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While cylindrical shapes may be structurally best for titular principal plane. Coefficients are given-except
tank construction, rectangular tanks frequently are pre- where they are known to be zero-at edges, quarter
ferred for specific purposes. Special processes or oper- points, and midpoints both in X and Y directions.
ations may make circular tanks inconvenient to use. The slab was assumed to act as a thin plate, for which
When several separate cells are required, rectangular equations are available in textbooks such as Theory ot
tanks can be arranged in less space than circular tanks Plates and Shells by S. Timoshenko,” but since only a
of the same capacity. Tanks or vats needed inside a small portion of the necessary calculations for moment
building are therefore often made in rectangular or coefficients for specific cases is available in the engi-
square shapes. For these and other reasons, breweries, neering literature, they have been made especially for
tanneries, and paper mills generally use rectangular this text.
tanks. Table 4 contains moment coefficients for uniform
Data presented here are for design of rectangular load on a rectangular plate considered hinged on all
tanks where the walls are subject to hydrostatic pres- four sides. The table is for designing cover slabs and
sure of zero at the top and maximum at the bottom. bottom slabs for rectangular tanks with one cell. If the
Some of the data can be used for design of counter- cover slab is made continuous over intermediate sup-
forted retaining walls subject to earth pressure for which ports, the design can follow procedures for the design of
a hydrostatic type of loading may be substituted in the slabs supported on four sides.
design calculations. Data also can be applied to design Coefficients for individual panels with fixed side
of circular reservoirs of large diameter where lateral edges apply without modification to continuous walls
stability depends on the action of counterforts built inte- provided there is no rotation about vertical edges. In a
grally with the wall. square tank, therefore, moment coefficients can be
Another article on tank construction, Circular Con- taken directly from Tables 1, 2, or 3. In a rectangular
crete Tanks Withouf Prestressing, has been published tank, however, an adjustment must be made, as was
by the Portland Cement Association. done in Tables 5 and 6, similar to the modification of
fixed-end moments in a frame analyzed by moment
distribution.
Moment Coefficients In this procedure the common-side edge of two ad-
jacent panels is first considered artificially restrained so
Moment coefficients were calculated for individual that no rotation can take place about the edge. Fixed-
edge moments taken from Tables 1,2, or 3 are usually
panels considered fixed along vertical edges, and coef-
dissimilar in adjacent panels and the differences, which
ficients were subsequently adjusted to allow for a cer-
correspond to unbalanced moments, tend to rotate the
tain rotation about the vertical edges. First, three sets of
edge. When the artificial restraint is removed these un-
edge conditions were investigated, in all of which verti-
balanced moments will induce additional moments in
cal edges were assumed fixed while the other edges
the panels, Adding induced and fixed-end moments at
were as follows:
the edge gives final end moments, which must be iden-
1. Top hinged-bottom hinged
tical on both sides of the common edge.
2. Top free-bottom hinged
Moment distribution cannot be applied as simply to
3. Top free-bottom fixed*
continuous tank walls as it can to framed structures,
Moment coefficients for these edge conditions are
because moments must be distributed simultaneously
given in Tables 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In all tables, a
along the entire length of the side edge so that moments
denotes height and b width of the wall. In Tables 1, 2,
become equal at both sides at any point of the edge. The
and 3, coefficients are given for nine ratios of b/a, the
problem was simplified and approximated to some ex-
limits being b/a = 3.0 and 0.5. The origin of the coordi-
tent by distributing moments at four points only: quarter
nate system is at midpoint of the top edge; the Y axis is
horizontal; the X axis is vertical and its positive direction points, midpoint, and top. The end moments in the two
intersecting slabs were made identical at these four
downward. The sign convention for bending moments is
points and moments at interior points adjusted accord-
based on the coordinate fiber that is being stressed. For
ingly.
example, A$ stresses fibers parallel to the X axis, The
sign convention used here is not compatible with two ‘Applicable tn cases where wall slab, counterfort, and base slab are
other conventions-namely, that (1) the subscript is the a l l built Integrally
axis of the moment, and (2) that the moment is in a par- “PublIshed by McGraw-HI11 Book Co, New York, 1959
Table 1 Table 2
_wa Xl
!
