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Lecture6 PDF
Lecture6 PDF
Design of ESP
DESIGN OF ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Introduction
An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a particle control device that uses electrical forces to move
the particles out of the flowing gas stream and onto collector plates. The particles are given an
electrical charge by forcing them to pass through a corona, a region in which gaseous ions flow
[1].
Qd ne d2P NeCt (2.6.2)
4
Field Charging:
Q f ne 0.19 10 9 rP2 E (2.6.3)
Where, n=Number of electronic charge; rp=Radius of particle; E=Average field intensity,
E=1.602*10-19
MIGRATION VELOCITY
The velocity of charged particle suspended in a gas under the influence of an electric
field is known as migration velocity. The particle migration velocity is the most important
parameter and is function of a large number of operation quantities such as- Electric field
strength, particle size, gas viscosity, properties of the dust [3].
Principal forces acting on particle are gravitational force, electric force, viscous force and
inertial force.
qEC
Vpm
3d (2.6.4)
Where, Vpm=Particle migration velocity towards the collector electrode; q=ne, value of n
depends upon types on charging (diffusion or field); C=Cunningham correction factor;
E=Collector electric field; =gas viscosity; and d=particle size (µm).
Table 2.6.1 Effective migration velocity (m/s) for various type of dusts.
Dust Migration Velocity (m/s)
Zinc Oxide 0.02-0.03
Sulfuric Acid 0.08-0.16
Metal Oxides 0.02-0.03
Calcium Carbonate 0.04-0.05
Smoke Fume pit coal furnace 0.02-0.11
Fly ash from lignite furnace 0.18-0.25
Blast furnace dust 0.05
Smelter dust 0.07-0.09
Blast furnace dust 0.05
F qPEc (2.6.9)
The migration of particle towards the collector is resisted by a drag force and the net force on
the particle is zero when it moves with a constant drift velocity (vpm)
CD d p2 gVpm
2
qP Ec
8C (2.6.10)
For small particle stokes law is applicable.
Hence
24g
CD
g d PV pm
(2.6.11)
Substitute CD in above equation it gives vpm
q P Ec C
V pm
3d P g
qP CAc Ecm
1 exp
3Q (2.6.12)
Where, qp=Particle charge; Ac=collector surface area; Ecm=electric field strength;
d=particle size; µ=gas viscosity
2
0.55d P
C Cunningham correction factor 1 1.257 0.4e
(2.6.13)
dP
For standard air, λ=0.066µm
For standard air, above equation becomes
5766q P CAc Ecm
1 exp
Qd (2.6.14)
Collection efficiency of different types of precipitators
Ψ=(Mp1-Mp2)/Mp1. (2.6.15)
Where, Mp1 and Mp2 being the mass of dust per unit volume of the gas stream at the
entrance and exit of the precipitator.
The volumetric flow rate Vg in a precipitator by the equation
d2
Vg c v
4 (2.6.16)
For a plate precipitators
Vg n a h v (2.6.17)
Where; h=Height of the plate which is equal to the height of the channels
The equation is related to gas velocity v and number n of the element for pipe
precipitators. If particles are of a solid, the collected particles are removed from electrode by
shaking it in a process known as rapping. If particles are of a liquid, after collecting on the
electrode the liquid then flows down the electrode by action of gravity and collects at the bottom.
The particle charging process is done by means of corona surrounding a highly charged
electrode, such as wire [4].
DUST RESISTIVITY
Dust resistivity is the most important dust property.
With high dust resistant a large voltage in the dust layer is observed accumulated by a
decreasing current.
Specific Dust Resistivity: is the resistivity of a layer of dust will a layer thickness of 1 cm
over a collection area of 1m2
The Specific dust resistivity is designed the symbol ρrs and measured in Ωcm
Ac Rm
rs
(2.6.18)
Where, Ac=collection area; Rm=mean electric resistivity; δ=dust layer thickness.
