Burst
(see Figure 7)
(where G = gradient of invading fluid, assumed to be gas having a 0.1 psi/ft gradient)
6200ft
0.1
psi/ft
Fig. 10.13
Pf = 4992psi at 10400ft
Where 0.465 psi/ft is the gradient of mud outside the casing. Therefore,
Thus,
Burst at shoe = 4572 – 2883 = 1689 psi (116 bar)
External pressure =0
Therefore,
The burst line can now be drawn between 1689 psi at the shoe and 3952 psi at the surface;
see Figure 6.
From Table 4, of casing properties, the burst resistances of the available grades are given
below together with adjustment for SF = 1.1.
The burst resistance values are drawn as vertical lines, as shown in Figure 6.
Selection Selection should consider the lightest weights first, as these grades are the
cheapest. On the basis of collapse only, Figure 6indicates that the given grades are suitable
for the following depths:
When selection is based on both collapse and burst, Figure 6 indicates that grade K55,
54.5# does not satisfy the burst requirement from 0 to 4200 ft. Also grade K55, 68# does not
satisfy burst from 0 to 2400 ft. Hence, selection from 0 to 2400 ft is limited to grade L80, 72#.
Below 2400 ft, grade K55, 68# is suitable for collapse from 0 to 4950 ft and for burst from
2400 ft to 4200 ft. Hence, the middle section consists of K55, 68# from 2400 to 4200 ft.
The last section of the hole can only be satisfied by grade L80, 72# in both collapse and
burst; see Figure 6. Hence selection based on collapse and burst is (Table 5 & Table 6):
1650
144.0 (641) L80, 72# 144.0 (641) = 11.5
144
835
122.4 (544) K55, 68# 266.4 (1185) = 3.13
266.4
1650
172.8 (769) L80, 72# 439.2 (1954) = 3.8
439.2
m
Buoyancy Factor, BF =
s
67
BF = 1 = 0.863
489.5
Total tensile force = buoyant weight of casing + tensile force due to pressure testing
= Weight in air BF + ID testing pressure
2
4
= [ (439.2 x 0.863) x 1000 ] + [ (12.437)2 x 2070 ]
4
= 379,030 + 247,847
= 626,877 lb
1,661,000
SF in tension for top joint =
626,877
= 2.65
Biaxial effects Check the weakest grade of selected casing for biaxial effects as follows.
Weakest grade selected is the K55, 68#, having a body yield strength of 1,069,000 lb and a
coupling strength (LTC) of 835 000 lb. Hence,
266.4 x 1,000
tensile ratio = = 0.319
835,000
For a tensile ratio of 0.319, the collapse resistance of the casing is reduced to approximately
80% of its original (under zero load) value. Hence,
Collapse pressure due to mud at 2400 ft (i.e top joint of grade of the K55, 68#)
67 x 2400
= = 1117 psi (77 bars)
144
Therefore,
SF in collapse for top joint of K55, 68#
1560
= = 1.40
1117
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Final selection
4. DwC System
Non-Retrievable (Defyer™) System versus Retrievable (Latch)
System
There are two basic setups used for Drilling with Casing (Figure 8). The first system uses a
bottom hole assembly comprising a positive displacement motor (PDM), drill bit and under-
reamer. The assembly is latched to the first joint of casing. As the assembly drills ahead, the
casing is lowered into the hole, either in a static or rotated mode. Upon reaching total depth
(TD), the latch-on bottom hole assembly is recovered with a special retrieval tool. A valve
system is run and installed before cementing commences.
The second system (DwC™) adopted by Weatherford, utilizes only casing to transmit rotary
torque and weight to the drill bit. No complex bottom hole assembly is required. A drillable
drill bit and valve assembly is made up and run with the first joint of casing. The casing string
is rotated during drilling via casing drive system which conveys torque from the top drive to
the casing. Upon reaching TD, the casing can be cemented immediately. There is no
requirement to trip out any drilling assembly or the bit.
Table 8 lists the major advantages and disadvantages of the Defyer™ system compared to
the latch system.
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Casing
Casing
Float
Collar
BHA:
MWD/LwD
Positive
Displacement
Motor
Under Reamer
Bit
DrillShoe
Low cost Limited directional control Ability to steer with PDM High cost
Casing Drive
The slips of the original HE and AZ spear must be modified to left hand release. They are
originally of right hand release. First DwC with TorkDrive™ Compact has successfully
conducted in July 2008. Current available TorkDrive sizes are TorkDrive 500 tons, TorkDrive
750 tons and TorkDrive Compact 350 tons. The use of water bushing should be avoided if
spear and TorkDrive are available due to the longer time to make or break this tool and risk
of cross threading the thread. Water bushing however can be used as backup tool or serve
as primary drive on large casing sizes not covered by the spear or TorkDrive.
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Spear Mandrel
Spear Pack-off
Stabilizer
Figure 12 TorkDrive™
Figure 13 Water Bushing
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The Defyer™
Weatherford have trademarked the Defyer™, a Drillable Casing Drill Bit. The Defyer™
(Figure 14) is made up to the casing in the same way as a conventional drill bit would be
made up to a drill string. The Defyer has a two-part construction:
1. A body made from steel, which has the casing connection and a tungsten carbide
gauge section
2. A nose, which is made from aluminium alloy, upon which is mounted a ‘drillable’
cutting structure. Chip-breaker holes (Error! Reference source not found.) in
the tool nose ensure that the aluminium cuttings do not ‘birds-nest’ the drill bit
with long ‘swarf’ cuttings as it ‘drills-out’ through the nose.
The nose and the body are threaded and locked together and the tool is supplied as an
integral unit, as shown. The bit face of the Defyer has nozzles strategically positioned to
clean and cool the cutting structure and flush away the cuttings up the annulus. The
aluminium centre is fully drillable with PDC or roller cone drill bits, or even with another
Defyer.
Aircraft grade
6mm round TSP pressed aluminum nose (fully
into the aluminum PDC drillable)
Threaded connection
between the aluminum
PDC drillable
nose and steel
copper nozzles
body/shoulder
To date, three cutting structure options are available; dense Tungsten Carbide, Thermally
Stable Diamond (TSP) and Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC). When the casing is
rotated, the cutting structure cuts the rock with a shearing action, in the same way as PDC
cutters on a conventional PDC drill bit.
The installation of a separate float collar in the casing string allows the cementing operation
to begin immediately upon reaching terminal depth. After ‘waiting-on-cement’ the next drill bit
is run and drills through the shoe track and Defyer™ before entering new formation.
Alternatively, it may also be possible to ‘drill-out’ the shoe track with another Defyer on the
next casing string. Drill-out can take between 10 minutes and 60 minutes, depending on size
and style of the bit used.
There are 4 main families of Defyer™ since the inception of the prototype in 1999, namely
Defyer™ DV, Defyer™ DT and Defyer™ DPC and Defyer™ DP (Table 9).
Prototype Defyer™
December, 1999
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Defyer™ DV
January, 2000
Defyer™ DT
May, 2000
Defyer™ DPC
August, 2003
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Defyer™ DP
February, 2009
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1. Invented in Nov 1999 for drilling in surface casing in the Gulf of Thailand
2. First tool run in January 2000
3. Became a standard technique in the Gulf of Thailand by April 2000
4. Patents applied for in 1998/1999/2000
5. Smallest Tool (as of end 2008) 4-1/2” x 6-1/8”
6. Largest Tool (as of end 2008) 24” x 27”
Essentially, the operator asks whether sufficient drivers exist to make this fundamental
change in the way the company constructs its wells. Once these hurdles are overcome, the
second stage begins. This stage requires more detailed evaluation, because each step of
the process has to be planned to determine whether any overriding problems exist.
In general, the benefits of DwC™ include the ability to reduce drilling “flat” time, overcoming
hole related problems, and simplifying the entire drilling process.
The key to evaluating any potential application of DwC™ technology is having sufficient
information available to make a decision.
RISK MATRIX
1
Low
< $150k
2
3 R9
Medium
< $150k-450k
R4
Probability
4 R6
R8 R5 R3
5 R2
High
6 R7 > $450k
R1
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Manageability
Candidate
Well
No
vertical ?
require Yes
directional
Yes control ?
No
FE, DST,
Yes
logging
required ?
No
rig has No
topdrive ?
If more
No
complex op. with kelly
acceptable ?
