 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
  
 K٩W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

-١٢٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٨ 
 
Bandpass Digital Modulation

  ١ J٨
 
    E Bandpass F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
KE BasebandF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KEBit RateF‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
KEHigh Spectral EfficiencyF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫ א‬K٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Amplitude Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬ 
Frequency Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬ 
Phase Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬ 
Binary Phase Shit Keying ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Differential Phase Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Quadrature Phase Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
M-ary Phase Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation‫א‬‫א‬ 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬E١ J٨‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
vc (t )  Ac sin ( ct   )  Ac sin ( 2f ct   ) (1-8)
 
vc(t)
T Phase, θ = 0
Ec

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٨F‫א‬
 W
 Kt‫א‬‫א‬Vc(t)
 K‫א‬‫א‬EAmplitudeFAc
 K‫א‬EAngular FrequencyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ωc
 K‫א‬‫א‬EFrequencyFfc
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPhaseFθ
 
‫א‬‫א‬E Ones or ZerosF‫א‬‫א‬ m(t)‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬EContinuousFEDiscreteF
 
vc (t )  Ac (t ) sin ( 2f c (t ) t   (t ) ) (2-8)

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٣١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬E cosF‫א‬ E sinF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١ J٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
3sin ( 2π10kt ) J
 10sin ( 2π2Mt + 0) J
 2sin ( 2π105t - 0.75 ) J
 W‫א‬

0.1 t,ms
0.2 0.3

  -‫أ‬-

10

0.5 1 2 t,μs
1.5

  -‫ب‬-

-١٣٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 

t,μs
-1.36
-2
-‫ج‬-
 
 ١ J٨E٢ J٨F‫א‬
Amplitude Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٨
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ASKF‫א‬‫א‬
KE PCM F ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K٣ J٨‫א‬‫א‬ASK‫א‬
 
PCM Data

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

time

Carrier

time

ASK

time

 
 
-١٣٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ASKE٣ J٨F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ASK‫א‬BT‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
BT  2 f p , where f p  (3-8)
Tp
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Tp   ،E٤ J٨ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   fp  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 

···
time
τ

Tp
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٨F‫א‬
 
Sinc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   95%    ‫א‬   K٥ J٨ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،fp–fp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kfc‫א‬‫א‬ASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-١٣٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
δ(f-fc)

f
fc-2fp fc-fp fc fc+fp fc+2fp

 
 
 ASK‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٨F‫א‬
 
 WR‫א‬EData RateF‫א‬،‫א‬

1 1 2
R    2 fp (4-8)
 Tp / 2 Tp
 KEb/sF‫א‬‫א‬EBits/secondF‫א‬‫א‬R
 
 ٢ J٨
  
‫א‬‫א‬ 0111010011‫א‬‫א‬ PCM
 K‫א‬ASK‫א‬KASK
 
 W‫א‬

-١٣٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
PCM Data

0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1

time

Carrier

time

ASK

time

 
 
 ٢ J٨E٦ J٨F‫א‬
 ٣ J٨
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬PCM
 
1 0 1 0 1 0 1

···
t, μs
5

10
  Period
 E٧ J٨F‫א‬
 
 W
-١٣٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 KR‫א‬ J
 KASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬
 W٤ J٨ J
1 1
R   0.2 Mb / s  200 kb / s
 5s
 W٣ J٨ J
1 1
fp    100 kHz
T p 10 s
BT  2 f p  2 100 kHz  200 kHz
 W٥ J٨ J
 

f, kHz
800 900 1000
 
 ٣ J٨E٨ J٨F‫א‬
 
E PCMF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ASK
 KEMixerF‫א‬EMultiplierF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-١٣٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
Multiplier
Binary PCM Data
ASK RF Signal

vc (t )  Ac sin ( 2f c t   )

Carrier
Oscillator

 ASK‫א‬E٩ J٨F‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬PCMASK،‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬،ENoncoherent DetectionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٠ J٨‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EEnvelope DetectorF‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEBinary RestorationF
  
ASK Envelope Low Pass Binary
Detector Filter Restoration PCM Data
Signal

 
 ASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠ J٨F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬      ،E Coherent Detection F  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،١١ J٨ ‫א‬      K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       E Multiplier F ‫א‬
 KEBinary RestorationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-١٣٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 

ASK RF Signal v1(t) Low Pass Binary PCM

Filter Restoration Data
v ASK (t )  Ac vm (t ) sin ( 2f ct )
vc (t )  Ac sin ( 2f ct )

