DESIGN OF MAT (RAFT) FOUNDATIONS

Design Steps and Equations

For an example on Design of Mat Foundations click here

3D View of Mat (Raft) Foundation

L1 L2
A B C

Pu1 Pu2 Pu3

ex
Column dimensions l i x bi
Pu B1

ey
B x
D E F
Pu4 Pu5 Pu6

B2

Pu7 Pu8 Pu9

G I
H
L
Top View of Mat (Raft) Foundation

1 of 6 Foundation Engineering 2
Design of Mat (Raft) Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
STEP 1 – CHECK SOIL PRESSURE FOR SELECTED DIMENTION

Allowable load P = !Pi

Ultimate load Piu = ! [1.4DLi + 1.7LLi]
Pu
Ultimate ratio ru = , Ultimate pressure qu = qa x ru
P

Locate the resultant load Pu

"Pu3 $ Pu9 # L2 % "Pu1 $ Pu7 # L1

In x- direction: !My-axis = 0, ex &
Pu

"Pu1 $ Pu3 # B1 % "Pu7 $ Pu9 # B2

In y- direction: !Mx-axis = 0, ey &
Pu

,P My x Mx y )
Applied ultimate pressure, qu,applied = * u - - '
*A Iy Ix '
+ (
Where A = Area = BL
Mx = Pu ey and My = Pu ex

Ix = ! B L Iy = ! L B
3 3
and

For the mat shown in Top View, the following sign convention
is used to estimate qu,applied

x (%) x (+)
A B C

y (+)

D E F
y (%)

G H I

2 of 6 Foundation Engineering 2
Design of Mat (Raft) Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 The following values for x and y along with the sign conventions are
used to estimate qu,applied

Point
A B C D E F G H I
x L1 0 L2 L1 0 L2 L1 0 L2
y B1 B1 B1 0 0 0 B2 B2 B2

For the dimensions L and B to be adequate,

qu,max . qu and qu,min / 0

STEP 2 – DRAW SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS (L - DIRECTION)

The mat is divided into several strips in L-direction as shown below where
B' = B/4.
y
L1 L2
A B C

B' I

J K
B1
B'
B
II x
D E F
B'
B2
L M

B' III

G I
H
L

3 of 6 Foundation Engineering 2
Design of Mat (Raft) Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Calculations for Strip ABC:
q uA $ quC
a) The average uniform soil reaction, quI =
2

b) Total soil reaction Q = quI x (B1 x L) where B1 = B'

c) Total Column loads Pu, ABC = Pu1 + Pu2 + Pu3

Q $ Pu, ABC
d) Average load Pu, avg(ABC) =
2

Pu, avg( ABC )

e) Load multiplying factor FABC =
Pu, ABC

f) The modified loads on this strip P'ui = (FABC) x (Pui)

, Pu, avg( ABC ) )

g) Modified Average soil pressure qu, modified = quI x * '
*+ Q '(

h) The pressure distribution along the length of the strip

qu, L (ABC) =
0 P' ui
L

Note that the same can be done for strips DEF (B2 = 2B') and GHI (B3 =
B') where:

q uD $ q uF
quII =
2
q uG $ q uI
quIII =
2

Steps (b) to (h) are repeated as above

The shear and bending moment diagrams for strip ABC is shown below.
Other strips will have similar plots.

4 of 6 Foundation Engineering 2
Design of Mat (Raft) Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 P'u1 P'u2 P'u3
L1 L2
B
A C

qu, L (ABC)

+
V(kN)
%

Top Steel between

Column 2 and 3
Top Steel between
Column 1 and 2

%
M(kN.m)
+
Bottom Steel
under Column 2

Moment drawn on tension side

5 of 6 Foundation Engineering 2
Design of Mat (Raft) Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 Similar plots should be made for strips in B-direction as shown below

A B C

I II III

D E F

G H I

STEP 3 – DEPTH OF CONCRETE, d'

Estimate d' for:

a) Column 1, 3, 7 and 9 by 2-way punching shear (p' = l + w).

b) Column 2, 4, 6 and 8 by 3-way punching shear (p' = 2l + w).
c) Column 5 by 4-way punching shear (p' = 2l + 2w).
(Use Equations For Punching Shear or approximate d' by Structural
Depth of Concrete table for punching shear failure).

Select the largest d' from (a), (b) or (c)

STEP 4 – REINFORCEMENT

The calculations below are repeated for every strip in L and B direction.
a) Select the appropriate moments for each strip (refer to moment
diagram) and estimate the moment per meter by Mui/m = Mu/Bi or Li
b) Using Mui/m, d', fc' and fy estimate the reinforcement As (refer to
Equations for Reinforcement or the percent reinforcement can be
obtained directly from Percent Steel Tables).