Yes
adequate mud No
pump Hp ?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Identify client and Contact Give DwC Client request Data request to Data valid Data analysis and
application client presentation for proposal client /adequate ? feasibility
Client
Enquiry
6. Drillability
Due to limited Defyer™ design availability as mentioned in Section 4., the first and foremost
task before proposing DwC technology to client is to establish the drillability of the formation
and determined whether a suitable Defyer™ design is available to take on the expected rock
strengths and drill the targeted distance. Offset data required in a drillability study include:
A combination of all the above data in the interpretation produces most the reliable
prediction. One has to be cautious when using bit record alone because it only provides an
overall performance through a section and is difficult to identify individual stringers. If the
record shows that a very light set (4 bladed) 12.25” bit came out in green condition then it is
probably safe to propose a Defyer™ 2. However if the bit record shows a 6 bladed 13mm
cutter bit coming out with a 1-1 dull grading then it is impossible to determine whether the
dulling effect was accumulated over the entire run length or sustained over a hard and thin
section of the run. This hard and thin section may be sufficiently adequate to terminate a
DwC job prematurely and the consequence will be costly. Well log and rock strength
analysis is a more recent technique for identifying Defyer™ drillable formations. The well log
data can be used to develop a quantitative estimate of rock hardness.
In a Triaxial test a confining stress (3) is applied to the rock sample in the cell at the same
time as a vertical load is being applied until the rock fails. This method is called The
Confined Compressive Strength (CCS) and is the more accurate reading of the two tests
and is closer to the actual in-situ rock compressive strength.
Rock samples normally fail in a sheared manner. The angle of shear is the angle between
the plane of shear (fracture) and the horizontal plan. The larger the shear angle, the softer
the rock is.
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Shear Shear
Since rock samples required for triaxial test are costly to come-by and not readily available,
rock strength analysis using electric log data has been developed and is a relatively new
endeavor to quantify rock hardness. Rock strength analysis tools play an important part in
assisting selection and design of drill bits or rock destruction tools in general. Major drill bit
companies worldwide embarked on developing their respective rock compressive strength
analysis programs back in early 1990’s.
Compressional sonic log data has long been used as a general guide or related to rock
hardness. More recently various programs have been developed to characterize rock
strength by using not only compressional sonic log but also shear sonic data, density and
neutron data to compute the unconfined compressive strength. Although this approach is an
improvement over using solely sonic velocities, a calculation of unconfined strength often
understates the actual strength of the formation when the rock is drilled in its pressurized
environment. Therefore some of these programs also include calculation of confining stress
using mud weight and pore pressure to work out the confined compressive strength.
The list below summarizes major rock types in an increasing order of difficulty in drilling.
Typical formations which might be considered suitable for drilling with a Defyer™ include
types 1 through 7 with softer sandstones (type 8) and some evaporites (types 9 and 10).
Formation types 11 and above are generally not considered Defyer™ drillable.
It must be noted that within each of the formation groups many sub-groups exist. Some of
these sub-groups are not Defyer™ drillable. One has to be cautious about equating the
formation name to rock type, especially shales. For example the Laffan Shale in Dubai and
Wolfcamp Shale in Texas, both are carbonate rocks. The Gearle Siltstone formation in part
of North West Australia is actually shale formation. Similar anomalies exist for formations
called "sandstone."
The tectonic effects of migration, burial and subsequent uplift should also be taken into
account. As an example, the North Sea is a highly complicated geologic basin in which early
formations have undergone significant uplifting. Formations which were deposited at great
depths only to be further buried before being uplifted are much firmer than similar rock types
that have not undergone such migration and diagenisis.
Rock strength or hardness can also be classified into the following categories in relation to
unconfined compressive strength:
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In addition to general rock types and local names, geologic time is frequently used in
classification of the formation. As a general rule; the older the formation, the harder the rock.
Again exceptions and anomalies exist.
With current Defyer™ designs, estimated operating envelops for Defyer™ are displayed in
to Figure 24.
D-Exponent
Most large size top hole sections (13-3/8” and above) are drilled without MWD or logging.
Even if they are logged it will most likely be gamma ray only, which is not adequate for
common rock strength calculation programs. The D-exponent can be calculated and used as
a tool to refer to formation “drillability” since it only requires drilling parameters as inputs.
D
W
ROP KN E
d
where,
ROP
log( )
D N
W
log( )
d
or modified version,
ROP
log( )
D 60 N
12W
log( 6 )
10 d
10% or 100,000ppm (typical Gulf Coast water) formation water gradient is 0.465 psi/ft or
8.951ppg
When an over-pressured zone is encountered the ROP will be higher at a similar formation,
WOB and RPM, therefore the D-exponent will decrease. Similarly when drilling softer
formation, the ROP will increase and the calculated D-exponent will decrease. In hard drilling
sections the reverse is true. Caution should be used when comparing D-exponents of
different bit types, especially those of the PDC, roller cone and impregnated bits. These bits
deliver very different cutting actions and thus the D-exponent varies widely when the same
energy levels are applied. For DwC™ a roller cone D-exponent above 1.0 will potentially
terminate a Defyer™ runs subject to the thickness of the hard interval.
0 1 10
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Cone Penetration Test data can be useful in estimating formation hardness when other
drilling and log information is not available. CPT provides information about soil type and
geotechnical parameters such as shear strength, density, elastic modulus, rates of
consolidation etc. Other probes can also be incorporated in the CPT tool (Figure 26) such as
a seismic cone, resistivity probe, soil sampler, hydrocarbon probe and even video probe to
acquire additional information.
During the test a cone penetrometer on the end of a series of rods is pushed into the ground
at a constant rate and continuous measurements are made. The cone penetrometer consists
of the cone, friction sleeve, other sensors and measuring systems, and the connections to
the push rods. During the penetration, the forces on the cone and the friction sleeve are
measured. The measurements are carried out using electronic transfer and data logging .
Most commonly measured data suites are the tip resistance-sleeve friction, and tip
resistance + sleeve friction-pore water pressure. The results from a cone penetration test
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stratification
soil type
soil density and in situ stress conditions
shear strength parameters
The above evaluations may also be used, directly, for design of piled foundations in sand
and gravel. Indirectly it can be used (shear strength) for piles in clay. For the purpose of rock
/ soil hardness estimation the parameters to look at are undrained shear strength, soil
density and cone resistance.
The preliminary undrained shear strength (Cu) of a clay can be estimated from:
Cu = (qc – po) / Nk
where qc = measured cone resistance
po = overburden pressure
Nk = 17-18 for normally consolidated (NC) clays
= 20 for overconsolidated (OC) clays, like London Clay
According to testing standard ASTM 2166 the undrained shear strength is approximately one
half of unconfined compressive strength.
As at time of writing a definite cone resistance value where Defyer™ might be damaged is
yet to be established. . There is a classification system for soil hardness from very soft to
very hard but it has to be noted that this classification is very different from that used by bit
companies. 400kPa (58psi) of undrained shear strength, or equivalent 800kPa (116psi) of
formation is considered hard for a clay. This ‘hard’ formation in CPT classification is not hard
at all in terms of bit application.
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Figure 29 Sample CPT Result (Cone Resistance, Sleeve Friction, Pore Pressure)
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Abrasiveness
Abrasive formations can wear the bit nose to gage cutting structure very rapidly. Formation
Abrasiveness is governed by the degree of grain size sorting and grain angularity (Figure
30). To drill in abrasive environments, maximum gauge protection must be provided. Also,
due to the frictional heat generated at the cutting edges, bit hydraulics must be optimized to
provide maximum cooling which alleviates graphitization of the PDC or TSP under high
operating temperature.
very angular
very poorly sorted High
angular
poorly sorted
Abrasivenes
sub-angular
moderately
sub-rounded
well sorted
rounded
very well
well rounded
sorted
Low
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Plasticity
Drilling a plastic formation can be laborious and slow either with PDC or roller cone bits as
the formation tends to deform instead of fracture or explode. High-pressured shales,
although not always the case, are notorious for creating a plastic drilling environment. In
combating plastic formations, point loading of the cutting structure must be increased. This
can be achieved by using:
Large cutters 19mm or even 25mm
Oval cutters
Triangular cutters (bit companies call Scribe, Arrow etc.)
Sharp TCI on roller cone bits
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Sonic Log
The sonic log relies on the propagation of sound waves through the formation (Figure 32).
