Repetition

Definition of Repetition
Repetition is a literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few
times to make an idea clearer and more memorable. There are several
types of repetition commonly used in both prose and poetry.

As a rhetorical device, it could be a word, a phrase, or a full sentence, or a

poetical line repeated to emphasize its significance in the entire text.
Repetition is not distinguished solely as a figure of speech, but more as a
rhetorical device.

PRINCIPLE OF REPETITION &

PATTERN
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Principle of Repetition
The principle of repetition simply means the reusing of the same or similar elements
throughout your design. Repetition of certain design elements in a design will bring a clear
sense of unity, consistency,

and cohesiveness.

REPETITION is the use of similar or connected pictorial elements. For example, similar
shapes, colours or lines that are used more than once

REPETITION can be regular or irregular and even or uneven.

REPETITION can be in the form of RADIATION where the repeated elements spread out
from a central point.

REPETITION may be in the form of GRADATION where the repeated elements

slowly become smaller or larger.
Repetition works with pattern to make the artwork seem active. The repetition of elements of
design creates unity within the artwork.

Patterns often occur in nature, and artists use similar repeated motifs to create pattern in their
work. Pattern increases visual excitement by enriching surface interest.

Design examples:
 Pendahuluan :

Pendidikan Seni Visual ini merupakan seni yang menjurus kepada seni tampak dan tidak
merujuk kepada seni lain seperti seni muzik, seni sastera, seni tari, dan seni mempertahankan
diri. Untuk Pendidikan Seni Visual di sekolah menengah ia lebih menegaskan kepada
kegiatan dalam proses penghasilan dengan melibatkan aspek pemahaman, penghayatan dan
kritikan. Proses ini menyentuh perasaan estetik dan daya kreativiti individu melalui
penajaman daya intuisi, persepsi, imaginasi dan konsepsi murid.

Pendidikan Seni Visual mempunyai dua asas seni reka iaitu Unsur Seni dan juga
Prinsip Seni.

Ini merupakan asas-asas seni reka didalam pendidikan seni visual. Unsur seni terdiri
daripada garisan, rupa, bentuk, ruang, jalinan dan warna. Manakala untuk prinsip seni
pula terdiri daripada harmoni, kontra, penegasan, imbangan, gerakan dan kepelbagaian.
Didalam blog pendidikan saya ini , saya akan menyentuh tentang unsur seni iaitu garisan dan
juga warna , manakala prinsip seni tentang harmoni dan juga kontra.

Prinsip Seni
Harmoni
Boleh diwujudkan dalam lukisan yang betemakan alam semulajadi. Harmoni dalam konteks
seni visual dapat ditonjolkan ualngan unsur-unsur seni yang sesuai, seimbang dan juga
menarik. Penggunaan unsur-unsur harmoni dalam sesuatu hasil karya adalah bertujuan untuk
menarik perhatian serta dapat menimbulkan nilai-nilai estetika.

Warna-warna pada daun ini yang contohnya menampakkan persamaan dan warna
boleh mewujudkan ton yang berbeza.
Kontra
Kontra sangat mudah dikesan serta diwujudkan apabnila salah satu daripada unsur-unsur seni
misalnya warna mempunyai pertentangan antara satu sama lain untuk memberikan kesan pada
sesuatu karya yang telah dihasilkan.
Kontra berkait rapat dengan prinsip rekaan seperti penegasan, lebih tinggi kadar kontra maka
lebih menyerlah penegasan dalam sesuatu karya seni dihasilkan tersebut.
 Kontra boleh wujud dalam pelbagai saiz, warna, bentuk , rupa , jalinan dan juga
garisan.
Unsur-unsur Seni
Garisan
Garisan merupakan cantuman dari 1 titik ke titik yang lain dengan mempunyai jarak-jarak
tertentu. Aplikasi daripada pelbagai jenis garisan dapat mencipta rupa, jalinan, ton, corak serta
dapat menimbulkan gambaran bentuk, ruang dan juga gerakan didalam pendidikan seni
visual.
Terdapat pelbagai jenis garisan :
1. garisan berombak
2. garisan berbiji
3. garisan berbulu
4. garisan berduri
5. garisan bergerigi
6. garisan berlingkar
7. garisan berpancar
8. garisan berserabut
9. garisan putus-putus
10. garisan zig-zag
11. garisan nipis
12. garisan berlorek
13. garisan tebal

Garisan boleh diubah dengan pelbagai cara atau teknik dengan menggunakan pelbagai
jenis media. Contohnya menggunakkan teknik gosokan, capan, pualaman , dan juga
catan.
 Warna
Pengenalan Warna

1. Tuhan telah menjadikan alam ini penuh dengan warna warni yang boleh dinikmati oleh
manusia;
2. Manusia boleh membina imej dirinya dengan penampilan warna yang tepat dan sebuai
mengikit situasi tertentu
3 Roda warna adalah gambaran visual warna ditetapkan mengikut hubungan warna antara
watu sama lain.
4. Bermula dengan posisi roda warna, warna asas mempunyai jarak yang sama daripada satu
sama lain, kemudian tercipta warna sekunder dan tertier.
5. Istilah-istilah ini merujuk kepada kumpulan atau jenis warna.