For an example on Design of Mat Footings click here

6 of 6 Foundation Engineering 2
Design of Mat (Raft) Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING 2
Mat Foundations (Design Equations)

Design Example
Design the mat foundation for the plan shown below. All column dimensions are 50
cm x 50 cm with the load schedule shown below. The allowable soil pressure is qall =
60 kPa. Use fc’ = 24 Mpa and fy = 275 MPa

4.25 m 8m 4.25 m
y

0.25 m
A M B N C
DL= 200 kN DL = 250 kN DL=250 kN
LL= 200 kN LL = 250 kN LL=200 kN
3.75 m

7m
M N

DL=800 kN DL=800 kN DL=650 kN

7m

D E F
LL= 700 kN LL= 700 kN LL=550 kN
0.44m

21.5 m
Pu 0.1 m
7m

O P x
7m

G DL=800 kN H DL=800 kN DL=650 kN I

LL= 700 kN LL= 700 kN LL=550 kN
7m

Q R
3.75 m

DL=200 kN DL = 250 kN DL=200 kN

LL= 200kN LL = 250 kN LL=150 kN
J O K P L

0.25 m 8m 8m 0.25 m

16.5 m

Plan of Mat Foundation with column loads and dimensions

1 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
STEP 1 – CHECK SOIL PRESSURE FOR SELECTED DIMENTION

Allowable load P = !Pi

Ultimate load Piu = ! [1.4DLi + 1.7LLi]
Pu
Ultimate ratio ru =
P

The table below shows the calculations for the loads:

Column DL, kN LL, kN P, kN Pu, kN

A 200 200 400 620
B 250 250 500 775
C 250 200 450 690
D 800 700 1500 2310
E 800 700 1500 2310
F 650 550 1200 1845
G 800 700 1500 2310
H 800 700 1500 2310
I 650 550 1200 1845
J 200 200 400 620
K 250 250 500 775
L 200 150 350 535
Total Loads = 11000 16945
ru = 1.54

Ultimate pressure qu = qa x ru = 60 x 1.54 = 92.4 kPa

Location of the resultant load Pu

In x- direction: !My-axis = 0,

"620 % 2310 % 2310 % 620# $ 8 & "690 % 1845 % 1845 % 535# $ 8

ex '
16945

= 0.44 m

In y- direction: !Mx-axis = 0,

ey '
"620 % 775 % 690#x10.5 % "2310 % 2310 % 1845#x3.5 - "2310 % 2310 % 1845#x3.5 & "620 % 775 % 535#x10.5
16945

= 0.1 m

2 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 -P My x Mx y *
Applied ultimate pressure, qu,applied = + u . . (
+A Iy Ix (
, )

Where A = Area = BL = (16.5) x (21.5) = 354.75 m2

Mx = Pu ey = (16945)(0.1) = 1694.5 kN.m

My = Pu ex = (16945)(0.44) = 7455.8 kN.m

1 3 1 3
Ix = BL = (16.5) (21.5) = 13665 m4
12 12

1 3 1 3
Iy = LB = (21.5) (16.5) = 8050 m4
12 12

Therefore,

- 16945 7455.8 x 1694.5 y *

qu,applied = + . . (
,+ 354.75 8050 13665 )(

"
= 47.76 . 0.93 x . 0.124 y #

Point x y Sign for x Sign for y qu,applied, kPa

A 8.25 10.75 + + 56.77
B 0 10.75 + + 49.09
C 8.25 10.75 & + 41.42
J 8.25 10.75 + & 54.10
K 0 10.75 + & 46.43
L 8.25 10.75 & & 38.75

For the dimensions L = 21.5 m and B = 16.5 m,

qu,max = 56.77 kPa < qu = 92.4 kPa

and

qu,min = 38.75 kPa > 0

Therefore, the dimensions are adequate.

3 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
STEP 2 – DRAW SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS (L - DIRECTION)

The mat is divided into several strips in L-direction (see figure on page 1).

The following strips are considered: AMOJ, MNPO and NCLP

The following calculations are performed for every strip:

q u, Edge 1 % qu edge 2
a) The average uniform soil reaction, qu =
2

Refer to table on page 3 for pressure values

Strip AMOJ: Edge 1 is point A and Edge 2 is point J

Strip MNPO: Edge 1 is point B and Edge 2 is point K

Strip NCLP: Edge 1 is point C and Edge 2 is point L

b) Total soil reaction Qi = qu x (Bi x L)

Strip AMOJ: B1 = 4.25 m
Strip MNPO: B2 = 8.00 m
Strip NCLP: B3 = 4.25 m
For all strips L = 21.5 m

c) Total Column loads Pu, total = !Pui

Q i % Pu,total
d) Average load Pu, avg =
2
Pu, avg
e) Load multiplying factor F =
Pu, total

f) The modified loads on this strip P'ui = (F) x (Pui)

- Pu, avg *
g) Modified Average soil pressure qu, modified = qu x + (
+, Q i ()

h) The pressure distribution along the length of the strip

qu, L =
/ P' ui
L

4 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
The following table presents the calculations for the selected strips:

qu, qu,avg Q, Total Pu, Pu, avg, qu, mod

Strip Bi, m Point F
kPa kPa kN kN kN kPa
A 56.77
AMOJ 4.25 55.44 5065.37 5860.00 5462.69 59.47 0.932
J 54.10
B 49.09
MNPO 8.00 47.76 8214.72 6170.00 7192.36 40.97 1.166
K 46.43
C 41.42
NCLP 4.25 40.09 3662.77 4915.00 4288.88 45.94 0.873
L 38.75