y - o y = b/4 y = b/2 y - o y = b/4 y = b/2
bla xla bla
- MX MV vx 4 Y MV 4 MY Y MY MX 4
-
+0.035 +0.010 +0026 +0.011 -0.008 -0.039 0 to.070 0 +0.027 0 -0.196
3.00 +0.057 +0.016 +0.044 +0.017 -0.013 -0.063 to.028 +0.061 +0.015 +0.028 -0.034 -0.170
3.00
+0.051 +0.013 +0.041 +0.014 -0.011 -0055 kO.049 +0.049 +0032 +0026 -0.027 -0.137
to031 +0.011 +0.021 +0010 -0.008 -0.038 bO.046 +0.030 +0.034 +0.018 -0.017 -0.087
2.50 +0.052 +0.017 +0.036 +0.017 -0.012 -0.062 0 +0.061 0 +0.019 0 -0.138
+0047 +0.015 +0.036 +0.014 -0.011 -0.055 bO.024 +0053 +0.010 +0.022 -0.026 -0132
2.50
+0.025 +0.013 +0.015 +0.009 -0.007 -0.037 bO.042 +0.044 +0.025 +0.022 -0023 -0.115
+0.042 +0.020 +0.028 +0.015 -0.012 -0.059 bO.041 10027 +0.030 +0.016 -0.018 -0.078
2.00
+0.041 +0.016 +0.029 +0.013 -0.011 -0.053 0 +0.045 0 +0.011 0 -0.091
to.020 +0013 +0.012 +0.008 -0.007 -0.035 bO.016 +0042 +0.006 +0.014 -0.019 -0.094 ~
2.00
1.75 +0.036 +0.020 +0.023 +0.013 -0.011 -0.057 kO.033 +0.036 +0.020 +0.016 -0.018 -0.089 :
r0.024 +0.025 / ,"
+0.036 +0.017 +0025 +0.012 -0.010 -0051 bO.035 +0.014 -0.013 -0.065
,w” 4 Xl M
‘_I X
1P”@
I
Table 5. Moment Coefficients for Tanks with Walls Free at Top and Hinged at Bottom
b/a = 3.0
$
y = o y = b/4 y =b/2 z = cl4 I=0
c/a
Mx M” M, 4 4 4 4 MZ M, M,
-
0 +0.070 0 +0.027 0 -0196 0 +0027 0 +0.070
+0.028 +0.061 +0.015 +0.028 -0.034 -0170 +0.015 +0026 +0028 +0061
3.00
+0.049 +0.049 +0.032 +0026 -0.027 -0137 +0.032 +0.026 +o 049 to.049
+0.046 +0.030 +0.034 +0.018 -0.017 -0087 +0.034 +0.018 +0046 +0030
0 +0.073 0 +0033 0 -0.169 0 to013 0 +0057
+0.028 +0.063 +0.016 +0033 -0030 -0.151 +0.009 +0.014 +0022 +0050
2.50
R +0.049 +0.050 +0.033 +o 029 -0.025 -0.126 +0.023 +0.017 +0041 +0043
+0.046 +0.030 +0.037 +0.020 -0.017 -0.084 +0.029 +0014 +0040 +0027
0 +0.075 0 +o 039 0 -0.146 0 -0.005 0 +0031
+0.029 +0.065 +0.017 +0.036 -0.027 -0133 +0.002 -0.002 +0.013 +0.032
+0.050 f0.051 +0.035 +0.032 -0.023 -0.113 +o.o1f3 +0.005 10030 +o 029
Moment q Coef. x wa3 +0.046 +0.031 +0.037 +0.021 -0016 -0078 +0.022 +0008 +0034 +0020
0 +0.076 0 +0041 0 -0.137 0 -0.018 0 +0014
+0.029 +0065 +0.018 +0038 -0025 -0.125 -0.003 -0.012 +0.007 +0.018
+0.050 +0.052 +0036 +0033 -0.021 -0.106 +0011 -0.003 +0.023 +0.020
+0.046 +0.031 +0037 +0.021 -0.015 -0074 +0.018 +0.004 +0.027 +0015
0 +0.077 0 +0.043 0 -0.129 0 -0033 0 -0.006
+0.030 +0.066 +0.018 +0.039 -0.024 -0.118 -0.007 -0.024 +0.002 +0.004
+0050 +0.053 +0.037 +0.034 -0.020 -0.100 +o 005 -0.012 +0.015 +0.010
+0.046 +0031 +0.038 +0.022 -0.014 -0.070 +0013 0 +0021 +0.010
0 +0.078 0 +0.045 0 -0.122 0 -0.052 0 -0.031
+0.030 +0.067 +0.019 +0.041 -0022 -0111 -0.011 -0 039 -0.004 -0.018
1.25
+0.050 +0.054 +0.038 +0.035 -0.019 -0 095 0 -0.022 +0.008 -0.005
+0.047 +0.032 +0.038 +0.023 -0.014 -0.068 +0.008 -0006 +0.016 +0.001
0 +0.079 0 +0.047 0 -0118 0 -0074 0 -0.060
+0.030 +0067 +0.020 +0.043 -0.021 -0105 -0.015 -0.056 -0.010 -0.042
+0.051 +0054 +0.038 +0.036 -0.018 -0.090 -0005 -0.034 +0001 -0.022
+0.047 +0032 +0.038 +0.023 -0.013 -0.065 to003 -0.014 +0.009 -0.009
b/a = 2.5
4
t = 2.0
y = o y = b/4 y = b/2 z = cl4 z=o
ca
M, MY M, M, M, MY 4 4 M, MZ
0 +0.045 0 +0.011 0 -0091 0 to011 0 co.045
+0016 +0.042 +0.006 +0.014 -0.019 -0.094 +0.006 +0.014 +0.016 +0.042
2.00
+0033 +0.036 +o.ozo +0.016 -0.018 -0.089 +0020 +0016 +0.033 +0.036
+0.036 +0.024 +0.025 +0.014 -0.013 -0.065 +0025 to014 +0.036 +0024
0 +0048 0 +0.015 0 -0.081 0 -0001 0 ~0032
+0.017 +0.044 +0.007 +0.017 -0.017 -0.085 +0.003 +0006 +0.012 co.032
1.75
+0.034 +0.038 +0.021 +0019 -0.017 -0.083 +0.015 +0011 +0.027 +0.029
+0036 +0.024 +0.025 +0.015 -0.012 -0061 +0.020 +0012 10.031 +0021