Carrier
Oscillator
 
 ASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٨F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،v1(t)‫א‬‫א‬
1
sin 2 x   1  cos ( 2 x)  (5-8)
2

Frequency Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٨

 
،?1?‫א‬f1‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EFSKF‫א‬‫א‬
f1    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K? 0 ? ‫א‬   f0 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  PCMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ f0‫א‬
KE 
 K١٢ J٨‫א‬‫א‬FSK‫א‬
PCM Data

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

time

FSK
f0 f1

time

 

-١٣٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 FSKE١٢ J٨F‫א‬
 
 ،  FSK   BT ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ BT ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E Carson’s Rule F   ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ fp ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FSK
 
BT  2 (f  f m )
f1  f 0
f 
2
(6-8)
f m  f p  0.5 R
BT  f1  f 0  R
 
RE fm = fp‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ fm ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Δf
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE R = 2fp‫א‬F‫א‬
 WECenter FrequencyF‫א‬‫א‬
 
f1  f 0
fC  (7-8)
2
 
  ٤ J٨
 K0111010011‫א‬‫א‬PCM
 K‫א‬FSK‫א‬ J
Ef1 = 4 MHz, f0 = 3 MHz,F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KER = 400 Kb/sF‫א‬
 
 
 
 
-١٤٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
   J
PCM Data

0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1

time

FSK

time

 
 
 E١٣ J٨F‫א‬
 
 W٦ J٨  J
 
BT  f1  f 0  R  4 MHz  3 MHz  400 KHz  1.4 MHz
 
KE VCOF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ FSK
? 0?‫א‬ ،f1‫א‬‫א‬? 1?‫א‬
  Kf0‫א‬‫א‬
Baseband Voltage
Controlled RF FSK Signal
Data Oscillator
 
 
 FSK‫א‬E١٤ J٨F‫א‬
 

-١٤١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬FSK،‫א‬
  
‫א‬،ENoncoherent DetectionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٥ J٨‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬E BPFF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ f1‫א‬
‫א‬f0‫א‬KEOp-AmpF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E BPFF‫א‬‫א‬
Binary F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE Op-AmpF‫א‬
 KERestoration
 
  
BPF Envelope
f1 Detector
+ PCM
ASK Binary
Signal Restoration
Data
BPF Envelope -
f0 Detector
 
 
 FSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٥ J٨F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬      ،E Coherent Detection F  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J
E FSK SignalF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٦ J٨‫א‬K‫א‬
f0 f1‫א‬،E MultiplierF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    E Op-amp F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬،‫א‬
 KEBinary RestorationF‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
vc1 (t )  Ac sin ( 2f1t )

PCM
FSK + Data
RF Low Pass Binary
Signal Filter Restoration

vc 0 (t )  Ac sin ( 2f 0t )
 
 
 FSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٨F‫א‬
 
Phase Shit Keying‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٨
 
KE?0??1?F‫א‬‫א‬EPhaseF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 BinaryPhase Shit Keying (BPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
 Differential Phase Shit Keying (DPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
BinaryPhase Shit Keying (BPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٨
 
KE 180º 0ºF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     180º ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K١٧ J٨‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KE0ºF‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
PCM Data

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1

time

Carrier

time

BPSK

time

 
 BPSKE١٧ J٨F‫א‬
 
،R‫א‬   BPSK‫א‬ BT‫א‬‫א‬
 KASK‫א‬
 
 PCM،E ١٨ J٨‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ BPSK
E +AF‫א‬? 1?،E BipolarF‫א‬E UnipolarF‫א‬
 KE-AF‫א‬?0?‫א‬
‫א‬ PCM BPSK‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩ J٨‫א‬KECoherent DetectionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-١٤٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
Binary PCM V1(t)
BPSK RF
Signal
Bipolar Vm(t)

Vm(t) = +A or -A vc (t )  Ac sin ( 2f ct )

Carrier
  Oscillator
 
 BPSKE١٨ J٨F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ESquiring CircuitF‫א‬‫א‬vr(t)‫א‬BPSK
‫א‬E BPFF‫א‬‫א‬E 2fcF‫א‬
  E Frequency Divider F ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬Kfc‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬vr(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELPFF‫א‬
 
BPSK Squiring BPF Frequency
Circuit 2fc Divider by 2
Vr(t)