Based on table above, the adjusted column loads and the pressure under
each is strip are:

Strip Column DL, kN LL, kN P, kN Pu, kN P'u, kN qu,L, kN/m

AMOJ A 200 200 400 620 577.84 254.02
F=0.932 D 800 700 1500 2310 2152.92
G 800 700 1500 2310 2152.92
J 200 200 400 620 577.84
Total = 2000 1800 3800 5860 5461.52

MNPO B 250 250 500 775 903.65 334.61

F=1.166 E 800 700 1500 2310 2693.46
H 800 700 1500 2310 2693.46
K 250 250 500 775 903.65
Total = 2100 1900 4000 6170 7194.22

NCLP C 250 200 450 690 602.37 199.57

F=0.873 F 650 550 1200 1845 1610.685
I 650 550 1200 1845 1610.685
L 200 150 350 535 467.055
Total = 1750 1450 3200 4915 4290.795

Total Loads = 5850 5150 11000 16945

The shear and bending moment diagrams for the selected strip in L-
direction are shown below.

5 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 Strip AMOJ (B' = 4.25 m)

577.8 kN 2152.9 kN 2152.9 kN 577.8 kN

0.25 m 7m 7m 7m 0.25 m
A D G J

254.02 kN/m

1500
1265.4
1000 888.1

510.8
500
63.4
+ 0
V(kN) 0 5 10 15 20 -63.4
& -500 -510.8

-1000
-888 .1
-1265.4
-1500

Max. moment between columns

3000 Steel at the bottom
2660.5 2660.5
2500

2000

1500

1000
1106.3
500
+ 7.9 7.9
M(kN.m) 0
& 0 5 10 15 20
-500
-503.0 - 503.0
-1000 Max. moment under columns
Steel at the top

Moment drawn on compression side

6 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 Strip MNPO (B' = 8.0 m)

903.7 kN 2693.5 kN 2693.5 kN 903.7 kN

0.25 m 7m 7m 7m 0.25 m
B E H K

334.6 kN/m

2000

1500 1524.9
1169.8
1000 814.7

500
83.6
+ 0
V(kN)
0 5 10 15 20 -83.6
& -500
-814.7
-1000

-1500 -1169.8 -1524.9

-2000
Max. moment between columns
Steel at the bottom
3000
2496.2 2496.2
2500

2000

1500

1000

500
+ 10.5 449.1 10.5
M(kN.m) 0
& -500
0 5 10 15 20

-1000
-982.4 Max. moment under columns -982.4
-1500 Steelon
Moment drawn atcompression
the top side

Moment drawn on compression side

7 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 Strip NCLP (B' = 4.25 m)

602.4 kN 1610.7 kN 1610.7 kN 467.1 kN

0.25 m 7m 7m 7m 0.25 m
C F I L

199.6 kN/m

1000
845.0
632.6
500 420.4

+ 50.1
V(kN) 0
& 0 5 10 15 20 -49.7

-500
-554.4

-1000 -766.6 -978.8

-1500

1500
Max. moment between columns
1023.5 Steel at the bottom
1000
554.7
500
+ 6.3 6.3
M(kN.m) 0
& 0 5 10 15 20
-500
-446.6
-1000 -762.3

-1500 -1842.1
Max. moment under columns
Steel at the top
-2000

Moment drawn on compression side

8 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 STEP 3 – DEPTH OF CONCRETE, d'
The table below was prepared for the columns and d’ was estimated using
Structural Depth of Concrete table for punching shear failure (fc' = 24 MPa).

Column Punching p', m Pu, kN d', m

A&J 2 1.00 620 0.29
B&K 3 1.50 775 0.27
C 2 1.00 690 0.31
D&G 3 1.50 2310 0.62 Maximum
E&H 4 2.00 2310 0.54 Use d' = 0.65 m
F&I 3 1.50 1845 0.53
L 2 1.00 535 0.25

STEP 4 – REINFORCEMENT
L-direction Reinforcement: The table below is prepared by selecting the
appropriate moments for each strip and estimate the moment per meter
by Mui/m = Mu/Bi or Li . Using Mui/m, d' = 0.65, fc' = 24 MPa and fy = 275
MPa*, p (percent steel) and thus As can be estimated by Percent Steel
Tables.
+
Strip B', m Location Mu, kN.m Mu, kN.m/m p, % AS (cm2/m) Reinforcement
AMJO 4.25 0-5 m / top 503 118.4 0.11** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c
5-17 m / bottom 2660.5 626.0 0.62.. 40.3 030@20 cm c-c
17-21.5 m / top 503 118.4 0.11** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c

MNPO 8 0-5 m / top 982.4 122.8 0.11** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c