0 +0.050 0 +0019 0 -0072 0 -0.010 0 +0.018
+0018 +0.046 +o.ooa +0.021 -0015 -0077 0 -0002 to.007 '0020
1.50
+0.035 +0.039 +0.022 +0.021 -0.015 -0.076 +o 009 +0004 +0.020 co.022
+0.036 +0.025 +0.026 +0.016 -0.012 -0.058 +0.016 +0.008 +0.025 10017
0 +0.052 0 +0023 0 -0064 0 -0021 0 0
+0019 +0.048 a009 +0.024 -0.014 -0.068 -0.002 -0.013 +0.001 '0005
1.25
+0036 +0.041 +0.023 +0.023 -0.014 -0.069 +0.005 -0004 +0011 +0012
+0037 +0.025 +0.026 +0.017 -0.011 -0054 +0.011 +0.002 +0016 +0.011
0 +0054 0 +0.027 0 -0.058 0 -0037 0 -0.023
+0.019 +0.050 +0.010 +0.027 -0.012 -0.062 -0.005 -0025 -0.005 -0.013
100
+0.037 +0.042 +0.024 +0.025 -0.013 -0.064 0 -0.015 +0.001 0
to.037 +0.026 +0.027 +0.018 -0.010 -0051 +0006 -0006 +0.008 to.004
0 +0.055 0 +0.030 0 -0.058 0 -0 049 0 -0.044
+0.018 +0.051 +0.011 +0.029 -0.012 -0.062 -0.009 -0040 -0010 -0031
075
+0.038 +0.043 +0.025 +0026 -0.012 -0.062 -0.005 -0 029 -0.007 -0.015
+0.037 +0.026 +0.027 +0.018 -0.010 -0.049 +o.ooz -0.015 +0.001 -0.004
0 +0054 0 +0.030 0 -0.065 0 -0.064 0 -0061
+0.018 +0.052 +0.011 +0.029 -0.014 -0068 -0012 -0056 -0014 -0051
0.50
+0.038 +0.044 +0.025 +0.025 -0.013 -0064 -0010 -0.045 -0.012 -0034
+0037 +0.026 +0.026 +0.017 -0.010 -0.050 -0.003 -0026 -0.004 -0.018
I I= 1.5
y-o y = b/4 y = b/2 * = c/4 z=o
w/a
” 0
M. M ”I
+0.027 0
4 M
+0.005
Y 4
0
MY
-0.052 0
M"
+0005
4
0
MX MZ
co.027
+0.009 +0.028 +0.003 +0.008 -0.012 -0.059 +0003 +0.008 +0.009 +0028
1.50
+0.022 +0.027 +0.012 +0.011 -0.013 -0.063 +0.012 +0.011 +0.022 to.027
+0.027 +0.020 +0.017 +0011 -0.010 -0.052 +0.017 +0.011 +0.027 to.020
0 +0.031 0 +0.008 0 -0.045 0 -0005 0 coo11
+0.010 +0.031 +0.005 +0.012 -0010 -0.050 +0.001 -0.001 +0.004 +0015
125
+0.024 +0.030 +0.014 +0.014 -0.011 -0.056 +0007 +0006 +0.014 +0.020
+0.027 +0.021 +0.018 +0.012 -0.010 -0.048 60.013 +0006 +0.018 10016
0 +0.035 0 +0013 0 -0.038 0 -0.016 0 -0.006
+0.011 +0.034 +0.006 +0.016 -0008 -0.042 -0.002 -0010 -0001 +0.001
+0.025 +0.032 +0.015 +0.017 -0.010 -0.049 +0.002 -0.003 +0006 +0010
+0.028 +0.022 to.019 +0.014 -0.009 -0.045 +0.008 +0.002 +o 009 +0.010
0 +0.038 0 +0.016 0 -0.034 0 -0024 0 -0.019
+0.011 +0.036 +0.007 +0.018 -0.008 -0.038 -0.005 -0.020 -0.004 -0013
+0.025 +0.033 +0.016 +0.019 -0.008 -0.042 -0.002 -0.014 -0.001 -0.004
+0028 +0.022 +0.019 +0.015 -0.008 -0.041 +0.003 -0.007 +0.002 +0001
0 +0.040 0 +0.017 0 -0.036 0 -0030 0 -0.028
+0.010 +0.037 +0.007 +0.019 -0.008 -0040 -0.008 -0031 -0.007 -0.027
+0.024 +0.034 +0.017 +0.020 -0.009 -0.044 -0.006 -0.027 -0.006 -0020
+0.028 +0.022 +0.018 +0.016 -0.008 -0.040 -0.002 -0018 -0.004 -0010
b/a = 1.0
y-o Y = b/4 Y = b/2 z = c/4 z=o
c/a x/a
M” Mb M” M” M” M, MX MZ
0 +0.010 0 +0.002 0 -0.019 0 +0.002 0 +0.010
+0.002 +0.013 0 +0.003 -0.005 -0.025 0 +0.003 +0002 f0.013
+0.010 +0.017 +0.005 +0006 -0.007 -0036 +0.005 +0006 +0.010 +0017
+0015 +0.015 +0.009 +0.007 -0.007 -0036 +0.009 +0.007 +0.015 +0.015
5
Table 6. Moment Coefficients for Tanks with Walls Hinged at Top and Bottom
b/a = 3.0
y=o y = b/4 y = b/2 z = c/4 .?=O
C/a w/a
MX MY Mx MY MX MI
+0.035 +0.010 +0.026 +0011 -0 008 -0 039 +0026 +0.011 f +0035 +0.010
3.00 +0.057 +0.016 +0.044 +0.017 -0.013 -0.063 10044 +0.017 +0057 +0016
+0.051 +0.013 +0.041 +0014 -0011 -0.055 +0041 +0.014 +0051 +0.013
+0.035 +0.010 +0.026 +0.011 -0.008 -0.039 +0.021 +0010 +0031 +0011
2.50 +0057 +0.016 +0.044 +0.017 -0.012 -0.062 +0036 +0.017 +0.052 +0017
+0.051 +0.013 +0.041 +0.014 -0.011 -0055 +0036 to014 +0047 +0.014
+0.035 +0.010 +0.026 +0.011 -0.008 -0.038 +0.015 to010 +0025 to.013
2.00 +0.057 +0.016 +0045 +0.017 -0.012 -0.062 +0.028 +0015 +0043 to020