The waves are generated from a transmitter on the logging tool and an array of receivers,
also located on the tool, monitor the return waves and calculate the time lapse. The shorter
the time interval between sending and receiving the sound wave the denser the formation.
Spectral Gamma ray determine amount of potassium, uranium and thorium, and may be
used for clay typing, mineralogy, and ash-layer detection. Potassium and thorium tend to
concentrate in clays and shales. An increase of potassium in carbonates can be related to
either the presence of algal material or glauconite, whereas the presence of uranium is often
more closely associated with organic matter. Thorium is commonly found in ash layers.
Density Log
Formation density is measured through gamma ray attenuation within the formation. The
sonde contains a radioactive cesium (137Cs) gamma ray source (622 keV) and far and near
gamma ray detectors. Gamma rays emitted by the source experience Compton scattering
(Figure 34), which involves the transfer of energy from gamma rays to electrons in the
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formation via elastic collision. The number of scattered gamma rays that reach the detectors
is related to the density of electrons in the formation, which is, in turn, related to bulk
density. Porosity may be derived from this bulk density if the matrix density is known.
Photoelectric Log
The density tool also measures the photoelectric effect factor (PEF) caused by absorption of
low-energy gamma rays. Photoelectric absorption occurs when gamma rays reach energies
of <150 keV after being repeatedly scattered by electrons in the formation (Figure 35).
Because photoelectric absorption depends strongly on the mean atomic number of the
elements in the formation, it varies according to chemical composition and is essentially
independent of porosity. For example, the PEF of pure calcite = 5.08 barn/electron, illite =
3.03 barn/electron, quartz =1.81 barn/electron, and kaolinite = 1.49 barn/electron. PEF
values can therefore give an indication of the chemical composition of the formation and can
be used in combination with natural gamma ray data to identify different clay minerals
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Pe ρb Σ ∆t ΦCN K U Th
b/e g/cc c.u. us/ft lime % ppm ppm
Quartz 1.8 2.65 8.0 - 13.0 51.3 - 55.5 -0.04 < 0.15 < 0.4 < 0.2
Common Calcite 5.1 2.71 8.0 - 10.0 47.6 0.00 < 0.40 1.5 - 15.0 < 2.0
Sediment Dolomite 3.1 2.87 8.0 - 12.0 43.5 0.02 0.1 - 0.3 1.5 - 10.0 < 2.0
Shales 1.80 - 2.70 25.0 - 45.0 63.0 - 170.0 0.09 - 0.45
Halite 4.7 2.04 748.0 67.0 -0.02 - 0.03 < 0.3 < 0.2
Common Anhydrite 5.0 2.98 12.3 50.0 0.00 0.25 - 0.43 < 0.2
Evaporites Gypsum 4.0 2.35 18.8 52.5 0.50 - 0.60
Trona 0.7 2.10 18.5 65.0 0.42
Lignite 0.16 1.05 12.8 140.0 0.60
Coals Bituminous 0.17 1.33 16.4 120.0 0.60
Anthracite 0.20 1.57 10.5 105.0 0.40
Limonite 13.0 3.59 57.0
Iron Pyrite 17.0 4.99 90.0 39.0
Minerals Siderite 14.7 3.94 52.3 48.0
Hematite 21.5 5.18 44.0
Glauconite 5.5 - 7.1 2.54 23.4 0.19 5.08 - 5.30
Micas Biotite 6.2 - 6.4 2.99 30.0 51.0 0.06 6.7 - 8.3 < 0.01
Muscovite 2.4 2.82 16.9 49.0 0.13 7.9 - 9.8 < 0.01
Kaolinite 2.61 12.8 0.37 0.42 1.5 - 3.0 6.0 - 19.0
Chlorite 2.88 25.3 0.32
Clays
Illite 2.63 15.5 0.09 4.50 1.0 - 5.0 < 2.0
Smectite 2.02 14.5 0.17 0.16 2.0 - 5.0 6.0 - 19.0
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8. DwC Hydraulics
Role of Hydraulics
The purpose of hydraulics in the drilling program can be divided into three main areas: the
borehole, the bit (Defyer™) and other drilling equipment.
The Borehole
Drilling mud is pumped down the drillpipe to the bottom of the hole, where it exits the bit and
returns to the surface via the annulus, the region between the outside of the drillstring and
the borehole wall or casing. In doing so it:
1. Transports cuttings from the bottom of the hole to the surface, where they are
removed by a series of meshed shakers and other solids control equipment before
the fluid is re-circulated.
2. Stabilizes the hole well and prevents cave-ins maintaining a pressure on the
formation being drilled.
3. Reduces the risk of formation fluids or gases flowing into the well which, if of
sufficient pressure, can result in dangerous kicks or even blowouts. Mud weight is
usually measured in pounds per gallon (lbs/g) or specific gravity (gm/cc).
Mud Types
Drilling fluid, or mud, is a mixture of liquid, bentonite (a type of clay), weighting material and
various chemicals. Muds are known as water based (WBM) or oil based (OBM) depending
on the liquid used. Modern drill bits, including the Defyer™ are designed to operate in both
mud systems. The weighting material, often barite, is used to enable the mud to exert
sufficient pressure to contain formation pressures. Clay is added to keep the bit cuttings in
suspension as they move up the hole. The clay also sheaths the wall of the hole, producing
a thin veneer called filter cake, which makes the hole more stable and reduces the risk of
sloughing, where the hole caves in. Numerous chemicals are available to give the mud the
specific properties necessary to drill the hole successfully.
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Hydraulics Variables
The purpose of a bit hydraulics program is to optimize the mud system, to provide
satisfactory cleaning and cooling at the bit face. The main parameters available to achieve
optimization are flow rate, total flow area of the bit (TFA), mud weight, the plastic viscosity
(PV) and yield point (YP) of the mud. Bit pressure drop, bit hydraulic horsepower and jet
impact force are dependent on some of these parameters. As with many areas of the drilling
operation, choosing values for these parameters is usually a matter of compromise, taking
into account other criteria necessary for successful drilling of the well.
Flow Rate
Maximum flow rate is governed by the power of the pumps. Typical pumps have two
(duplex) or three (triplex) pistons which travel in replaceable liners. For a given liner
diameter, the volume of fluid pumped per actuation is known and thus the flow rate per
minute can be calculated depending on the pump work rate. For any given situation, based
on hole depth, hole diameter, bit type, formation characteristics and mud properties, a
minimum flow rate will exist for successful cleaning and cooling.
Mud Weight
The weight of the mud can be varied during the drilling operation. It is important in controlling
subsurface pressures, to prevent blowouts. Mud weight influences the performance of drill
bits by its effect on bit pressure drop, bit HSI (hydraulic horsepower per square inch across
the bit face) and the chip hold-down effect on cuttings.
Pressure Drop
The pressure drop across a drill bit is defined as the difference between the pressure of the
mud exiting the nozzles and the pressure of the mud within the drillstring immediately prior to
entering the bit. If the bit pressure drop is extremely high, for a given flow rate and mud
weight, the fluid exiting the nozzles has a correspondingly high velocity. A lower pressure
drop, on the other hand, under the same conditions of flow and mud weight, will result in fluid
exiting the nozzles with lower velocity. Pressure drop is dependent on flowrate, mud weight
and the bit TFA.
The hydraulic program can be used for DwC as well as conventional drilling. The first sheet
of the hydraulic calculation sheet requires the data to be completed in the cells shaded
yellow. Information required include well designs, mud properties, BHA configurations and
dimensions and nozzles installed in the Defyer / Bit.
The results can then be viewed on the Output sheets. This sheet will be printed in two A4
size pages. No data should be entered or formula modified in the Output sheet. The
worksheet will indicate slip velocity within different section of the well. If the annular velocity
is lower then slip velocity a message will be prompted to alert the user.
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Data Input
* INPUT CELL COLOURED
Client
Company Rig
Well Name Date
Location Product
HYDRAULIC CALCULATION
Version 1.0
Company Rig
Well Name Date
Location Product
RESULTS SUMMARY
BHA Length [m] Bit Pressure Loss [psi] #DIV/0!
String Bore Pressure Loss [psi] % Bit Pressure Loss [psi] #DIV/0!
Annular Pressure Loss [psi] Jet Velocity, [ft/sec] #DIV/0!
Stand Pipe Pressure Loss [psi] #DIV/0! Bit HHSI [hp/in²] #DIV/0!