5-16.5 m / bottom 2496.2 312.0 0.30** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c
16.5-21.5 m / top 982.4 122.8 0.11** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c

MNPO 4.25 0-6 m / top 762.3 179.4 0.18** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c
6-9 m / bottom 1023.5 240.8 0.24** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c
9-13 m / top 446.6 105.1 0.10** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c
1314.5 m / bottom 554.7 130.5 0.12** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c
14.5-21.5 m / top 1842.1 433.4 0.43** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c
* For fc' = 24 MPa and fy = 275 MPa, p(min) = 0.51%, and p(max) = 2.99%
** p < p(min) so use p(min) = 0.51%
+ AS = p x d' x 1 = (p/100) x (65) x (100)

B-direction Reinforcement: The same can be done for the B-direction

moments (step 2) by considering (refer to page 1) strips: ACNM (B' = 3.75
m), MNPO (B' = 7 m), OPRQ (B' = 7m) and QRLJ (B' = 3.75 m).

9 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
STRUCTURAL DEPTH OF CONCRETE FOOTINGS, d' (m) BY PUNCHING SHEAR *

w w w
l l l

EDGE COLUMN EXTERIOR COLUMN INTERIOR COLUMN

2-Way Punch at d'/2 3-Way Punch at d'/2 4-Way Punch at d'/2
from sides of column from sides of column from sides of column

p' = l + w p' = 2l + w p' = 2l + 2w

f'c = 21 MPa
Ultimate Dimension p'
Load, Pu 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
300 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07
400 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10
500 0.26 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12
600 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14
700 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16
800 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.18
900 0.39 0.36 0.34 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21
1000 0.42 0.39 0.37 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23
1100 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.37 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.25
1200 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26
1300 0.50 0.47 0.44 0.42 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.28
1400 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.30
1500 0.55 0.52 0.49 0.46 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32
1600 0.58 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34
1700 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.36
1800 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37
1900 0.65 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.49 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.39
2000 0.67 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41
2100 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42
2200 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
2300 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.46
2400 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.47
2500 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49
2600 0.79 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.50
2700 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.52
2800 0.82 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.54
2900 0.84 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.57 0.55
3000 0.86 0.82 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.57
3100 0.88 0.84 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.68 0.65 0.63 0.60 0.58
3200 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.59
3300 0.91 0.87 0.84 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.68 0.66 0.63 0.61
3400 0.93 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.62
3500 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.64

* Neglecting ultimate soils pressure qu. Values of d' in the table are thus 10% - 30% greater than actual values.

1 of 4 Foundation Engineering 2 / Review

Depth of Concrete Footings by Punching Shear
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
STRUCTURAL DEPTH OF CONCRETE FOOTINGS, d' (m) BY PUNCHING SHEAR *

f'c = 24 MPa
Ultimate Dimension p'
Load, Pu 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
300 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07
400 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09
500 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11
600 0.28 0.26 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13
700 0.31 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15
800 0.34 0.32 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.17
900 0.37 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.19
1000 0.40 0.37 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.21
1100 0.43 0.40 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.23
1200 0.46 0.43 0.40 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25
1300 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.40 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.27
1400 0.51 0.47 0.44 0.42 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.30 0.29
1500 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.44 0.42 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.30
1600 0.55 0.52 0.49 0.46 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34 0.32
1700 0.58 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.34
1800 0.60 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.35
1900 0.62 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37
2000 0.64 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.39
2100 0.66 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.40
2200 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42
2300 0.70 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.49 0.47 0.45 0.43
2400 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.45
2500 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.46
2600 0.75 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48
2700 0.77 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.49
2800 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51
2900 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.52
3000 0.82 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.54
3100 0.84 0.80 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.57 0.55
3200 0.86 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.56
3300 0.87 0.84 0.80 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.58
3400 0.89 0.85 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.59
3500 0.91 0.87 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.68 0.65 0.63 0.61

* Neglecting ultimate soils pressure qu. Values of d' in the table are thus 10% - 30% greater than actual values.

2 of 4 Foundation Engineering 2 / Review

Depth of Concrete Footings by Punching Shear
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
STRUCTURAL DEPTH OF CONCRETE FOOTINGS, d' (m) BY PUNCHING SHEAR *

f'c = 28 MPa
Ultimate Dimension p'
Load, Pu 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
300 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06
400 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09
500 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10
600 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12
700 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14
800 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16
900 0.35 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18
1000 0.38 0.35 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20
1100 0.41 0.38 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22
1200 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.23
1300 0.46 0.43 0.40 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25
1400 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.27
1500 0.50 0.47 0.44 0.42 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.28
1600 0.53 0.49 0.46 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.31 0.30
1700 0.55 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32
1800 0.57 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.33
1900 0.59 0.55 0.52 0.49 0.47 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.35
2000 0.61 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.36
2100 0.63 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.38
2200 0.65 0.61 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.39
2300 0.67 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.44 0.42 0.41
2400 0.68 0.65 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42
2500 0.70 0.67 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.44
2600 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.45
2700 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.46
2800 0.75 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48
2900 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.58 0.56 0.53 0.51 0.49
3000 0.79 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.50
3100 0.80 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.52
3200 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.65 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.55 0.53
3300 0.83 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.54
3400 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.74 0.71 0.68 0.65 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.56
3500 0.86 0.83 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.57

* Neglecting ultimate soils pressure qu. Values of d' in the table are thus 10% - 30% greater than actual values.