to.051 +0013 +0.042 +0.014 -0011 -0.054 +0.029 +0.013 +0041 +0016
+0.035 +0010 +0027 +0.011 -0.007 -0037 +0011 +0008 +0.020 +0013
1.75 +0.057 +0.015 +0.045 +0017 -0.012 -0.060 +0021 +0.013 +0036 +0020
+0051 +0013 +0.042 +0.014 -0.011 -0053 +0024 '0012 +0.036 +0016
+0.035 +0.010 +0.027 +0.011 -0.007 -0.035 +0007 to.006 to.014 +0013
1.50 +0.057 +0.015 +0.045 +0.017 -0.011 -0.057 to.015 +0.010 +0027 +0020
+0.051 +0.013 +0.042 +0.014 -0.010 -0.051 +0019 +0011 to 029 to.017
+0.035 +0010 +0027 +0.011 -0.006 -0.032 +0.003 +0.003 +0008 +0011
1.25 +0.057 +0.015 +0.046 +0.017 -0.011 -0.053 +0.008 to.006 10017 a017
+0.051 +0.013 +0.042 +0.014 -0.010 -0.048 +0013 +0008 +0.021 +0.016
+0.035 +0.010 +0.027 +0.011 -0.006 -0 029 -0001 0 to002 +0.008
1.00 +0.057 +0.015 +0.046 +0.017 -0.010 -0.048 to.002 +0002 +0.007 +oc14
+0.051 +0013 +0.043 +0.014 -0.009 -0.044 +0.007 +0.004 +0.013 +0.013
+0.035 +0.010 +o.o2a +0.011 -0.005 -0.025 -0.003 -0005 -0002 +0.001
0.75 +0.057 +0.015 +0.046 +0.017 -0.008 -0.042 -0.003 -0005 -0.001 +0.007
+0.052 +0.013 +0043 +0.014 -0.008 -0.039 +0.002 -0002 +0.006 +0.007
+0036 +0.010 +0.028 +0.011 -0.004 -0.021 -0004 -0.011 -0.005 -0.008
0.50 +0.057 +0.015 +0.047 +0.017 -0007 -0035 -0007 -0.016 -0.006 -0010
+0.052 +0.013 +0.043 +0.014 -0.007 -0.033 -0.004 -0.010 -0001 -0.004
b/a = 2.5
y = b/2 z = c/4 z=o
c/a
4 M” M, MZ 4 MZ
+0.031 +0.011 +0.021 +0.010 -0.008 -0.038 +0.021 +0010 +0031 +0.011
2.50 +0.052 +0.017 +0.036 to.017 -0.012 -0.062 +0036 +0017 +0.052 +0.017
+0.047 +0.015 +0.036 +0.014 -0.011 -0.055 co.036 +0.014 +0.047 +0.015
+0.031 +0.011 +0.021 +0.010 -0.008 -0.038 +0.015 +o 009 +0025 +0.012
2.00 +0.052 +0.017 +0.036 to.017 -0.012 -0.061 +0.028 +0015 +0042 +0.020
+0.047 +0.015 +0.036 +0.014 -0.011 -0.054 +0.029 +0.013 +0.041 +0.016
+0.032 +0.011 +0.021 +0.010 -0.007 -0.037 +0011 +0.008 +0.020 +0.012
1.75 +0.052 +0.018 +0.036 +0.017 -0.012 -0.059 +0.022 +0.013 +0035 +0021
+0.047 +0.015 +0.036 +0.014 -0.011 -0.053 +0.024 +0.012 +0.035 +0.017
+0.032 +0.011 +0.022 +0.010 -0.007 -0.035 +0.007 +0.006 '0.014 +0013
1.50 to.052 +0.018 +0.037 +0.017 -0.011 -0057 +0.015 +0.010 +0.027 +0.021
+0.047 +0.015 +0036 +0.014 -0.010 -0.051 +0019 +0.010 +0.029 +0.017
+0.032 +0.011 +0.022 +0010 -0.006 -0.032 +0003 +0.004 +0.007 +0.012
1.25 +0.052 +0.018 +0.038 +0.017 -0.011 -0.053 +0.008 +0.007 co.018 +0019
+0.048 +0.015 +0.037 +0.014 -0.010 -0.048 +0.014 +0.008 +0022 to.018
+0.032 +0.011 +0.023 +0.011 -0.006 -0028 -0.001 0 +0.002 +0.008
100 +0.053 +0.018 +0038 +0.017 -0.010 -0048 +0.002 +0002 to007 +0014
+0.048 +0.015 +0.038 +0.015 -0.009 -0044 to.007 +a004 +0013 +0013
+0.033 +0.011 +0024 co.011 -0005 -0.024 -0003 -0.005 -0.002 -0.002
0.75 +0.054 +0.018 +0.039 +0.017 -0.008 -0041 -0.003 -0005 0 +0005
+0.049 +0.015 +0.038 +0.015 -0.008 -0.039 0 -0002 10006 +0006
+0.033 +0.012 +0.024 +0.011 -0004 -0.021 -0004 -0.011 -0.005 -0.008
0.50 +0.054 +0.018 +0040 +0.017 -0.007 -0035 -0007 -0016 -0.006 -0010
+0.049 +0.015 +o 039 to015 -0.007 -0034 -0.004 -0.010 -0.001 -0004
6
b/a = 2.0
l-
y - o y = b/4 y = b/2 z = cl4 z=o
c/a
Mx 4 Mx 4 4 MY 4 4 M, Mz
+0.025 +0.013 +0.015 +0.009 -0007 -0.037 to015 +0.009 +0.025 +0.013
2.00 +0.042 +0.020 +0.028 +0.015 -0012 -0.059 +0028 +0.015 +0.042 +0020
+0.040 +0.016 +0.029 +0.013 -0.011 -0.053 +0.029 +0013 +0.040 +0.016
+0.025 +0.013 +0.015 +0.009 -0.007 -0.036 +0.011 +0.008 +0.020 +0.013
1.75 +0.042 +o.ozo +0.028 +0.015 -0.012 -0.058 +0.022 +0.013 +0.035 +0.021
+0.040 +0.016 +0.029 +0.013 -0.010 -0052 +0.024 +0012 +0.035 +0.017
+0.025 +0.013 +0.016 +0.009 -0.007 -0034 +0.007 +0.006 +0.014 +0.013