ECD [ppg] #DIV/0!
STRING BORE
Cum. Len Pressure
Component O.D. [in] I.D. [in] Length [m] % Loss
[m] [psi]
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
Bit / DrillShoe body #DIV/0!
CASING ANNULAR
Casing ID Ann Vel Critical V Pressure App Visc Slip Velocity
Item Pipe OD [in] Length [m] Flow Type
[in] [ft/min] [ft/min] [psi] [cp] [ft/min]
LINER ANNULAR
Ann Vel Critical V Pressure App Visc Slip Velocity
Item Liner ID [in] Pipe OD [in] Length [m] Flow Type
[ft/min] [ft/min] [psi] [cp] [ft/min]
The following form (Figure 41) can be used to perform a quick and reasonably accurate
economic analysis. The user only needs to supply or amend information in cells with blue
fonts. These include:
1. Length per stand, usually 40ft (12.19m) for casing and 90ft (27.43m) for drill pipe
triple
2. Time per connection in minutes for casing and drillpipe
3. Miscellaneous time involved in each connection, in minutes, if applicable
4. Section depth-in and depth-out
Also, the costs relating to Defyer™ , engineer and spear have to be completed in the second
Eng&Spear page (Table 14). The total engineer and spear cost is linked to the main
calculation sheet.
1. Total hours to drill each section with DwC™ and conventional drilling
2. Total costs incurred in both types of drilling
3. Cost per meter
4. DwC savings, at a given DwC™ ROP, compared to conventional drilling. A negative
value mean DwC is more expensive to implement
5. A comparison chart of DwC™ time versus conventional drilling (Figure 42)
6. Time-Depth curve (Figure 43)
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Step Conventional Hrs Cum. Day Deph (m) Drilling with Casing Hrs Cum. Day Deph (m)
R/U Casing equipment, M/U MLS hanger w/ landing
1 R/U Casing equipment, M/U MLS hanger w/ landing assembly 2.00 0.08 188.73 assembly 2.00 0.08 188.73
2 R/D casing equipment 0.50 0.10 188.73 R/D casing equipment 0.50 0.10 188.73
3 M/U 26" BHA, RIH same to 48m 3.50 0.25 188.73 M/U 26" BHA, RIH same to 48m 3.50 0.25 188.73
4 Verification & Down load data MWD assy. 1.00 0.29 188.73 Verification & Down load data MWD assy. - 0.25 188.73
5 Continue M/U 26" BHA #2 and RIH same to 155m 1.50 0.35 188.73 Continue M/U 26" BHA #2 and RIH same to 155m 1.50 0.31 188.73
Continue RIH 26" BHA #2 to 160m, washed down
and tag TOC at 168m, drilled out cement, shoe and
cleaned out rat hole. Pump sweep & circulate hole
6 Test LWD and MWD assy. with 3500 LPM and 1800 psi, OK 0.50 0.38 188.73 clean 5.00 0.52 188.73
7 Continue RIH 26" BHA #2 to 160m, washed down and tag TOC at 168m, 5.00 0.58 188.73 POOH 1.50 0.58 188.73
8 Drilling 26" hole from 188.73 to 527m 15.00 1.21 527.00 R/U casing equipment and DwC Spear 1.00 0.63 188.73
9 Pump Hi-Vis 2.00 1.29 527.00 P/U shoe joint and RIH to 188.73m 2.50 0.73 188.73
10 Flow check 0.50 1.31 527.00 Casing drilling 26" hole from 188.73 to 527m 18.00 1.48 527.00
11 POOH from 527m, sweep hole, download MWD data, L/D BHA 10.00 1.73 527.00 Pump Hi-Vis 2.00 1.56 527.00
12 R/U casing equipment 0.50 1.75 527.00 Flow check 0.50 1.58 527.00
13 P/U shoe joint, run casing to 424m 6.00 2.00 527.00 L/D excess casings, space out 1.00 1.63 527.00
14 P/U and M/U MLS Hanger 1.00 2.04 527.00 P/U and M/U MLS Hanger 1.00 1.67 527.00
Wash down fom 519m to 523m (shoe depth) and
15 Cont. running casing to 519m 1.50 2.10 527.00 land the MLS Hanger assy. onto 30" Landing ring 1.50 1.73 527.00
16 Wash down fom 519m to 523m (shoe depth) and land the MLS Hanger 1.50 2.17 527.00 L/D DwC Spear 0.50 1.75 527.00
17 Circulate hole clean 2.50 2.27 527.00 Change long bails to drilling bails 0.25 1.76 527.00
18 L/D circulating head, change long bails to drilling bails 0.50 2.29 527.00 RIH stinger with 17 std 1 single 5" DP to 505.61m 1.50 1.82 527.00
M/U cement head, surface line and change to long
19 RIH stinger with 17 std 1 single 5" DP to 505.61m 1.50 2.35 527.00 bails 1.00 1.86 527.00
20 M/U cement head, surface line and change to long bails 1.00 2.40 527.00 Circulate hole clean with 150% volume 2.00 1.95 527.00
21 Circulate hole clean with 150% volume 2.00 2.48 527.00 Pump cement 2.50 2.05 527.00
22 Pump cement 2.50 2.58 527.00 Rig down cement head, POOH 5" DP 2.50 2.16 527.00
23 Rig down cement head, POOH 5" DP 2.50 2.69 527.00 #N/A
24 #N/A #N/A
25 #N/A #N/A
26 #N/A #N/A
27 #N/A #N/A
28 #N/A #N/A
29 #N/A #N/A
30 #N/A #N/A
31 #N/A #N/A
32 #N/A #N/A
33 #N/A #N/A
34 #N/A #N/A
35 #N/A #N/A
36 #N/A #N/A
37 #N/A #N/A
38 #N/A #N/A
39 #N/A #N/A
40 #N/A #N/A
Total Distance, m 338.27 338.27
Total Hrs 64.5 hrs 51.8 hrs
Total Days 2.69 days 2.16 days
% Time saving - 19.8%
Rig Rate, USD/day $250,000 $250,000
Rig Rate, USD/hr $10,417 $10,417
DwC Cost, USD n/a $104,481
Bit Cost, USD $25,000 -
Extra Savings, USD n/a
Total Drlg Cost, USD $696,875 $643,544
Cost / m $2,060 $1,902
Cost saving, USD - $53,331
% Cost saving - 7.7%
CONNECTION TIME
DwC Conventional
Length / Std, m 12.2 27.4
Conn. Time / Std, min 10.00 4.00
Tripping Rate, m/hr 73 411
DP Out/TD, m - 527
Single Trip DP Connections 0 19
DP Connection Time, hr 0.00 1.27
Top Csg Depth, m 189
Csg TD, m 527
No.of Csg Connections 27
Csg Connection Time, hr 4.50
ON-BOTTOM TIME
DwC Conventional
On Bottom ROP, m/hr 26.0 26.0
Depth In, m KB 188.73 188.73
Total Drilled, m 338.27 338.27
Hours On Bottom 13.01 13.01
2
Verification & Down load data MWD assy.
0.5
1 Test LWD and MWD assy. with 3500 LPM and 1800 psi, OK
1.5
0.5
Continue RIH 26" BHA #2 to 160m, washed down and tag TOC at 168m, drilled out
cement, shoe and cleaned out rat hole. Pump sweep & circulate hole clean
5 POOH
2 0
50 Drilling 26" hole from 188.73 to 527m
0.5
40 Pump Hi-Vis
1.5
0 Flow check
1
HOURS
30 POOH from 527m, sweep hole, download MWD data, L/D BHA
Wash down fom 519m to 523m (shoe depth) and land the MLS Hanger assy. onto 30"
Landing ring
1
2 Circulate hole clean
1.5
0.5
1 1.5 Change long bails to drilling bails
0.5
0
1
0 2.5
1.5 RIH stinger with 17 std 1 single 5" DP to 505.61m
10 0 0.5
0.3
1.5 1.5
M/U cement head, surface line and change to long bails
1.0 1.0
2.0 2.0
Circulate hole clean with 150% volume
2.5 2.5
Pump cement
2.5 2.5
Rig down cement head, POOH 5" DP
0
DwC Conventional
200
300
Depth, m
400
500
600
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Days
Note: DwC for 13-3/8” and 9-5/8” are similar except operating parameters, sizes of casing
handling and DwC equipments.