Low Pass Binary PCM

Filter Restoration Data
 

BPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٨F‫א‬
  ٥ J٨
 
 K1101100001‫א‬‫א‬PCM
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬BPSK‫א‬ J
‫א‬   3 MHz  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J
 KR =200Kb/s
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
  JW‫א‬
PCM Data

1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

time

Carrier

time

BPSK

time

 
 E٢٠ J٨F‫א‬
 
 KASK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
BT  2 R  2  200 K  400 KHz
 KASK‫א‬ J
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 

f, MHz
2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6
 
 E٢١ J٨F‫א‬
 
 
Differential Phase Shit Keying (DPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٨
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬NRZ-MNRZ-S‫؛‬‫א‬NRZ-L‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDPSKF‫א‬‫א‬
 
NRZ-L v1(t)
v(t)
PCM Data
DPSK
RF Signal
v2(t) = v(t-τ)
Delay Carrier
τ fc

vc (t )  Ac sin ( 2f ct )
 
 
 DPSKE٢٢ J٨F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ EX-NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NRZ-S NRZ-L‫א‬
 K١ J٨‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ETruth TableF‫א‬K

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ١ J٨

A
A B Q
Q 0 0 1
B 0 1 0
 1 0 0
1 1 1
 
 
 K٢ J٨‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢ J٨
V1(t)    1  0  1  1  0  1  0  0  1  0
V2(t)    1  1  0  0  0  1  1  0  1  1
V(t)  1  1  0  0  0  1  1  0  1  1  0
Phase 0º 0º 180º 180º 180º 0º 0º 180º 0º 0º 180º
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DPSK
 
Av(t)sin2πfct v1(t)
Low- Pass Restoration PCM
Filter Circuit Data

Av(t-τ)sin2πfc(t-τ)
Delay
τ

 
 DPSK‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٨F‫א‬
 
E NoncoherentF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KDPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
  ٦ J٨
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٣ J٨
V1(t)  0  0  1  0  1  1  1  1  0  1
V2(t)                      
V(t)  0                    
Phase                  
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
V1(t)  0  0  1  0  1  1  1  1  0  1
V2(t)    0  1  0  0  1  1  1  1  1  0
V(t)  0  1  0  0  1  1  1  1  1  0  0
Phase 180º 0º 180º 180º 0º 0º 0º 0º 0º 180º 180º
  
 
QuadraturePhase Shit Keying (QPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٨
 
E M-ary Modulation F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
0, π/2, F‫א‬‫א‬E 0º, 90º, 180º and 270º F‫א‬‫א‬
  E N = 2 F   ‫א‬‫א‬  E M = 4 F    ‫א‬‫א‬  KE π, 3π/2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEDistinct StatesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬00, 01, 10 and 11
‫א‬ ،‫א‬   E Information Capacity F ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 KEDibitF‫א‬‫א‬K٢٤ J٨‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 3  + sin  
A cos  2f ct   Dibit Dibit A cos  2f c t  
 4   4
10 11

- cos + cos

 5  Dibit  7 
A cos  2f ct   Dibit 01 A cos  2f ct  
 4  00  4 
- sin

 
 
 QPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٨F‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
    
s1 t   A cos  2f c t  , phase   45   Dibit 10
 4 4
 3 
s2 t   A cos  2f c t  , phase  3 / 4  135   Dibit 10
 4   
 5   
s3 t   A cos  2f c t  , phase  5 / 4  225   Dibit 00
 4   
 7 
s4 t   A cos  2f c t  , phase  7 / 4  315   Dibit 11  
 4 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EQPSKF‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
V1(t) cos2πfct

V1(t) cos2πfct
Carrier
Vo1(t)
+ Vo(t)= Vo1(t)+ Vo2(t)
PCM V(t) Serial to + 90º
Data Parallel Phase QPSK
Convertor Shift
+
Vo2(t)
-sin2πfct
V2(t)

-V2(t) sin2πfct
 
 
 QPSK‫א‬E٢٥ J٨F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EPCM DataF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬     K٢٦ J٨ ‫א‬      V2(t)  V1(t)
‫א‬KE -sin2πfct F90º‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ecos2πfctF‫א‬‫א‬
 KQPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬V2(t)V1(t)‫א‬
 