1.50 +0.043 +0.020 +0.028 +0.015 -0.011 -0.056 +0.015 +0.011 +0027 +0.021
+0.041 +0.016 +0.029 +0.013 -0.010 -0.050 +0.019 +0010 +0.029 +0.017
+0.0?6 +0.013 +0.016 +0.010 -0.006 -0.032 +0.003 +0003 +0.007 +0.011
125 +0.043 +0.020 +0.029 +0.015 -0.010 -0052 +0.008 +0007 +0.018 +0.019
+0.041 +0.016 +0.030 +0.013 -0.010 -0.048 +0.013 +0008 +0.021 +0.016
+0.026 +0.013 +0.017 +0.010 -0.006 -0.028 -0.001 0 +0.002 +0.008
1.00 +0.044 +0.020 +0.030 +0.016 -0.009 -0.046 +0.002 +0.002 +0.007 +0.014
+0.041 +0.016 +0.031 +0.014 -0.009 -0.044 +0.007 +0.004 +0.013 +0.013
+0.027 +0.013 +0.018 +0.010 -0.005 -0.024 -0.003 -0.004 -0.001 +o.m2
0.75 +0.045 +0.020 +0031 +0.016 -0.008 -0.040 -0002 -0004 0 +0.005
+0.042 +0.016 +0.032 +0.014 -0.008 -0.041 +0.002 -0002 to.005 to.008
+0.027 +0.013 +0.019 +0.010 -0.004 -0.021 -0.004 -0010 -0.004 -0.007
0.50 +0.046 +0.020 +0.033 +0.017 -0.007 -0.034 -0.006 -0015 -0.006 -0.009
+0.042 +0.016 +0.032 +0.015 -0.007 -0.037 -0.003 -0010 -0.002 -0.003
- -
b/a = 1.5
y - o 1 y = b/4 y = b/2 z = c/4 z=o
c/a
4 MY 4 MY 4 MY 4 MZ 4 4
+0015 +0013 +0.008 +0.007 -0.006 -0.032 +0008 +0.007 +0.015 +0.013
150 +0.028 +0.021 +0.016 +0.011 -0.010 -0.052 +0.016 +0.011 +0.028 +0.021
+0.030 +0.017 +0.020 +0.011 -0.010 -0.048 +0.020 +0.011 +0.030 +0.017
+0.016 +0.013 +0.009 +0.008 -0.006 -0.029 +0.004 +0.004 +0.009 +0.012
125 +0.029 +0.021 +0.017 to.012 -0.010 -0.049 +0.009 +0008 +0.018 +0.019
+0.030 +0.017 +0.020 +0.012 -0.009 -0.045 +0.014 +o 009 +0023 +0.016
+0.016 +0.013 +0.010 +0.009 -0005 -0.025 0 +0.001 +0.003 +0008
+0.030 +0.021 +0.019 +0.012 -0.009 -0.043 to.003 +0.003 +0.008 +0014
to.031 to.017 +0.021 +0.013 -0.008 -0.041 +0008 +0.005 +0.014 +0.014
+0.018 +0.014 +0.011 +0.010 -0.004 -0.021 -0002 -0.003 -0.001 to.002
+0.032 +0.022 +0.021 +0.014 -0.007 -0036 -0.002 -0.004 +0.001 +0.005
+0.032 +0.018 +0.022 +0.014 -0.007 -0.036 +0.002 0 +0.006 +0.008
+0.020 +0.016 +0.013 +0.012 -0.003 -0.017 -0.003 -0 009 -0004 -0006
+0035 +0.024 +0.023 +0.018 -0.006 -0.031 -0.006 -0.014 -0.005 -0007
+0034 +0.020 +0.024 +0.016 -0.007 -0.033 -0003 -0.008 -0.001 -0001
b/a = 1.0
y=o y = b/4 y = b/2 I = c/4 z=o
c/a
4 M” 4 MY M. M” M” M, M.x 4
+0.005 +0.009 +0.002 +0.003 -0.004 -0.020 +0.002 +0.003 +0.005 +0.009
+0.011 +0.016 +0.006 +0.006 -0.007 -0.035 +0.006 +0.006 +0.011 +0.016
+0016 +0.015 +0.009 +0.007 -0.007 -0.035 +0.009 +0.007 +0.016 +0.015
+0.006 +0010 +0.003 +0.004 -0003 -0.016 0 0 +0.001 +0.005
+0.013 +0.017 +0.008 +0.008 -0.006 -0.029 +0.001 +0.001 +0.005 +o 009
+0.017 +0016 +0.010 +0.008 -0.006 -0.031 +0.004 +0.003 +0.008 +0010
to.007 +0.011 +0.005 +0.006 -0.002 -0.010 -0.002 -0.005 -0.003 -0.002
+0.015 +0018 +0.010 +0.010 -0.004 -0.021 -0.003 -0.007 -0.003 -0.002
+0.018 +0.016 +0.012 +0.010 -0.005 -0.026 -0.001 -0.004 0 +0.001
7
In this manner, moment coefficients were computed triangle with the same area as the trapezoid represent-
and are tabulated in Tables 5 and 6 for top and bottom ing the actual load distribution. The intensity of load is
edge conditions as shown for single-cell tanks with a the same at middepth in both cases and when the wall
large number of ratios of b/a and c/a, b being the larger is supported at both top and bottom edges, the discrep-
and c the smaller of.the horizontal tank dimensions. Mo- ancy between triangle and trapezoid has relatively little
ments in vertical and horizontal directions equal the effect at and near the supported edges
coefficients times wa3, in which w is the weight of the
liquid. Note that the loading term is wa3 for all wall slabs
subject to hydrostatic pressure but is wa2 for the floor