3 of 4 Foundation Engineering 2 / Review

Depth of Concrete Footings by Punching Shear
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
STRUCTURAL DEPTH OF CONCRETE FOOTINGS, d' (m) BY PUNCHING SHEAR *

f'c = 35 MPa
Ultimate Dimension p'
Load, Pu 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
300 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06
400 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08
500 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09
600 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11
700 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13
800 0.30 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.15
900 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16
1000 0.35 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18
1100 0.38 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20
1200 0.40 0.37 0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.21
1300 0.42 0.39 0.37 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23
1400 0.45 0.42 0.39 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24
1500 0.47 0.44 0.41 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.27 0.26
1600 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.27
1700 0.51 0.48 0.45 0.42 0.40 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.30 0.29
1800 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32 0.30
1900 0.55 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.35 0.33 0.32
2000 0.57 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.33
2100 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.49 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.34
2200 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.36
2300 0.62 0.58 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41 0.39 0.37
2400 0.64 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.38
2500 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.43 0.42 0.40
2600 0.67 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.49 0.47 0.45 0.43 0.41
2700 0.69 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.51 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42
2800 0.70 0.67 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.45 0.44
2900 0.72 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.45
3000 0.73 0.70 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.46
3100 0.75 0.71 0.68 0.65 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.51 0.49 0.47
3200 0.76 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49
3300 0.78 0.74 0.71 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.50
3400 0.79 0.76 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.51
3500 0.81 0.77 0.74 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.52

* Neglecting ultimate soils pressure qu. Values of d' in the table are thus 10% - 30% greater than actual values.

2
p'  p'  2 Pu
− + −  +
2 2 8.87 f 'c
Equation (neglecting qu) : d' = (p' in m, Pu in kN, f'c in kPa)
2

4 of 4 Foundation Engineering 2 / Review

Depth of Concrete Footings by Punching Shear
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Depth Factors for bearing capacity equations
Values of dq (inside table)
Df/B 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
φ°
0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04
2 1.01 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.07
3 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.10 1.10
4 1.02 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.13 1.13
5 1.03 1.06 1.09 1.12 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.16
6 1.03 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19
7 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.15 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21
8 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.17 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23
9 1.05 1.09 1.14 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.25
10 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.19 1.19 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.26 1.27
11 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.27 1.28
12 1.05 1.11 1.16 1.21 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.28 1.30
13 1.06 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.31
14 1.06 1.11 1.17 1.23 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.32
15 1.06 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.23 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.31 1.33
16 1.06 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.24 1.26 1.29 1.30 1.32 1.33
17 1.06 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.31 1.33 1.34
18 1.06 1.12 1.19 1.25 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.31 1.33 1.34
19 1.06 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.25 1.27 1.30 1.32 1.33 1.35
20 1.06 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.25 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.35
21 1.06 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.25 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.35
22 1.06 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.25 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.35
23 1.06 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.25 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.35
24 1.06 1.13 1.19 1.25 1.25 1.27 1.30 1.32 1.33 1.35
25 1.06 1.12 1.19 1.25 1.24 1.27 1.30 1.31 1.33 1.34
26 1.06 1.12 1.18 1.25 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.31 1.33 1.34
27 1.06 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.24 1.27 1.29 1.31 1.32 1.34
28 1.06 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.33
29 1.06 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.23 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.31 1.33
30 1.06 1.12 1.17 1.23 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.29 1.31 1.32
31 1.06 1.11 1.17 1.23 1.22 1.25 1.27 1.29 1.30 1.31
32 1.06 1.11 1.17 1.22 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.29 1.31
33 1.05 1.11 1.16 1.22 1.21 1.24 1.26 1.27 1.29 1.30
34 1.05 1.10 1.16 1.21 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.28 1.29
35 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.27 1.28
36 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.19 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.27
37 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.19 1.19 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26
38 1.05 1.09 1.14 1.18 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.25 1.26
39 1.04 1.09 1.13 1.18 1.17 1.19 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.25
40 1.04 1.09 1.13 1.17 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.22 1.23 1.24
41 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23
42 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22
43 1.04 1.08 1.11 1.15 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21
44 1.04 1.07 1.11 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20
45 1.03 1.07 1.10 1.14 1.13 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19
dc 1.08 1.16 1.24 1.32 1.31 1.35 1.38 1.40 1.43 1.44
Prepared by Dr. Adnan Basma
STRUCTURAL DEPTH OF CONCRETE FOOTINGS, d' (m)