1. Equipment
1.1. Defyer ™ 2
1.2. Float Collar
1.3. IBOP
1.4. TIW Valve
1.5. BOP Stack
1.6. Casing running equipment - U.C. Slips, Side Door Elevators, Single Joint
Elevators, Tongs, Pairs of equal lengths Slings
1.7. Casing Drive: Modified DwC Spear or Internal Casing Drive Tool (ICDT)
1.8. Cement head
1.9. Cement plugs
2. Preparation
2.1. Tally casing. Ensure tally exceeds casing setting depth by at least 10%.
2.2. Visually inspect casing.
2.3. Drift casing on pipe rack and in V-door.
2.4. Clean threads and apply API casing thread lubricant.
2.5. Ensure shoe joint has the Defyer™ made up to it.
2.6. Check Defyer™ cutting structure for any damage incurred during transport.
2.7. Check and record Defyer™ serial number, tool size and type.
2.8. Check that all Defyer™ ports/nozzles are clear.
2.9. Confirm that there is no debris in the Defyer™.
2.10. Ensure all of the above equipment is on location.
2.11. Witness the loading of the cement plugs or dart in the cementing head.
2.12. Calculate maximum allowable pump rate to ensure that ECD pressures do not
exceed formation fracture gradients. Run calculations for drilling fluid and cement
circulation.
2.13. Calculate the maximum weight on shoe to ensure neutral point is not at surface.
2.14. Calculate annular volume in barrels per foot for future bottoms up circulating
volumes.
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2.15. Calculate air weight of total length of casing being run. Ensure lifting equipment
and casing drive ratings are not exceeded.
2.16. Check burst, collapse, and tensile ratings of casing to ensure they are not
exceeding during drilling and cementing operations.
2.17. Calculate maximum over pull on casing at setting depth. Maximum over pull may
be limited by casing drive rating or elevator rating.
2.18. Hold pre-job safety meeting to review well control procedures.
3. Operations
3.1. Hold pre-job safety meeting to communicate the Drilling with Casing process.
Ensure everyone is aware of their responsibilities.
3.2. Make up Spear Assembly c/w 10’ DP pup joint. Rack back.
3.3. Rig up casing handling equipment: slips, side door elevator, tongs
3.4. Pick up shoe joint with Defyer™ attached.
3.5. Make up float collar joint (if float collar isn’t included shoe joint)
3.6. Thread lock bottom joints.
3.7. Continue running casing to seafloor with side door elevator. Torque connection
as per thread manufacturer’s specifications.
NOTE: On no account should the Defyer™ be set on bottom unless full pump rate
and rotation have been achieved.
3.8. Fill casing every joint. Fill casing to surface every five joints run.
3.9. Run to last joint before tagging bottom (or seafloor), set casing in slips.
3.10. Rig down side door elevator.
3.11. Make up Spear assembly to TDS. Rig up single joint elevator with appropriate
length
3.12. Pick up next joint of casing. Stab in and make up to casing in the rotary table.
3.13. Stab in Spear, ½ turn to the right, pick up spear to engage. Ensure positive
engagement before removing slips.
3.14. Break circulation on the up stroke to reduce initial circulating ECDs.
3.15. Slowly bring pumps up to calculated drilling circulating rate.
3.16. Record pick-up and slack off weights.
3.17. Spud the well (for 13-3/8” casing, start with reduced flow rate of 500gpm to avoid
creating crater at the seafloor).
3.18. After drilling one joint down, circulate at drilling rate. Monitor system for losses.
The action taken will depend on the severity of the losses. Reducing pump rate
and effectively reducing ECD may stop minor losses.
3.19. Initiating the Drilling Process in Open Hole
3.19.1. Pump at high flow rate, rotate at about 40 rpm
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3.19.2. Zero the weight indicator, record pump pressure and torque
3.19.3. Run down slowly to tag bottom, carefully monitoring WOB, torque and
pressure
3.19.4. It is recommended that the first few meters be drilled down with minimum
weight to be on the Defyer™.
3.20. Drilling Ahead
3.20.1. Always kick in the pumps and rotate before going to bottom
3.20.2. Increase weight gradually to achieve desired ROP
3.20.3. Remember that excessive WOB will reduce tool life
3.20.4. Monitor pump pressure carefully, an increase may indicate bit balling. Pick up
off bottom, rotate at max rpm, and stop and start the pumps several times to
try to wash the Defyer™ clean of cuttings
3.20.5. Commence drilling of surface hole section. Utilise recommended drilling
parameter ranges.
3.21. Record pick-up and slack-off weights at each connection. Monitor for any
abnormal trends.
3.22. Check the connection between Spear mandrel and pack-off assembly
periodically, tighten up if necessary.
3.23. Drill to plan TD.
3.24. Circulate hole clean. Avoid the use of high viscosity sweeps. The annular
velocity is sufficient to clean the hole and the sweep will increase the ECD
pressures, which will increase the possibility of breaking down the formation.
3.25. Stop pumps and check well for flow.
3.26. Work the casing to ensure it is free.
3.27. Rig down the casing drive.
3.28. Rig up the cementing head.
3.29. Establish circulation on the up stroke.
3.30. Perform cement job per cement program.
3.31. Bump plug with pressure specified by company representative.
3.32. Check floats to ensure they are holding. Pressure tests may be performed at this
time.
3.33. Rig down cementing head and casing running equipment.
3.34. Nipple up wellhead and BOPs.
4. Contingency
4.1. Lost Circulation:
4.1.1. While running casing continue to RIH at reduced rate. Fill hole with trip tank
4.1.2. While circulating
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Min Max
Casing Annular Annular
Hole Size Flow WOB RPM Torque Flow WOB RPM Torque
Size Velocity Velocity
in in gpm ft/min klbs RPM kft.lbs gpm ft/min klbs RPM kft.lbs
7.000 8.500 120 127 3.0 40 1000 200 211 13.0 120
7.625 9.875 200 124 3.0 40 1200 350 218 15.0 120
8.625 10.625 200 127 4.0 40 1200 350 223 16.0 120
limited by
9.625 12.000 300 143 4.0 40 1500 500 239 18.0 120
connection
13.375 17.000 550 122 6.0 40 2000 1000 223 26.0 120
18.625 21.000 500 130 7.0 40 2500 900 234 32.0 100
20.000 24.000 900 125 8.0 40 3000 1500 209 36.0 100
Min Max
Casing Annular Annular
Hole Size Flow WOB RPM Torque Flow WOB RPM Torque
Size Velocity Velocity
in in gpm ft/min klbs RPM kft.lbs gpm ft/min klbs RPM kft.lbs
7.000 8.500 120 127 1.0 30 1000 310 327 15.0 100
limited by
9.625 12.000 300 143 1.0 30 1500 600 286 15.0 150
connection
13.375 17.000 550 122 1.0 30 2000 1100 245 35.0 120
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12. Cementing
There are three basic types of cementing methods that can be performed upon reaching
casing point:
Cement Head
This is the most common cementing method being used. This method is being used for
cementing smaller diameter casing string such as 13-3/8”, 9-5/8” and 7”. Below are the
operating procedures for cementing operation that use cementing head.
1. Upon reaching total depth and land the casing, circulating bottoms up
2. Rig down DwC spear
3. Nipple up cementing head and install lines. Hold pre-job safety meeting
4. Pump spacer (10-15bbl, water or chemical) and pressure test cement lines
5. Release bottom plug and commence pumping cement
6. Pump down the calculated amount of cement
7. Release the top plug
8. Pump down top plug with displacement fluid (usually water)
9. Once the bottom plug bumps at the float collar, increase pressure to rupture the
bottom plug disc. Continue pumping and displacing the cement into annulus
10. After the top plug bumps the bottom plug, check for bump pressure
11. Pressure test casing as necessary
12. Release pressure to check if float collar valve holds the pressure and prevent
cement from U-tubing
13. Rig down cementing head and lines
This cementing method is normally utilized for the large diameter casing string such as 20”
and 18-5/8”. Below are the operating procedures for cementing operation that use inner
string.
1. Upon reaching casing point and landing casing, circulate bottoms up.
2. Rig down DwC spear.
3. Pick up first stand of drill pipe and install drill pipe stop collar 3 to 4 feet above
tool joint.
4. Screw Stab-in stinger to bottom of drill pipe and torque connections.
5. Place centralizer around stop collar on drill pipe.
6. Lower drill pipe and centralizer into casing. After centralizer pass top of casing,
place false rotary plate, bowl and slips above casing.