slab in Table 4, which has uniformly distributed load. In Shear Coefficients
the first case, w is weight per cubic foot, but in the latter
it is weight per square foot. Shear values along the edges of a tank wall are needed
There is a peculiarity about the horizontal end mo- for investigation of shear and development stresses.
ments in the slabs at the free top edge. Calculations of Along vertical edges, shear in one wall is also used as
such moments by means of the trigonometric series axial tension in the adjacent wall and must be combined
used result in a value of zero, whereas these moments with bending moment to determine tensile reinforce-
actually have finite values and may even be compara- ment.
tively large. Horizontal end moments at the free edge Various data for shear were computed and are given
were therefore established by extrapolation. The con- in Table 7. The wall is considered fixed at the two verti-
sistency of extrapolated moment coefficients was cal edges while top and bottom edges are assumed to
checked by plotting and studying curves. This gave be hinged. The wall panel with width b and height a is
reasonably good results, although coefficients thus subject to hydrostatic pressure due to a liquid weighing
determined are probably not quite as accurate as the w lb per cubic foot.
coefficients that were computed. A condition prevails at The first five lines in Table 7 are shears per linear foot
the quarter point of the free edge, similar to that at the in terms of wa*. The remaining four lines are total shears
end point but to a lesser degree. At the midpoint of the in kips or pounds depending on how w is given. Shears
free edge the coefficients were computed, extrapolation per linear foot are for ratios of b/a = %, 1,2, and infinity.
being used only for checking purposes. The difference between the shear for b/a = 2 and infinity
When a tank is built underground, the walls must be is so small that there is no necessity for computing co-
investigated for both internal and external pressure. The efficients for intermediate values.
latter may be due to earth pressure or to a combination When b/a is large, a vertical strip of the slab near mid-
of earth and groundwater pressure. Tables and other point of the b dimension will behave essentially as a \a
data presented can be applied in ‘the case of pressure simply supported one-way slab. Total pressure on a J
from either side but the signs are opposite. In the case strip 1 ft wide is 0.50waz, of which two-thirds or 0.33wa2
of external pressure, actual load distribution may not is the reaction at the bottom support and one-third or
necessarily be triangular as assumed in the tables. 0.17wa2 is the reaction at the top. Note in Table 7 that
Consider for illustration a tank built below ground with shear at midpoint of the bottom edge is 0.3290waz for
earth covering the roof slab and causing a trapezoidal b/a = 2.0, the coefficient being very close to that of one-
distribution of lateral earth pressure on the walls. In this third for infinity. In other words, maximum bottom shear
case it gives a fairly good approximation to substitute a is practically constant for all values of b/a greater than
bla ‘h 1 2 5 10 lnfmtty
8
2. As will be shown, this is correct only when the top Table 8. Shear at Edges of Slabs Free at Top
edge is supported, not when it is free. and Hinged at Bottom*
At the corner, shear at the bottom edge is negative
and numerically greater than shear at midpoint. The
change from positive to negative shear occurs approxi-
mately at the outer tenth points of the bottom edge.