PUNCHING SHEAR

Punching shear failure occurs at a distance d'/2 from the sides of the column

EXTERIOR COLUMN INTERIOR COLUMN

b 3-Way Punch at d'/2 b 4-Way Punch at d'/2
from sides of column from sides of column
l l

For equilibrium,
!F = 0 , Pu " Vc " Fs = 0

where: Pu = Ultimate load on column

Vc = maximum shear force = Ac #c

For interior column Ac = 2( ! +d’)d’ + 2(b + d’)d'
For exterior column Ac = 2( ! +d’/2)d’ + (b + d’)d'
# c = 8.87 fc ' (SI units) with fc’ and #c are in kN/m2

Fs = Soil pressure under failed portion = ASoil qu

For interior column ASoil = ( ! +d’)(b + d’)
For exterior column ASoil = ( ! +d’/2)(b + d’)

Substitute in this equation and solve for d'. In many cases the effect of Fs is small
and thus it is neglected and d' is estimated from Pu = Vc . For this solution refer to
Structural Depth of Concrete for Punching Shear table for punching shear failure.

1 of 2 Foundation Engineering
Equations for Concrete Depth of Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
WIDE BEAM FAILURE (Uniform footing width B)

For wide beam shear, failure is assumed at a distance d' from the side of the column.

d'
l
B b

Lw
Wide beam failure
at d' from column

For equilibrium

!F = 0 , Fs - Vc = 0

where Fs = qua . Lw.1

Vc = #c . d’ . 1

# c = 4.56 fc ' (SI units) with fc’ and #c are in kN/m2

L " ! " 2d'

Thus qua $ # c d' , re-arranging term and solving
2

(L " ! )qua
d’ =
2(# c % qua )

The value of d' is that by punching shear or wide beam whichever governs (larger
value).

2 of 2 Foundation Engineering
Equations for Concrete Depth of Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
ESTIMATION OF REINFORCEMENT FOR CONCRETE DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
To resist tension in concrete we need reinforcements in such a way that

& a#
Mu ) ( A S fy $ d' ' !
% 2"

where (*)*0.9*for moment

As = total area of steel required (m2 /meter)
fy = yield strength of reinforcing bars (kN/m2)
fc’ = 28-days ultimate compressive strength of concrete (kN/m2)
d’ = footing thickness (m)
A s fy
a= indicates As / unit length (1m)
0.85 fc ' + 1

As
Percent steel p = pmin , p , pmax
d' +1

1400
where pmin ) or 0.002 (0.2% )
fy

fc ' 600 + 103

and pmax . 0.5 + fc’ and fy in kN/m2
fy ( fy - 600 + 103 )

As
Using the estimated value of AS, calculate number of bars / m = n =
Ab
/db
2

where Ab = Area of bar with diameter db where db =

4

100 cm
Spacing of bars, s =
n'1
This gives the spacing of the bars per m (100 cm) and is repeated for
every meter of the footing (L and B - direction)

Alternatively, the steel required can be obtained from Reinforcement Tables.

1 of 1 Foundation Engineering 2 / Review

Equations for Reinforcement of Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Footing Depth by Punching Shear

Example 3a
Determine the depth of the footing d' by punching shear for the following conditions:
Loads: DL = 1110 kN, LL = 1022 kN
Materials: fc'= 21 MPa, fy = 415 MPa
Column: 45 cm ! 45 cm (at center of footing)
Soil: Ultimate soil pressure qu = 365 kPa

SOLUTION:
Allowable load P = DL + LL = 1110 + 1022 = 2132 kN
Ultimate load Pu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL = 1.4!1110 + 1.7!1022 = 3291.4 kN

Footing Depth, d' by Punching Shear (4-way punch)

l = 0.45m, b = 0.45 m and 3

vc = 8.87 21x 10 = 1287.4 kPa

Pu = Vc + Fs

Vc = vc!Ac
Ac = 2!(0.45+d')d’ + 2!(0.45+d')d’ = 4!(0.45+d')d’ = (1.8 + 4d')d’
therefore, Vc = 1287.4!(1.8 + 4d')d’

Fs = qu!As with
As = (0.45 + d')!(0.45 + d') = (0.45 + d')2
Fs = 365!(0.45 + d')2

Equating to Pu we get : 3291.4 = 1287.4!(1.8 + 4d')d’ + 365!(0.45 + d')2

Solving we find d' = 0.571m or 57.1 cm

Using Structural Depth of Concrete table for punching shear failure with Pu =
3291.4 kN, p' = 2(0.45)+2(0.45) = 1.8 m and fc' = 21 MPa we get d' = 0.75 m.
This value however is determined after neglecting qu and is about 30% greater
than the actual value. Thus if one is to calculate the actual value it will be
0.75/1.3 = 0.576 or 57.6 cm which compares well with the calculated value

1 of 1 Foundation Engineering
Punching Shear / Example
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Reinforcement

Example 3b
Determine the reinforcement for the following footing conditions:
Footing: L = 4.1 m and B = 2.2m, d' = 0.65m
Loads: DL = 1110 kN, LL = 1022 kN
Materials: fc'= 21 MPa, fy = 415 MPa
Column: 45 cm ! 45 cm (at center of footing)
Soil: Ultimate soil pressure qu = 365 kPa