Jenis-Jenis Warna

Warna Asas
Warna asas - merah, biru dan kuning

1. Warna asas atau warna primer merupakan warna dasar sesebuah warna
2. Warna-warna yang tidak boleh dibuat daripada campuran warna lain tetapi boleh
menghasilkan warna kedua dan ketiga
3. Mempunyai kuasa yang hebat
4. Digunakan dalam penghasilan seni seperti poster, bendera, logo, lencana dan sebagainya.

Warna Sekunder
Warna sekunder - jingga, ungu dan hijau

1. Juga dipanggil warna kedua

2. Warna sekunder dicipta daripada campuran dua warna asas.
Warna sekunder = warna asas + warna asas
3. Warna sekunder ialah jingga, ungu dan hijau
a. Jingga = merah + kuning
b. ungu = merah + biru
c. hijau = kuning + biru
Warna tertier

1. Dicipta daripada campuran warna asas dan warna sekunder di sebelahnya dalam roda
warna
warna tertier = warna asas + warna sekunder
2. Warna tertier terdiri daripada
a. biru ungu = biru + ungu
b. biru hijau = biru + hijau
c. kuning jingga = kuning + jingga
d. kuning hijau = kuning + hijau
e. merah jingga = merah + jingga
f. merah ungu = merah + ungu

Warna Panas & Warna Sejuk

Warna Panas
1. Terdiri daripada kumpulan warna merah, jingga dan kuning, termasuk warna merah jingga,
merah ungu, dan kuning jingga.
2. Menimbulkan suasana yang ceria, meriah, riang dan sebagainya
3. Warna-warna panas akan kelihatan lebih menonjol kehadapan
4. Sesuai untuk catan bertemakan perayaan, peperangan, kemeriahan, pesta dan sebagainya.
5. Contoh bahan-bahan sekitar yang di dalam kumpulan warna panas
Warna Sejuk

1. Merupakan kumpulan warna-warna biru, hijau, ungu, biru ungu, biru hijau dan merah ungu.
2. Menimbulkan suasana nyaman, selesa, sejuk, segar, sedih dan sunyi
3. Warna-warna ini menghasilkan ilusi kejauhan dan kebelakang
4. Sesuai jika digunakan untuk menghasilkan kertas dinding, catan bertema alam semulajadi,
kematian, kesegaran
5. Contoh objek alam yang mempunyai kumpulan warna-warna sejuk seperti laut dan langit
Suhu Warna
1.Suhu warna merujuk kepada kesan pancaran cahaya panas atau cahaya sejuk

2.Warna panas (merah, kuning dan jingga) ialah warna yang mempunyai kesan terang atau
panas dan kurang selesa atau dipandang. Warna panas mempunyai nilai kehebatan tinggi.

3. Warna sejuk (hijau, biru dan ungu) ialah warna yang member kesan redup, selesa dan
tenang mata memandang. Warna sejuk memiliki nilai kehebatan rendah.

Ton Warna
1.Ton warna ialah nilai terang atau gelap sesuatu warna tertentu.

2.Ton warna dihasilkan dengan mencampurkan sesuatu warna dengan warna hitam atau putih.

3.Ton warna semakin gelap terhasil dengan mencampurkan warna hitam

4.Ton warna semakin cerah terhasil dengan mencampurkan warna putih

2. Kontra
- Kontra wujud jika ada unsur-unsur seni yang bertentangan atau bercanggah
dalam sesuatu gubahan
- Fungsi kontra ialah untuk menarik perhatian, memberi fokus, mengelakkan
kebosanan dan kesan pergerakan
- Kontra dapat dihasilkan melalui penggunaan unsur seni, teknik dan bahan
yang berlainan

3. Penegasan
- Penegasan wujud apabila terdapat sesuatu unsur yang menonjol, kontra
atau ganjil dalam sesuatu gubahan
- Fungsi penegasan ialah untuk menarik perhatian, memberi fokus, dan
mengelakkan kebosanan
- Penegasan dapat dihasilkan melalui penggunaan unsur seni yang kontra
atau asingkan objek yang hendak ditegaskan
Principle of contast colours
 To Be Exactly the Same Over and
Over Again - Repetition in Art
Art History

August 24, 2016

Widewalls Editorial
Deeply invested in contemporary art, Widewalls magazine aims to provide a unique experience
for its readers in form of in-depth and quality journalism.

