PLEDs

Abstract
Polymers are chemical substances that consist of large molecules that are,
themselves, made from many smaller and simpler molecules: proteins and DNA
are examples of naturally occurring polymers; many others, such as nylon, are
artificially created. Because of their flexibility and strength, polymers are used for
products such as car bumpers and bulletproof vests.

One of the major display technology developed is Organic Light Emitting Diodes
(OLED), a thin-film LED whose benefits include high flexibility and lack of
backlight requirements. But now perhaps the most exciting development in the
display industry in the last fifteen years has been the discovery and development of
polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs).

Polymer, chemical compound with high molecular weight consisting of a number

of structural units linked together by covalent bonds. Meaning "many parts," it is a
material constructed of smaller molecules of the same substance that form larger
molecules. For example, plastic is a synthetic polymer, while protein is a natural
polymer. The simple molecules that may become structural units are themselves
called monomers; two monomers combine to form a dimer, and three monomers, a
trimer. A structural unit is a group having two or more bonding sites.

In 1989, it was found in the Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge University that

'organic' LEDs could be made using conjugated polymers.In particular,
polyphenylene vinylene (PPV) was found to emit yellow-green light when
sandwiched between a pair of electrodes. The initial device efficiencies were very
low, but the researchers quickly realised the commercial potential of this
discovery, especially for the manufacture of displays which emit their own light.
These would offer significant advantages over the main display technology we still
use today (liquid crystal display or LCD), in which a separate light source has to be
filtered in several stages to produce the image we see.
 Smart Dust

Abstract
The current ultramodern technologies are focusing on automation and
miniaturization. The decreasing computing device size, increased connectivity and
enhanced interaction with the physical world have characterized computing's
history.

Recently, the popularity of small computing devices, such as hand held computers
and cell phones; rapidly flourishing internet group and the diminishing size and
cost of sensors and especially transistors have accelerated these strengths. The
emergence of small computing elements, with sporadic connectivity and increased
interaction with the environment, provides enriched opportunities to reshape
interactions between people and computers and spur ubiquitous computing
researches.

Smart dust is tiny electronic devices designed to capture mountains of information

about their surroundings while literally floating on air. Nowadays, sensors,
computers and communicators are shrinking down to ridiculously small sizes. If all
of these are packed into a single tiny device, it can open up new dimensions in the
field of communications.

The idea behind 'smart dust' is to pack sophisticated sensors, tiny computers and
wireless communicators in to a cubic-millimeter mote to form the basis of
integrated, massively distributed sensor networks. They will be light enough to
remain suspended in air for hours. As the motes drift on wind, they can monitor the
environment for light, sound, temperature, chemical composition and a wide range
of other information, and beam that data back to the base station, miles away.
 Cellular Digital Packet Data
Abstract
Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) systems offer what is currently one of the
most advanced means of wireless data transmission technology. Generally used as
a tool for business, CDPD holds promises for improving law enforcement
communications and operations.

As technologies improve, CDPD may represent a major step toward making our
nation a wireless information society. While CDPD technology is more complex
than most of us care to understand, its potential benefits are obvious even to
technological novices.

In this so-called age of information, no one need to be reminded of speed but also
accuracy in the storage, retrieval and transmission of data. The CDPD network is a
little one year old and already is proving to be a hot digital enhancement to the
existing phone network. CDPD transmits digital packet data at 19.2 Kbps, using
idle times between cellular voice calls on the cellular telephone network.

CDPD technology represent a way for law enforcement agencies to improve how
they manage their communications and information systems. For over a decade,
agencies around the world have been experimenting with placing Mobile Data
Terminals(MDT) in their vehicles to enhance officer safety and efficiency.

Early MDT's transmits their information using radio modems. In this case data
could be lost in transmission during bad weather or when mobile units are not
properly located in relation to transmission towers. More recently MDT's have
transmitted data using analog cellular telephone modems. This shift represented an
improvement in mobile data communications, but systems still had flaws which
limited their utility.
 Cellular Through Remote Control Switch

Abstract
Cellular through remote control switch implies control of devices at a
remote location via circuit interfaced to the remote telephone line/device
by dialing specific DTMF (dual tune multi frequency) digits from a local
telephone. This project Cellular through remote control switch has the
following features

1. It can control multiple load (on/off/status each load)

2. It provides you feedback when the circuit is in energized state and
also sends an acknowledgement indicating action with respect to the
switching on of each load and switching off of all loads (together).
It can selectively switch on any one or more loads one after the other
and switch off all loads simultaneously
 Artificial Eye
Abstract
The retina is a thin layer of neural tissue that lines the back wall inside the eye.
Some of these cells act to receive light, while others interpret the information and
send messages to the brain through the optic nerve. This is part of the process that
enables us to see.

In damaged or dysfunctional retina, the photoreceptors stop working, causing

blindness. By some estimates, there are more than 10 million people worldwide
affected by retinal diseases that lead to loss of vision.

The absence of effective therapeutic remedies for retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and
age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has motivated the development of
experimental strategies to restore some degree of visual function to affected
patients. Because the remaining retinal layers are anatomically spared, several
approaches have been designed to artificially activate this residual retina and
thereby the visual system.

At present, two general strategies have been pursued. The "Epiretinal" approach
involves a semiconductor-based device placed above the retina, close to or in
contact with the nerve fiber layer retinal ganglion cells. The information in this
approach must be captured by a camera system before transmitting data and energy
to the implant. The "Sub retinal" approach involves the electrical stimulation of the
inner retina from the sub retinal space by implantation of a semiconductor-based
micro photodiode array (MPA) into this location. The concept of the sub retinal
approach is that electrical charge generated by the MPA in response to a light
stimulus may be used to artificially alter the membrane potential of neurons in the
remaining retinal layers in a manner to produce formed images.

Some researchers have developed an implant system where a video camera

captures images, a chip processes the images, and an electrode array transmits the
images to the brain. It's called Cortical Implants.