SOLUTION:
Allowable load P = DL + LL = 1110 + 1022 = 2132 kN
Ultimate load Pu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL = 1.4!1110 + 1.7!1022 = 3291.4 kN

Ultimate moments in L and B directions

2
' 4.1 - 0.45 $
365.0 % "
& 2 #
Mu (L) = = 608.8 kN.m/m
2

2
' 2.2 - 0.45 $
365.0 % "
& 2 #
Mu (B) = = 139.9 kN.m/m
2

The moment in L-direction governs thus use Mu = 608.8 kN.m/m for steel
calculations in both directions

(415x 103 ) A s
a= = 23.24 A s
[0.85x(21x 103 )x1]

Substituting in ultimate moment versus steel area equation we get

- 23.24 A s *
0.9 (415x103 ) A s + 0.650 - ( = 608.8
, 2 )

Re-arranging the terms, the final result becomes

2
A s - 0.057 A s + 0.000143 = 0

1 of 2 Foundation Engineering
Reinforcement / Example
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Solving we get As = 0.0026 m2/m or 26 cm2/m. This value gives a percent steel

21x 103 600x 103

pmax = 0.5x x = 0.015 or 1.5%
415x 103 (415x 103 + 600x 103 )

1400
pmin = = 0.0033 or 0.002 whichever is larger
415x 103

0.0026
p= = 0.004 or 0.4%
0.650x1

Since the calculated percent area of steel is between pmin and pmax then use As =
26 cm2/m.

Using Reinforcement Tables with Mu = 608.8 kN.m/m, d' = 0.65m fc'= 21 MPa and

fy = 415 MPa the following are obtained

p(min) = 0.34 % p(max) = 1.50% and p = 0.4%

These values compare well with calculated values. Note that As is calculated by:

0. 4
AS = p x d' x 1 = ! 0.65 ! 1 = 0.0026 m2/m or 26 cm2/m.
100

The following are possible bas sizes and spacing that can be used (note that the
provided As must be equal to or greater than 26 cm2/m). These were obtained
from page 10 of Reinforcement Tables.

Alternative 1: .22@16.7cm c-c (provide As = 26.61 cm2/m)

Alternative 2: .24@20.0cm c-c (provide As = 27.14 cm2/m)

Alternative 3: .26@25.0cm c-c (provide As = 26.55 cm2/m)

The most ideal choice is alternative 3 (Alternative 2 will also work).

2 of 2 Advanced Foundation Engineering

Reinforcement / Example
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Reinforcement

Example #5 (Reinforcement)
Determine the reinforcement for the following footing conditions:
Footing: L = 4.1 m and B = 2.2m, d' = 0.65m
Loads: DL = 1110 kN, LL = 1022 kN
Materials: fc'= 21 MPa, fy = 415 MPa
Column: 45 cm ! 45 cm (at center of footing)
Soil: Ultimate soil pressure qu = 365 kPa

SOLUTION:
Allowable load P = DL + LL = 1110 + 1022 = 2132 kN
Ultimate load Pu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL = 1.4!1110 + 1.7!1022 = 3291.4 kN

Ultimate moments in L and B directions

2
' 4.1 - 0.45 $
365.0 % "
& 2 #
Mu (L) = = 608.8 kN.m/m
2

2
' 2.2 - 0.45 $
365.0 % "
& 2 #
Mu (B) = = 139.9 kN.m/m
2

The moment in L-direction governs thus use Mu = 608.8 kN.m/m for steel
calculations in both directions

(415x 103 ) A s
a= = 23.24 A s
[0.85x(21x 103 )x1]

Substituting in ultimate moment versus steel area equation we get

- 23.24 A s *
0.9 (415x103 ) A s + 0.650 - ( = 608.8
, 2 )

Re-arranging the terms, the final result becomes

2
A s - 0.057 A s + 0.000143 = 0

1 of 2 Foundation Engineering 2 / Review

Example 5 - Reinforcement
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Solving we get As = 0.0026 m2/m or 26 cm2/m. This value gives a percent steel

21x 103 600x 103

pmax = 0.5x x = 0.015 or 1.5%
415x 103 (415x 103 + 600x 103 )

1400
pmin = = 0.0033 or 0.002 whichever is larger
415x 103

0.0026
p= = 0.004 or 0.4%
0.650x1

Since the calculated percent area of steel is between pmin and pmax then use As =
26 cm2/m.

Using Reinforcement Tables with Mu = 608.8 kN.m/m, d' = 0.65m fc'= 21 MPa and

fy = 415 MPa the following are obtained

p(min) = 0.34 % p(max) = 1.50% and p = 0.4%

These values compare well with calculated values. Note that As is calculated by:

0. 4
AS = p x d' x 1 = ! 0.65 ! 1 = 0.0026 m2/m or 26 cm2/m.
100

The following are possible bas sizes and spacing that can be used (note that the
provided As must be equal to or greater than 26 cm2/m). These were obtained
from page 10 of Reinforcement Tables.