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7. Run drill pipe until the stab-in stinger stinging into the float equipment and set
weight on the receiver.
8. Make up Top-out connection to the drill pipe landing joint.
9. Fill volume between casing and drill pipe with mud. Break circulation through drill
pipe.
10. Rig up cementing line and pump cement.
11. Displace cement with calculated amount of displacement fluid to remove all
cement from drill pipe.
12. Check to determine if float equipment is holding by releasing pressure and
observing volume of flow-back.
13. Pull drill pipe out of hole.
14. Remove stab-in stinger, centralizer and stop collar from drill pipe.
DwC Spear
This cementing method is normally being utilized for conductor or surface casing section.
Time saving will be the main benefit of this method, while the formation of internal wall
cement sheath is the main disadvantage of this method. Below are the operating procedures
for cementing operation that use DwC spear.
1. Upon reaching casing point and landing casing, circulate bottoms up.
2. Break out DwC spear
3. Rig up pre-made up cementing assembly comprising of drill pipe pup, TIW valve,
side-entry-sub and TIW valve.
4. Make up DwC spear to the cementing assembly.
5. Drill down the last casing joint until Texas deck.
6. Pump sea water or water as the spacer to flush the casing wall of mud before
pumping cement.
7. Pump down calculated amount of cement.
8. Pump down viscous fluid as the intermediate fluid.
9. Pump down required amount of sea water to displace the cement out into the
annulus. Allow 10m of cement above the float collar to avoid having a wet shoe.
10. Release pressure and check if float holds
11. Disengage and release the DwC spear.
12. Rig down the DwC spear and the cementing stand.
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Float Collar
Float collars serve several very important roles in the primary cementation phase of the
casing string.
Act as a primary valve to the guide shoe or as a back-up valve to the float shoe.
Provides a landing point for the casing wiper plugs, whose function is to wipe any
mud film from the casing during the cement displacement. It allows this contaminated
cement to be captured in the shoe track instead of being pumped into the annulus.
Pressure holding capability. When a plug bumps against it is referred to as bump
pressure while pressure from annulus on the back side of valve is called back
pressure.
Bumping of the wiper plug confirms to the operator that the displacement is
complete. The valve and cement around it are capable of withstanding long periods
of circulation.
There are few ways on assembling the float collar onto the casing string. Below are the most
common method normally seen:
Different float collars will be utilized while drilling with different types of Drill Shoe. Float
collar Model 402 (Figure 1) is normally installed for drilling with Drill ShoeTM 1 and Drill
ShoeTM 2 while Mid-Bore Auto Fill Float Collar, M42A0, and Large Bore Auto-Fill Float
Collar, L42W are the float collars installed while drilling with Drill ShoeTM 3.
Model 402 (Figure 44) is a PDC drillable float collar that being used for drilling together with
DefyerTM 1 and DefyerTM 2. This float collar equips with a single poppet style Sure-Seal 3
valve that able to hold high strength concrete for maximum resistance to circulating erosion,
as well as bump and back pressures.
Figure 45 shows a mid bore auto-fill float collar that contains a surge reducing and debris
tolerant, PDC drillable valve. It is being used for drilling with DefyerTM 3. This float collar is
available in 6-5/8” through 8-5/8” casing sizes. This float collar is designed with two ball-
activated check valves. It has optional ball seats available for ball sizes from 1-1/2” to 2-1/8”
diameter. Phenolic and zinc alloy balls are the two common types of balls used for this float
collar. The float collar valves have 2-3/8” bores after conversion.
To run in tandem with the 7” Defyer 3 the fiberglass sleeve has to be removed prior to
making up to the casing or DS3 so that the sleeve removal ball need not be dropped and
sleeve will not interfere with the conversion of DS3.
Model L42A (Figure 46) is a large bore auto-fill float collar that contains a surge reducing
and debris tolerant, PDC drillable valve. It is being used for drilling with DefyerTM 3. For
security purpose, this float collar is designed with two ball-activated check valves. It has
optional ball seats available for ball sizes from 1-1/2” to 3-1/2” diameter. Phenolic and zinc
alloy balls are the two common type of balls used for this float collar. The float collar valves
have 4” bores after conversion.
To run in tandem with the 9-5/8” Defyer 3 the fiberglass sleeve has to be removed prior to
making up to the casing or DS3 so that the sleeve removal ball need not be dropped and
sleeve will not interfere with the conversion of DS3.
Centralizers
Centralizers utilized for drilling with casing are required to be robust enough to withstand the
casing string rotation and drill the section for extended periods of time. The centralizers have
to be designed with maximum standoff and wear resistance. The centralizer’s design feature
in mud displacement is another important aspect that helps for superior mud removal during
drilling operation and cementation. Spiralglider™ HD (Figure 47) and Non-Rotating
Centralizers (Figure 48) are the two types recommended for drilling with casing operation.
Figure 47 SpiraGliderTM HD
BOP Rams for casing mean less time closing the annulus, in the event of a kick.
The need to preserve the BOP seal while circulating out the kick means the pipe must
remain static for the time required to control the well. With DwC™ the well can still be saved
as there is no need to attempt a trip-out once the well has been controlled. Drilling can
resume after the cementing job with no time lost due to stuck pipe. This would not be
possible with conventional drilling technology.
A fishing operation can be conducted using conventional tools (mills, junk baskets, magnets,
etc). The only difference is that these tools are run in and out of the hole with the wireline,
thus making the process faster than having to trip the drill string each time a fishing run is
made. The casing may actually be used similar to washover pipe to assist in the fishing
operation.
Logging Issues
Open hole logging while DwC™ can be accomplished in a variety of ways that involve LWD
or memory logs (Tesco System). Studies are currently under way for formation evaluation
completed with only cased hole logs.
The technique for running open hole logs can be performed as follows:
Tesco & Baker System - Drill with casing drill to TD with the 4-1/2-in. casing, retrieve drilling
assembly and then ream back to the 7-in. casing shoe. The logs are then run through the 4-
1/2-in. casing just as they would be if the well were drilled conventionally as shown in Fig. 4.
Once logging is completed, the casing is reamed back to bottom and cemented.
Weatherford System - displace collapsible bit to provide access to the logging tool. Follow
same procedures above for logging.
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Directional response has been observed to be consistent, but with a slightly lower build rate
than expected from similar directional tools run conventionally.
Steering with the casing was easy because little twist was observed between the bottom
hole and surface when the motor was oriented.
For an aggresive build-up directional profile (above 4 deg/100ft), drilling could be initiated
with the conventional Directional BHA , pull out and continue with DwC™ to section TD in the
holding section.
Cementing Issues
Note that cementing through nozzles of the bit presents an inherent risk of hydrating the
cement slurry potentially causing the cement to flash set. Understanding this is critical to
designing the cementing program and cement slurry to mitigate this risk and ensure a
successful cement operation.
Warren et.al. described the mechanics of buckling and fatigue in a DWC operation.
The effect of buckling, wear and fatigue must be addressed to ensure that the integrity of the
casing string is not compromised either while drilling or for the expected life of the well. A
casing failure during the drilling operation would be disastrous; however, limiting the life of
the well due to wear or fatigue on the casing string while drilling would be equally
catastrophic even though not immediately apparent. Calculations show, as expected,
buckling loads are much higher with large diameter casings.
To date most work done with this system has been at shallow depths where casing size is
generally larger.
To date the majority of shallow casing strings have used standard buttress connections
without incident. Some API standard casing threads have been tested to destruction,
showing these connections would withstand three times normal make-up torque prior to
being damaged. For longer casing strings, high torque connections are required. Part of the
engineering process prior to DWC requires a careful analysis of the torque requirements.
Based on the results of the torque analysis, an appropriate connection should be selected. A
number of proprietary connections available "off-the-shelf" that are suitable for most
applications with higher torque requirements.
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Casing wear is kept to a minimum when DwC™ with Downhole latching assembly whilst the
sassing slides through the cemented casing ID.
The development of reliable casing protectors is required. In most cases they are required
when casing rotation is employed especially for longer drilling period. For a shorter drilling
period, an acceptable casing wear will allow casing rotation with minimum or nor protection.