These high negative values at the corners arise be-
cause deformations in the planes of the supporting
slabs are neglected in the basic equations and are
therefore of only theoretical significance. These shears
can be disregarded in checking shear and development
stresses. tJa 1 2 3
Unit shears at the fixed edge in Table 7 were used for Mldpolnt of bottom edge ‘ 0 141wa: *o 242w.F ‘ 0 3awa7 ‘ 0 45wet
plotting the curves in Fig. 1. There is practically no Corner at bottom edge -0 258wa-$ -0 440-a. - 0 583~9 - 0 sowa
change in shear curves beyond b/a = 2.0. Maximum Top of flxed side edge 0 ooowa. ‘0 olowa’ *o 100wa -0 165wa-
Mldpomf of flxed side edge +O 128wa‘ *O 258wa’ .o 375wa: ‘ 0 406WW
value occurs at a depth below the top somewhere be- Lower third-wont of side edae *o 174ws *0311wa- *o 406W% *o 416w.F
tween 0.6a and 0.8a. Fig. 1 is useful for determination of Lower quarter-WI”, of side edge ‘0 192-a- *o 315w.T *o 390wa ,O 398wa
0 048wa b 0 096wa.b 0 204wa.b 0 286wa.b
shear or axial tension for any ratio of b/a and at any Total at bottom edge
Total at one faxed s,de edge 0 226wa b 0 202wa.b 0 148wa:b 0 107wa.b
point of a fixed side edge. Total al all four edges 0 500w.s. b 0 500wa-b 0 500wa. b 0 500~4 b
Total shear from top to bottom of one fixed edge in
‘Data dewed by modlfymg values compufed for waifs hanged fop and boflom
Table 7 must equal the area within the corresponding tThls value could not be esflmated accurately beyond two decimal places
curve in Fig. 1, and this relationship was used for check- Wegat~ve s!gn lndlcates react~o” acts I” d,recfwn of load
9
Fig. 3.
10
less for wall with free top than with hinged top. Multicell Tank
Another noteworthy point is that maximum M, coeffi-
cient at y = 0 is +0.069 for a free top but +0.018 for a Multicell tanks do not lend themselves readily to mathe-
hinged top. Adding top support causes considerable matically accurate stress analysis It is possible, how-
reduction in horizontal moments, especially at y = 0. ever, with the tables presented here for single-cell tanks
Maximum moment is -0.053~~1~ = -0.053 x 256 = and for individual wall panels with fixed vertical edges to
-13.6 ft kips. estimate moment coefficients for symmetrical multicell
Maximum moment in a vertical strip is M = 0.052~~1~ = tanks with sufficient accuracy for design purposes. While
0.052 x 256 = 13.3 ft kips. Axial compression (N) on the results obtained by the following procedure are approxi-
section subject to this moment, and loads per linear foot mate and should therefore be considered as a guide to
can be taken as follows: engineering judgment, the procedure does give a con-
8-ft-high wall: 8 x 1 .08 x 0.150 = 1.3 kips servative design.
12-in. top concrete slab: 0.150 x20/2 = 1.5 kips’ Because a rotation of one corner has comparatively
3-ft fill on top of slab: 0.300 x 20/2 =3.0 kips’ little effect on moments at adjacent corners in atankwith
Live load on top of fill: 0.100 x 20/2 = 1 .O kips’ wall panels supported on three or four sides, moments in
6.8 kips the walls of a multicell tank are essentially the same as
It is conservative to check compressive stress forN = in single-cell tanks-except at corners where more than
t 6.8 kips and to design tensile steel for N = 1 .3 + 1.5 = 2.8 two walls intersect. Moment coefficients from Tables 5
kips, in which fill and live load are disregarded. and 6, designated as L coefficients, apply to outer or L-
shaped corners of multicell tanks (see Fig. 4a) as well as
to interior sections in all walls, that is, sections desig-
Top and Base Slabs nated as y = b/4, y = 0, z = c/4, and z = 0. Moment coeffi-
cients for design sections at corners where more than
The closed single-cell tank is covered with a concrete two panels intersect depend on the loading condition
slab. Assume the slab is simply supported along all four producing maximum moment and on the number of inter-
sides and has a live load of 100 psf and an earthfill secting walls.