 KV(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V1(t)‫א‬ J 
 KV(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V2(t)‫א‬ J 
KEτF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 
،‫א‬ PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K?Dibit?،EM = 22 = 4FEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E 00, 01, 10 and 11F‫א‬‫א‬
 K90º‫א‬BPSK‫א‬‫א‬QPSK‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
V(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
t
τ

V1(t)

V2(t)

2τ
 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦ J٨F‫א‬
 
 
  ٧ J٨
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬V2(t)V1(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  V1(t)  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V2(t)
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
V(t)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
t
τ

V1(t)

V2(t)

2τ
 
 
٧ J٨E٢٧ J٨F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬QPSK
 
‫א‬‫א‬V1(t)،‫א‬‫؛‬E‫א‬FQPSK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vr1(t)‫א‬‫א‬
E 90ºF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  V2(t)
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vr2(t)‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    QPSK  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KEBW = R/2FBPSK

-١٥٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
Vr1(t)

V1(t) cos2πfct

Carrier Vd1(t)
Vr(t) Parallel to PCM
QPSK Serial
Signal Data
+ 90º Convertor
Phase
Shift Vd2(t)
-sin2πfct
V2(t)

Vr2(t)
 
 QPSK‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨ J٨F‫א‬
 
  ٨ J٨
 10 Mb/s   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ QPSK  ‫א‬ 
 W،50 MHz‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
BW = R/2 = ½ (10 Mb/s) = 5 MHz

  J

f, MHz
47.5 50 52.5
 
 E٢٩ J٨F‫א‬
-١٥٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8-PSKF8،2
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬8
 
MinimumShit Keying (MSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٨
 
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  MSK ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ PSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   MSK     
‫א‬? 0?‫א‬? 1?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  KE Modulation index, m = 0.5 F ‫א‬    ‫א‬ KE R F ‫א‬ 
 K٣٠ J٨‫א‬‫א‬MSK‫א‬
 
PCM Data

1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

time, ms

FSK
f0 f1

time

 
 
 MSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠ J٨F‫א‬
 
-١٥٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 1msE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KER = 1/1ms =1kb/s F‫א‬
 W?0??1?‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬500 Hz‫א‬f0 = 2000 Hzf1 = 2500 Hz
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EContinuous PhaseF
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MSK
 K‫א‬ESynchronizationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،FSK
 
Gaussian MinimumShit Keying (GMSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٨
 
‫א‬    MSK    GMSK ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ELPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EModulating SignalF‫א‬‫א‬PCM
‫א‬‫א‬ ٣١ J٨‫א‬KE Gaussian Frequency ResponseF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
x2

1 2 2
G ( x)  e (8-8)
2  2
 
 KEStandard DeviationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬σ،EVariableF‫א‬‫א‬x

-١٥٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
G(x)

  x
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣١ J٨F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬GMSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬EAmplitude VariationsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GMSK J 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ GMSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KGSM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WGMSK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ GLPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 VCOK٣٢ J٨‫א‬EVCOF‫א‬
 KEFrequency Modulator with m = 0.5F‫א‬‫א‬
 
Baseband Gaussian Voltage RF GMSK
LPF Controlled Amplifier
PCM Data Oscillator

 
 GLPFVCO‫א‬GMSKE٣٢ J٨F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
m‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.5
 
 EQuadrature ModulatorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣٣ J٨‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K90º‫א‬
 Km= 0.5‫א‬
 
Mixer

cos2πfct

Carrier
Input
Gaussian
PCM
Data
LPF

+ 90º
+ 90º + GMSK

Phase
Phase Shift
Shift
-sin2πfct

Mixer
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GMSKE٣٣ J٨F‫א‬
 
 Quadrature AmplitudeModulation ( QAM )‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٨
 
EAmplitudeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WM‫א‬‫א‬KP‫א‬‫א‬KA‫א‬‫א‬

M = K A × KP

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬N
 
N = Log2M = Log2 (KA × KP)

،، 8-Level QAM

 16-Level QAM
‫א‬K٣٣ J٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٦F‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KPSKASKQAM‫א‬،K
 
  Q
Q

I
I

 
QAM-8
QAM -16  

QAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤ J٨F‫א‬

 
‫א‬ ،E Binary SequenceF‫א‬‫א‬E AmplitudeF‫א‬E PhaseF‫א‬
 QAM‫א‬‫א‬KQAM-8 ٤ J٨‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