Centralization Issue
In the surface and conductor casing intervals when DwC™, the use of centralizers is not
common. Solid centralizers can be added to the casing for directional performance, wear
management, key-seat control, and centralization for cementing. These centralizers have
rigid, hard faced blades and are attached to the casing with a friction fit so that they rotate
with the casing. Non-rotating zinc alloy centralizers have also been used for torque reduction
in directional applications.
Rigid alloy centralizers wear too quickly for most applications and become ineffective or can
be lost in the hole. These tools add cost to the system and in some cases increase the
torque required to turn the casing string.
Skinazi et.al., reported running bow-spring centralizers successfully on a vertical well. This
system used a positive displacement motor to drive the drilling assembly and required
minimum rotation of the casing string.
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Capability
A. Weatherford has designed a 30” x 34” Defyer DT and a Water Bushing drive system to
transmit rotation to the casing however we have not manufactured these products as of May
2008.
A. The cement in place cannot be drilled directionally in the true sense of the word however
with the Defyer ‘Nudge’ system we can build angle in soft formations by jetting a pocket.
Q. During nudging DwC™ drilling, how to measure and control the azimuth and inclination?
The first is to use a simple scribe line from Defyer to surface and drill to TD while managing
the nudge and drilling process. Once the casing has been cemented in place a gyro survey
will display the results.
The second system is more accurate but requires additional set up. A specially modified float
shoe is deployed in the string with a mule shoe landing sub for the gyro tool. Survey can be
run by either running down the casing after the casing drive tool is released or by rigging up
permanently through the top drive and running through the casing drive tool. Both systems
work perfectly well however the latter does require additional hardware.
A. DwC™ can be performed from a floating vessel if deployed on a liner hanger system or if
the rig is equipped with a surface BOP system. Conventional drilling on a subsea template
requires reaching TD as the wellhead or casing hanger are being landed which is not an
ideal situation.
Q. Why we are not recommending using Kelly rig whereas basically DwC™ can be done on
Kelly Rig with more complex operation will be involved?
A. Although slightly more complex and time consuming DwC™ can be performed on a
Kelley rig. As with all DwC™ operations, sufficient planning, following procedures and the
instructions of the service engineer will ensure success.
Equipment
Q. What are the advantages and disadvantages of following DS and FC assembly and which
one is recommended for DwC™:
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A. The only advantage of using option (a) is the shoetrack length is very short and therefore
will take much less time to drill out. There is no room for error when displacing cement which
may result in a wet shoe and a poor cement bond around the casing shoe.
A. Option TWO is the preferred method as it allows for slight over displacement. The
equipment used to run a DwC™ job does not differ from a standard casing string and as a
result normal cementing practices should be followed.
Risk
Q. You have just told us the advantages of DwC™ in your presentation, but what is the
disadvantage of DwC™?
Defyer™ System
Advantages Disadvantages
A. Differential sticking should not be a problem as the casing is continually rotated with optimized flow
rates and hydraulics to suit the application. Mud weights can be lowered or managed pressure drilling
(MPD) techniques can be employed to reduce the overbalance.
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Q. How to manage and eliminate the risk of shallow gas hazards during drilling with casing?
Higher ECD generated while DwC™ can help combat shallow gas or dynamically kill the well if gas
influx occurs, as long as this is engineered into the system and everyone directly involved is aware of
their roles and responsibilities.
Operation
Q. How long it takes to rig up equipment?
A. This is dependent on the rig and rig crews familiarity with the system and pre job planning. The
casing drive tool should take no longer than 30 minutes to rig up.
Q. Do you have qualified field engineers available and what is there experience with DwC™?
A. Each region has competent and qualified DwC™ service engineering resources.
Q. how do I drill out the Defyer and how long will it take?
A. There are specific drill out procedures for drilling out cement, float collars and Defyers. Drilling out
the Defyer should take approximately 15 – 30 minutes if the correct procedure is followed and care
and attention are taken. Bit selection and Defyer size will have an affect on drill out times also.
A. If the RCD is capable of sealing on casing then yes is the answer. By employing both MPD and
DwC™ technologies the job will run just as smoothly.
A. Should the Defyer DPC not displace or there is any doubt that the tool has not functioned then a
junk mill system should be run to remove the blades and PDC cutters from the drill out path.
Use a Junk Mill dressed with crushed carbide and with a Slightly Ground Rough O.D. of 1/8" less than
casing diameter as shown in BHA schematic.
Use at least 10,000lbs. of drill collars and mill with 4 to 10,000lbs. applied, depending upon mill O.D.
Never apply weight first and then start rotating. Never set down on the fish with light weight and spin.
If you wish to stop milling for any reason, always pick up the mill. Spinning in one spot on the fish can
cause the steel to work-harden to such an extent that it will be difficult to restart milling.
A minimum annular velocity of 120 feet per minute should be maintained. If possible a high viscosity
pill should be pumped every ½ hour to 45 minutes of 20 – 30 barrels while milling and a clean up
sweep pill at the end of milling procedures. Continue milling with the parameters above until Defyer is
drilled out and the ID is clear with no resistance to pass through.
Engineering
Q. Hole cleaning is it better and with the smear effect does this really get better?
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A. Hole cleaning is enhanced by annular flow rates. The smear effect does not effect hole cleaning as
only a small portion of the cuttings are left in the hole (less than 20%). These cuttings are ground into
a fine pulp and if not plastered to the wellbore are easily circulated out.
Q. Are there any forces either radial or axial which can have an adverse affect on the casing design?
Q. There are a number of casing drive systems available, each engineered to suit requirements. In
addition each job is evaluated with all parameters and potential permutations taken into account.
Q. Bit longevity; will I get the whole section in one trip? Can you drill my hard limestone, ryholite,
basalt etc?
A. By studying offset well data we can evaluate whether the candidate well is suitable for DwC™. An
engineering analysis will be provided once all offset data has been evaluated.
Q. What happens if the Defyer does not reach planned total depth?
A. Drilling with Casing is not the answer for every problem and there are situations where we will
decline jobs. The drillability analysis will determine the likelihood of success and the risk analysis will
be presented to the client.
Q. What type of bit to use and how far can the drillout bit drill after drilling out Defyer?
Drilling out the Defyer does not cause any damage to the bit. The Defyer is completely PDC drillable
and should have no effect on the bit cutting structure or external gauge. How far the bit drills after drill
out will depend on bit selection and formation type. Most commonly used drillout bits are the IADC 1-
1-5 or 1-1-7 type milled tooth bits. If hard formation expected after drillout IADC 4-1-5 type tungsten
carbide insert bit can be used. If PDC is required it’s recommended to use 5 blades and above and
use less than 200 RPM.
Q. How can the casing connections take the torque or will they fatigue/break?
A. When DwC™ is deployed in vertical sections with larger casing sizes, fatigue or damage is unlikely
to occur due to low drilling torque and relatively short rotating hours. However in high dogleg, smaller
size casing with long periods of rotation there is a higher potential of casing or connection fatigue.
Different casing connections have different fatigue tolerances and fatigue analysis must be carried out
and provided the casing suppliers.
Q. Which is the maximum inclination angle that can be drilled with DwC?
A. Drilling with Casing does not have the ability to directionally steer although we do have a system to
‘nudge’ in soft formations to build angle using a scribe line and gyro survey tools to measure
inclination and azimuth.
Drilling with Casing can be deployed in any hole section although dogleg severity will limit the number
of rotation hours that can be applied to the casing. There are a number of high torque connections
with the ability to withstand bending stresses on the market. Torque and drag studies can be
performed to pinpoint a selection criteria for drilling engineers and casing suppliers.
A number of Drilling with Casing/Liner jobs have been performed in high angle wells with encouraging
results and very little deviation from the original well path.
A. To run a Drilling with Casing job no special rig is required. In general terms when Drilling with
Casing is vertical sections with large casing torque is similar to conventional drilling. Pump output
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must be sufficient to remove the cuttings and clean the Defyer although Weatherford can set up the
hydraulics to suit the application and equipment.
Q. Why doesn’t WFT have a Defyer capable of drilling formations > 20k psi CCS?
A. In order to drill harder formations the diamond content must increase. By making the PDC cutters
larger or by adding more PDC the ability to drill out is reduced.
A. Standard well control procedures apply. Drilling with Casing or Drilling with liner does not differ
from running standard casing or liners. In the event of an influx the casing drive tool should be
engaged and the flow rate should be increased to increase annular velocity to remove the influx.
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machined.