Without a doubt, rhythm in art can be considered one of the fundamental principles
of art and its production. Interested in exploring more and understanding in depth yet
another of its elements, the repetition in art is quite possibly one of the most
interesting methods that the artists implement to create a
certain movement, stillness, design, confusion, to rebel against the notion of
tradition, re-define the idea of the original and the copies, or to cast true focus on
one part of the artwork that either makes the work more visible or purposely invisible.
Seen as one of the most important techniques for reduction, repetition is used in an
equal amount both in music and visual arts[1]and is seen as both aesthetic and poetic
device[2].
Why repeat? Do repetition artists use same motifs over and over again to achieve
perfection or is there something more to repetition art? This and much more we have
researched for you, so please read on.

Andy Warhol – Marilyn Monroe, diptych. Image via studyblue.com

Definition of Repetition in Art

Before we return to the some of the most memorable pieces of repetition in art and
turn our focus on its history, we need to take a step back to mention the definition of
repetition in the visual production. Seen as one of the fundamentals of creativity,
repetition, in a similar manner to the rhythm, helps to create a sense of movement
within an artwork. In visual production, it is a recurrence of a particular
line, pattern, shape, or other visual elements in a single or part of the series[3]. The
production of something which is repetitive yet at the same time exciting is a challenge,
as many consider the recurrence as boring and still. This element many authors used
on purpose to comment on the state of the world around us and to challenge the public
to slow down the race for the achievement of consumerism gods and idols.
Sometimes the repeat is used to build a sense of tension if no variations are
implemented and it is often in the subtle detail that the key to the understanding of
such pieces lies[4].

There is a variety of ways in which the repetition can occur. It can

be even or uneven, regular or irregular, it can form radiation, occurring when the
repeat of elements is spread out from the central point, or a form of graduation, where
the parts slowly become smaller or larger[5]. Working with repeated patterns, and this
was highly regarded during the Art Nouveau period and its pattern-making
production, the surface of the work is enhanced, therefore made more interesting to
the public, and at the same time, a sense of order is added to the composition. As
a tool, repetition helps to build not only the visual part of the work but it often provides
a deeper meaning to the artwork, hiding a more philosophical and conceptual
identity.
Left: M.C.Esher – Bird-Fish. Image via wikiart.org / Right: M.C.Esher – Artwork. Image via
i.dailymail.co.uk

History of Repetition Art

If we turn away from the definition of repetition in art and avoid to comment on every
repeated line, surface, color, pattern, and image in visual creativity, today aided by
the computer-based images, our attention is undoubtedly turned towards
the concept and the inner workings of the artist or the particular period of production
and the decision as to why they used repetition. We enter a world that speaks about
the repetition in the choice of the subject matter, evident in the production
of Claude Monet, Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, that formed some of the
most influential avant-garde movements, or a world that uses repetition as a
commentary tool of consumerism and mass production, decorating the creativity
of Andy Warhol or various Minimalism artists.

Few of the major concerns that arise when one speaks about repetition are for sure
issues of originality, authenticity, and appropriation. This is a major concern for
the Postmodernism philosophy and the Dada readymades are marked as important
 images that ridiculed the need of tradition to provide special meaning to the
production and the choice of materials. Pop artists, minimalists, performance,
and conceptual authors, adopted the concept of undermining the authenticity and
value. Appropriation in art, based on the re-use and on the repeat of existing images,
raises concerns of copyrights since many contemporary artists use accessible imagery
with little or no alteration to the original. Such subtle changes raise questions of identity,
and if the new pieces trivialize the original[5].

 Alternating Rhythm - Two or more different motifs may be alternated, such as

the black and red squares in a checkerboard; a single motif might be flipped,
mirrored or rotated every so many iterations; or the placement or spacing between
motifs can be alternated. This is essentially a regular rhythm that has more complex
motifs, or meta-motifs. The added variety can help lessen the monotony of a regular
rhythm.
 M.C. Escher - Lizard, 1942

 Flowing Rhythm - Flowing rhythm is created by undulating elements and

intervals, bending and curving motifs and spaces. Natural flowing rhythm can be
seen in streams and waterways, beaches and waves, sand dunes and glaciers, rolling
hills and wind-blown grasses.
Gloria Petyarre - Bush Medicine Dreaming, 2008, acrylic on canvas, 152 x 91 cm
 Steven Hill - Melon Pitcher, 2010, 10.5 x 9 x 7.5 in.

 Progressive Rhythm - In progressive rhythm, each time a motif repeats it

changes a little, transforming and translating in a steady sequence - the motif
progresses from one thing to another.
Marcel Duchamp - Nude Descending a Staircase (No. 2), 1912, oil on canvas, 147 x
89.2 cm
 Pattern
Patterns are groups of elements or motifs that repeat in a predictable
manner. Artlex lists ten different classes of pattern, given below. I'm not sure where
they pulled this out of, but it's enough to get you thinking.
 Spheres

Wayne Mah - ball bearings, 2005