-١٥٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 ٤ J٨
Bit Sequence Amplitude  Phase
 0 0 0  0.5  0º
 0 0 0  1  0º
 0 1 0  0.5  90º
 0 1 1  1  90º
 1 0 0  0.5  180º
 1 0 1  1  180º
 1 1 0  0.5  270º
 1 1 1  1  270º
 
 
 WQAM
 
 ‫א‬E AnalogF J 
‫א‬‫א‬E ColorF‫א‬ NTSC PAL‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     AM Stereo ‫א‬   KQAM ‫א‬   ‫א‬
KQAM
 
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E Digital F  J 
 KEWiFi802.11،WiMAX،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  90º      QAM
  E cos2πfctF   
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،E sin(2πfct +90º )F ‫א‬
 KE٣٥ J٨‫א‬FQAM
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
PCM Y1(t) = Ak cos(2πfct)
Ak

cos(2πfct) Y(t)

PCM Y2(t) = Bk sin(2πfct)

Bk

sin(2πfct)
 
 QAM‫א‬E٣٥ J٨F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬      QAM   
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E ASK, FSK, PSKF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬
 K٣٦ J٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
Low-pass Ak
filter

2cos(2fct)
Y(t)
2sin(2fct)

Low-pass
filter Bk
 
 
 QAM‫א‬E٣٦ J٨F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 Information Capacity ‫א‬٨ J٨
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،   
‫א‬،EMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EM-ary ModulationF‫א‬
 KENF
Shannon-Hartley F JE CF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WETheorem
 
C  2 B Log 2 M (9-8)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B
 
  ٩ J٨
 W،10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬
  KEM = 2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEM = 4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KEM = 8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬
 
 W٩ J٨‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
C  2 B Log 2 M  2 10 k Log 2 2  20 kb / s

 W٩ J٨‫א‬‫א‬  J

 
C  2 B Log 2 M  2 10 k Log 2 4  40 kb / s

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 W٩ J٨‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
C  2 B Log 2 M  2 10 k Log 2 8  60 kb / s

W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 S
C  B Log 2  1   (10-8)
 N
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  S/N  
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 10-8
  
 W،4 kHz‫א‬‫א‬
 
  K20 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K30 dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬
 
 KE100.1× 20 dB = 102= 100 F‫א‬20 dB،١٠ J٨‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 S
C  B Log 2  1    4k Log 2 101
 N
 4k  3.32 Log10 101  26.6 kb / s
-١٦٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 KE100.1× 30 dB = 103= 1000 F‫א‬30 dB١٠ J٨‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 S
C  B Log 2  1    4k Log 2 1001
 N
 4k  3.32 Log10 1001  39.85 kb / s

-١٦٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 
 
‫؟‬Bandpass‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K0.4 rad،100kHz،5V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K-0.1rad،2000 rad/s،3V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
sin ( 2π104t + 0.25 )W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬PCM K٧
  
1 0 1 0 1 0 1

···
t, μs
2

4
  Period
 E٣٧ J٨F‫א‬
 W
 KR‫א‬ J
 KASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KASK‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ J
 
Ksin2π106t‫א‬‫א‬ASK‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٨
‫؟‬ASK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٩
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢

-١٦٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
PCM Data

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

time

ASK

time

FSK

time

BPSK

time

 E٣٨ J٨F‫א‬
 
K0101011000‫א‬‫א‬PCM K١٤
 
 K‫א‬FSK ‫א‬ J
f1 = 3 MHz, f0 = 2 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KER = 500 Kb/sF‫א‬EMHz,

-١٦٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
KBPSK‫א‬‫א‬EPCMF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K١٧
 KE ٢٢ J٨ ‫א‬ F DPSK ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K١٨
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
V1(t)  1  1  1  0  1  0  0  1  0  0
V2(t)                      
V(t)  1                    
Phase                  

KQPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩
K٢٤ J٨‫א‬QPSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠
10 ‫א‬2 Mb/s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬QPSK‫א‬ K٢١
 W،MHz
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ J
 
‫؟‬‫א‬MSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٢
‫؟‬‫א‬GMSK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٣
‫؟‬GMSK K٢٤
‫؟‬PSK‫א‬‫א‬QAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٦
‫؟‬QAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٧

W،10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٨

  KEM = 16F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KEM = 128F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
    ‫א‬   ،20 kHz  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K٢٩
 K25 dB‫א‬‫א‬

 

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