Table 2.6.1. Ranges for ESP design parameters
Parameter Range of values
Precipitation rate VP 1.0-10 m/min
Channel width, D 15-40 cm
Plate area 0.25-2.1m2/(m3/min)
Specific collection area
Gas flow rate
Gas velocity u 1.2-2.5 m/s
Duct length 0.5-1.5(Not less than 1 for >99%)
Aspect ratio R=
Height
Problem 2.6.1: A plate type ESP use in a cement plant for removing dust particles consist of 10
equal channels. The spacing between plates is 15 cm and the plates are 3 m high and 3 m long.
Unit handles 20,000 m3/h of gas.
a) What is the efficiency of collection plates?
b) What is the collection rate of particles having density 9.2 gm/m3?
c) What should be the length of the plate for achieving efficiency of 99% keeping other
parameter same?
Solution:
Vpm Ac
1 exp
Qg
Ac 2 n h l
q Qg
Given: Particle migration velocity (Vpm)=0.1 m/sec; Number of plates (n)=10; Height of plate
(h)=3 m; Length of plate (l)=3 m; Gas flow rate (Qg)=20000 m3/h=2.7778 m3/sec; Density of
particle (ρ)=9.2 g/m3.
Total area of collection plates (Ac)=2×10×3 m×3 m=180 m2.
0.1180
1 exp 0.9608
5.555
96.08%
The collection rate q 0.9608 5.555 9.2 49.1070 g / sec
Let us assume the length of plate is l m.
Therefore, the total collection area of plate (Ac ) becomes 40 l m2.
The length of plate can be obtained from following equation:
0.1 40 l
0.99 1 exp
5.555
l 95.9314m
a) The efficiency of collection plate is 96.08%.
b) The collection rate of particles having density is 49.1070g/sec.
c) Length of the plate for achieving efficiency of 99% keeping other parameter same is 95.93 m.
Problem 2.6.2: An ESP handles 107 ft3/min of gas. It uses 3.6 Amp current and has 28000 ft2
collection plate areas. At the present operating temperature, the dust resistivity is 3×1011 Ω-cm.
It has been suggested that the gas cooled to reduce the dust resistivity to 7×1010 Ω-cm assuming
that average dust thickness is 0.45 inch and that voltage difference between the charging walls
and outer surface of the dust layer is 30 kV must be maintained in both cases. Estimate the
reduction in power requirement that cooling the gas to get neglect the effect of gas temperature
on charging and drift velocity.
Solution:
I
V
A
P V I
Given: Gas flow rate (Qg)=107 ft3/min; Current (I)=3.6 A; Total area of collection plates
(Ac)=28000 ft2=26.01×106 cm2; Dust resistivity (1)=3×1011 Ω-cm; Dust resistivity (2)=7×1010
Ω-cm; Dust thickness (=0.45 inch=1.143 cm. Assuming that V1 is the voltage when dust
resistivity is 1 (kV) and voltage is V2 when dust resistivity is 2 (kV) and P is the power input
(kW)
For a dust resistivity of 3×1011 Ω-cm,
1 I 3 1011 1.143 3.6
V1 47.4602 kV
A 26.01 106
Total applied voltage is 30 kV+47.4602 kV=77.4602 kV
Therefore, the power input when dust resistivity is 1
P1 V1I 77.46023.6 278.856 kW
For a dust resistivity of 5×1010 Ω-cm,
2 I 7 1010 1.143 1.6
V2 11.074 kV
A 26.01106
Total applied voltage is 30 kV+11.07 kV=41.074 kV
The power input P2 V 2 I 41.074 3.6 147.886 kW
Therefore by cooling of gas, power input gets reduced to ΔP=P1- P2.
ΔP=278.856-147.886=130.97 kW.
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.wind.arch.tkougei.ac.jp/APECWW/Report/2009/INDIAb.pdf
[2] Liu, D. H. F., Liptak, B. G., Bous, P. A. “Environmental Engineering Handbook”, 2nd
edition, CRC Press, LLC, Florida, 1997.
[3] Theodore, L. ‘Electrostatic Precipitators’ in “Air Pollution Control Equipment
Calculations”, Wiley, 2008.
[4] Peavy, H. S., Rowe, D. R., Tchobanoglous, G. “Environmental Engineering”, McGraw-
Hill, 1985.