weighing 300 psf. In Fig. 4b, three walls form a T-shaped unit. If the con-
Estimating slab thickness as 12 in. gives a total design tinuous wall, or top of the T, is part of the long sides of
load of 100 + 300 + 150 = 550 psf. From Table 4, for a two adjacent rectangular cells, the moment in the con-
ratio of 40/20 = 2, select maximum coefficient of 0.100, tinous wall at the intersection is maximum when both
which gives maximum M = 0.1 00wa2 F 0.100 x 0.550 x cells are filled. The intersection is then fixed and mo-
20.02 = 22.0 ft kips. ment coefficients, designated as F coefficients, can be
At the corners, a two-way slab tends to lift off the taken from Tables 1, 2, or 3, depending on edge condi-
supports; and if this tendency is prevented by doweling tions at top and bottom. These three tables cover panels
slab to support, cracks may develop in the top of the with fixed side edges. If the continuous wall is part of the
slab across its corners. Nominal top reinforcement short sides of two adjacent rectangular cells, moment
should therefore be supplied at the corners, say0.005bd at one side of the intersection is maximum, when the cell
sq in. per foot in each direction. Length of these bars can on that side is filled while the other cell is empty. Like-
be taken as %a = l/4 x 20 = 5 ft. wise the end moment in the center wall is maximum
Assume the closed single-cell tank has a base slab of when only one cell is filled. For this loading condition the
reinforced concrete. Weight of base slab and liquid does magnitude of moment will be somewhere between theL
not create any bending or shearing stresses in concrete coefficients and the F coefficients. If the unloaded third
provided the subsoil is uniformly well compacted. Weight wall of the unit is disregarded, or its stiffness considered
transferred to the base through the bottom of the wall is negligible, moments in the loaded walls would be the
Top slab: 0.550 x 22 x 42 = 510 kips same as in Fig. 4a, that is, the L coefficients apply. If the
Walls: 16x0.162(2x41.1 +2~21,1)=320kips third wall is assumed to have infinite stiffness, the corner
830 kips is fixed and the f coefficients apply. The intermediate
If the base slab extends 9 in. outside the walls, its area value representing more nearly the true condition can
is 43.7 x 23.7 = 1035 sq ft. The average load of w = be obtained by the formula:
830,000/ 1035 = 800 psf is used for design of the base End moments = L -nG2(i -F)
slab just as w = 550 psf was used for design of the top
slab.
Total average load on the subsoil is 16 x 62.5 + 800 +
4
weight of base slab, say 1000 + 800 + 200 = 2000 psf,
which the subsoil must be able to carry.
If there is an appreciable upward hydrostatic pressure
on the base slab, the slab should also be investigated for
this pressure when the tank is considered empty.
\ -
‘ProportIons of tank being deslgned are such that for determlning (4 b)
axial compression In sde walls, all the top load may be considered
carned the short way Fig. 4.
11
in which n denotes number of adjacent unloaded walls.
This formula checks for n equal to zero and infinity. In an
L-shaped unit n equals 0 and the end moments equal
L - O(L - F) = L. Inserting n equal to infinity will give
nl(n + 2) = 1 and the end moments equal L - 1 (L - F) = f,
which also checks.
In Fig. 4c, two continuous walls form a cross. If inter-
secting walls are the walls of square cells, moments at
the intersection are maximum when any two cells are
filled and the F coefficients in Tables 1,2, or 3 apply be-
cause there is no rotation of the joint. If the cells are rec-
tangular, moments in the longer of the intersecting walls
will be maximum when two cells on the same sideof the
wall under consideration are filled, and again the F coef-
ficients apply. Maximum moments in the shorter walls
adjacent to the intersection occur when diagonally
opposite cells are filled, and for this condition the L coef-
ficients apply.
Fig. 5 shows moment coefficients at wall intersec-
itions in two- and four-cell tanks. Where coefficients are
not shown, L coefficients of Tables 5 and 6 apply.
y = b/2 y =b/4 y = o
x/a I I
M” Mv M. Mv Mx Mv
%
0 I 0 -0.092 I 0
to.015
+0035
to.034
I 0
+0.026
to.069
+0.059
I
-0018 -0.089
‘h -0016 -0082 to031 to.031 +0.045 +o.o4a
% -0.012 -0 059 +0034 +0.020 I +0.044 +0.029
._r
12
Short outer walls
L = coefflcents from Table 5 for
b/a = 2 50 and c/a = 1 25
Fig. a.
Consider for illustration a wall panel of a counterfort-
ed wall in which spacing of counterforts is b = 40 ft and
height is a = 20 ft. From Table 3, for b/a = 40/20 = 2,
select the following coefficients.
r I t
y=o y = b/4 y = b/2
I
Mx MY 4 MV f"% MV
Fig. 7.
13
Procedure for using these coefficients to determine joint filler, but both iron powder and lead are not always
moments and design of the wall is similar to that illus- readily available. A waterstop may not be needed in the
trated for the open-top single-cell tank shown in Fig. 3. construction joints when the vertical joint in Fig. 9 is
made watertight.
In Fig. 10 a continuous concrete base slab is provided
either for transmitting the load coming down through the
Details at Bottom Edge wall or for upward hydrostatic pressure. In either case,
the slab deflects upward in the middle and tends to ro-
Note that all tables except one are based on the as- tate the wall base in Fig. 10 in a counterclockwrse direc-
sumption that the bottom edge is hinged. It is believed tion. The wall therefore is not fixed at the bottom edge.
that this assumption in general is closer to the actual It is difficult to predict the degree of restraint. The rota-
condition than that of a fixed edge. Consider first the tion may be great enough to make the bottom edge
detail in Fig. 9, which shows the wall supported on a hinged or may be even greater. Under the circum-
relatively narrow continuous wall footing, and then Fig. stances it is advisable to avoid placing moment rein-
10 in which the wall rests on a bottom slab. forcement across the joint and to cross the dowels at
the center. The waterstop must then be placed off cen-
ter as indicated. Provision for transmitting shear through
direct bearing can be made by inserting a key as in Fig. 9
or by a shear ledge as in Fig. 10.
The waterstop in Fig. 10 may be galvanized steel,
copper, preformed rubber, or extruded plastic.
At top of wall the detail in Fig. 10 may be applied ex-
cept that the waterstop and the shear key are not essen-
tial. The main thing is to prevent moments from being
transmitted from the top of the slab into the wall because
the wall is not designed for such moments.
Fig. 9.
14
Metric Conversion Factors