Water bushings need to have same inspection inspection procedures
14 Water Bushing leaking Cairn India May 03 as casing since it will see same forces as the casing it is driving (ie.
MPI, thread inspection and Hydrostatic psi test.)
Nozzle installation documentation must be included with DS paperwork.
Carigali This should be verified as soon as received. The specified size + one
15 Wrong nozzles installed Agst 03
Malaysia size larger and one size smaller nozzles should be shipped loose with
DS.
Chevron
16 Spear Damage lug broke off July 03 Investigations being undertaken
PNG
What is extent of damage and operating parameters under which spear
17 Spear Damage unspecified Indonesia Agst 03
was run?
New 20” Slip segments unable to pass Have Dril-Quip provide dimensional specs. for H-60 connector and
18 Cairn India Agst 03
through H-60 connector verify compatibility with 20” slip segments.
AZ Grapple wickers sitting in threads.
Connectons need to be addressed in planning stage to spear can be
19 Distance from stop plate to top of wickers to OSL PNG Dec 03
properly sized for slip engagement.
short for K Fox connection
Rotating, Pick Up and Slack off weights not
20 OSL PNG Dec 03 Build into Procedures
recorded
DrillShoes shipped without specifying See Case 14. Engineer needs to communicate nozzle design prior to
21 OSL PNG Feb 04
installed nozzles. shipment.
Manufacturing to send DS’s without thread locking nozzles allowing for
22 Nozzles thread locked into DrillShoe OSL PNG Feb 04
change if required.
No torque guide lines given in DwC When DwC Procedures are made up ensure that the torque limitations
23 OSL PNG Feb 04
Procedure. of the Casing are Highlighted
No last casing size on DwC Field Report
24 KL Feb 04 Change the Template and distribute
Sheet
25 PTTEP
Failure of packer cup rubber April 04
Thailand
26 PTTEP
Spear grapple drops out April 04
Thailand
27
Bull Plug ID found to be 1” restricting flow Shell, Miri May 04
28 TorkHead Murphy July 04 Swivel failed. A report completed by Andreas Carlsson. Swive can’t
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The E60/MT connector was welded on the ID also, which was not
expected. According to the engineering drawing the weld prep and
20” ICDT Stabiliser blades need to be torch- welding were on the OD only. The internal upset created by the butt
33 Murphy Dec 04
cut to pass through the weld butt. prevented the pack-off stabiliser blades from passing through. The
ICDT was laid down and blades were torch-cut by some 1/8” to solve
the problem.
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Drag blocks and spring missing from returned package, Murphy broke
down tool as Engineer was sent back to town, back charging for
35 Drag blocks and springs missing from ICDT Murphy June 05
missing equipment.
Mandrel pin sheared as tool was being made-up on drill floor, tool was
20” ICDT, Pin on mandrel sheared as tool
36 Murphy Sep 05 returned to Labuan for repair, 30hrs down time lost due to this incident,
was being made-up.
pin was over torqued in Singapore.
5ft pup joint sheared below the rotary table as 20” spool was being
36 5ft Pup joints Murphy Sep 05 drilled down to setting depth, recommended that only single joints or
heavy weight drill pipe joints be used to set spools below rotary table.
Subject: SEC NO.
DRILLING WITH CASING PAGE 93 OF 115
PRODUCT CHAMPION TRAINING MANUAL LATEST REVISION –
12 Nov 2009
Bright Ideas
1 Bit Breaker for Defyer casing bit
2 Tool Box
3 Basket for spear
4 Cheap disposable cover/protectors for cutting structure on DS2
Subject: SEC NO.
DRILLING WITH CASING PAGE 95 OF 115
APPLICATION ENGINEER LATEST REVISION –
TRAINING MANUAL 12 Nov 2009
Limestone
Shale (1)
(fossiliferous)
Bituminous Coal
Chalk
Gypsum Claystone
Granite (2)
Chert
Subject: SEC NO.
DRILLING WITH CASING PAGE 99 OF 115
APPLICATION ENGINEER LATEST REVISION –
TRAINING MANUAL 12 Nov 2009
Prior to the job the tong operator will have ensured that all
guards and interlocks are in place and functioning properly
Prior to making up the connection the tong operator will
ensure that the stabber is ready and all personnel are
Inattentiveness by tong Potential serious
Injury to floor personnel standing clear of the tong
operator injury to upper
during make up of If a back up tong is being used the tong operator will not
Incorrect hand position body.
connection with power commence rotation of the pipe until the backup tong has a
Mechanical failure Serious injury to
tong bite and Floorhands are standing clear
Surrounding awareness hands/fingers
Ensure back up tong arm is clear of the power tong hydraulics
supply
Periodical checks of the snub line and shackles are essential
throughout the operation.
Incorrect or poorly understood
procedures Correct PPE and lifting techniques to be used.
Poor line of Pipe not to be moved while installing centralisers
Injury to personnel from Potential serious
sight/communication Sufficient personnel for the job
centralisers injury
Inattentiveness by rig crew or Hole cover over rotary table to prevent dropping nails or
driller hammer into well.
Incorrect hand positing
Subject: SEC NO.
DRILLING WITH CASING PAGE 104 OF 115
APPLICATION ENGINEER TRAINING MANUAL LATEST REVISION –
12 Nov 2009
Issue A
Title: Drilling with Casing Data Request Form Rev 6.0
Page 1 of 1
Number: Date 1-Oct-08
1. CLIENT
Primary Objective
Secondary Objective
3. RIG
Csg OD [mm] Wt [kg/m] API Drift [mm] Min ID [mm] Grade Connection Hole OD [mm] Incl [deg] TD [m]
Conductor
139.700 25.299 121.082 660.4 1599.81
Csg OD [mm] Wt [kg/m] API Drift [mm] Min ID [mm] Grade Connection Hole OD [mm] Incl [deg] TD [m]
Surface Casing
244.475 64.735 218.408 444.5 2338.16
Intermediate Csg OD [mm] Wt [kg/m] API Drift [mm] Min ID [mm] Grade Connection Hole OD [mm] Incl [deg] TD [m]
Casing 339.725 101.195 311.372 311.15 163.07
Production Csg OD [mm] Wt [kg/m] API Drift [mm] Min ID [mm] Grade Connection Hole OD [mm] Incl [deg] TD [m]
Casing or Liner 609.600 281.263 566.738 215.9 1805.82
Remark
Subject: SEC NO.
DRILLING WITH CASING PAGE 107 OF 115
APPLICATION ENGINEER LATEST REVISION –
TRAINING MANUAL 12 Nov 2009
Issue A
Title: Drilling with Casing Log Rev 6.0
Page 1 of 1
WELL INFORMATION
EQUIPMENT
TFA
Drill Shoe Size 24 in Nozzle Qty 4 2
0.994 in²
Drill Shoe Type 2 Nozzle Size, 1/32" 14 16
Drill Shoe S/N 9093063 3
Casing Category Production Spear Size 9 5/8 in
Casing Size 20 in Slip Catch Range 36 - 40 ppf
Casing Weight 203 ppf Slip Part No. 888620
Casing Grade X56 Slip Serial No.
Casing Connection E60/MT Spear Part No. 209-725-001
Spear Type Logan Spear Serial No.
DWC B.H.A.
BACKGROUND READINGS
MUD PROPERTIES
Mud Type Wt [ppg] PV YP Viscosity Water Loss % Sand % Solid H2O / Oil
SW 8.60
RUN RESULTS
Equipment Damages
QHSE Issue
Remarks
Issue A
Title: DRILLING w CASING LOG Rev 6.0
Page 1 of 1
90 90 90 90
Depth,m
D/P Pup
X/O
Spear Mandrel
Slip (Grapple)
Pack-Off
Assembly
Rubber Cup
Bullnose
Casing
Grade:
Float Collar
DrillShoe™ II
Additional Information :
1- 16"-24" spear 6-5/8" Reg M/U to 43kft-lbs. 9-5/8" - 13-3/8" 4-1/2" IF M/U to 23kft-lbs. LEGEND
2- 16"-24" spear 7.625-10 Acme M/U to 2.5 kft-lbs, 7.000-4 Acme M/U to 20kft-lbs. 9-5/8" - 13-3/8" 4.500-6 Acme M/U to 10kft-lbs. Required information
Essential
9 - 12 Drill Collars
Tool Specification
Dressed to : 8 1/2" OD
Body ID : 2 1/4" ID