Alternative 1: .22@16.7cm c-c (provide As = 26.61 cm2/m)

Alternative 2: .24@20.0cm c-c (provide As = 27.14 cm2/m)

Alternative 3: .26@25.0cm c-c (provide As = 26.55 cm2/m)

The most ideal choice is alternative 3 (Alternative 2 will also work).

2 of 2 Foundation Engineering 2 / Review

Example 5 - Reinforcement
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
DESIGN OF MAT (RAFT) FOUNDATIONS
Design Steps and Equations
For an example on Design of Mat Foundations click here

3D View of Mat (Raft) Foundation

L1 L2
A B C

Pu1 Pu2 Pu3

ex
Column dimensions l i x bi
Pu B1

ey
B x
D E F
Pu4 Pu5 Pu6

B2

Pu7 Pu8 Pu9

G I
H
L
Top View of Mat (Raft) Foundation

1 of 6 Foundation Engineering 2
Design of Mat (Raft) Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
STEP 1 – CHECK SOIL PRESSURE FOR SELECTED DIMENTION

Allowable load P = !Pi

Ultimate load Piu = ! [1.4DLi + 1.7LLi]
Pu
Ultimate ratio ru = , Ultimate pressure qu = qa x ru
P

Locate the resultant load Pu

"Pu3 $ Pu9 # L2 % "Pu1 $ Pu7 # L1

In x- direction: !My-axis = 0, ex &
Pu

"Pu1 $ Pu3 # B1 % "Pu7 $ Pu9 # B2

In y- direction: !Mx-axis = 0, ey &
Pu

,P My x Mx y )
Applied ultimate pressure, qu,applied = * u - - '
*A Iy Ix '
+ (
Where A = Area = BL
Mx = Pu ey and My = Pu ex

Ix = ! B L Iy = ! L B
3 3
and

For the mat shown in Top View, the following sign convention
is used to estimate qu,applied

x (%) x (+)
A B C

y (+)

D E F
y (%)

G H I

2 of 6 Foundation Engineering 2
Design of Mat (Raft) Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 The following values for x and y along with the sign conventions are
used to estimate qu,applied

Point
A B C D E F G H I
x L1 0 L2 L1 0 L2 L1 0 L2
y B1 B1 B1 0 0 0 B2 B2 B2

For the dimensions L and B to be adequate,

qu,max . qu and qu,min / 0

STEP 2 – DRAW SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS (L - DIRECTION)

The mat is divided into several strips in L-direction as shown below where
B' = B/4.
y
L1 L2
A B C

B' I

J K
B1
B'
B
II x
D E F
B'
B2
L M

B' III

G I
H
L

3 of 6 Foundation Engineering 2
Design of Mat (Raft) Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Calculations for Strip ABC:
q uA $ quC
a) The average uniform soil reaction, quI =
2

b) Total soil reaction Q = quI x (B1 x L) where B1 = B'

c) Total Column loads Pu, ABC = Pu1 + Pu2 + Pu3

Q $ Pu, ABC
d) Average load Pu, avg(ABC) =
2

Pu, avg( ABC )

e) Load multiplying factor FABC =
Pu, ABC

f) The modified loads on this strip P'ui = (FABC) x (Pui)

, Pu, avg( ABC ) )

g) Modified Average soil pressure qu, modified = quI x * '
*+ Q '(

h) The pressure distribution along the length of the strip

qu, L (ABC) =
0 P' ui
L

Note that the same can be done for strips DEF (B2 = 2B') and GHI (B3 =
B') where:

q uD $ q uF
quII =
2
q uG $ q uI
quIII =
2

Steps (b) to (h) are repeated as above

The shear and bending moment diagrams for strip ABC is shown below.
Other strips will have similar plots.

4 of 6 Foundation Engineering 2
Design of Mat (Raft) Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 P'u1 P'u2 P'u3
L1 L2
B
A C

qu, L (ABC)

+
V(kN)
%

Top Steel between

Column 2 and 3
Top Steel between
Column 1 and 2

%
M(kN.m)
+
Bottom Steel
under Column 2

Moment drawn on tension side

5 of 6 Foundation Engineering 2
Design of Mat (Raft) Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 Similar plots should be made for strips in B-direction as shown below

A B C

I II III

D E F

G H I

STEP 3 – DEPTH OF CONCRETE, d'

Estimate d' for:

a) Column 1, 3, 7 and 9 by 2-way punching shear (p' = l + w).

b) Column 2, 4, 6 and 8 by 3-way punching shear (p' = 2l + w).
c) Column 5 by 4-way punching shear (p' = 2l + 2w).
(Use Equations For Punching Shear or approximate d' by Structural
Depth of Concrete table for punching shear failure).

Select the largest d' from (a), (b) or (c)

STEP 4 – REINFORCEMENT

The calculations below are repeated for every strip in L and B direction.
a) Select the appropriate moments for each strip (refer to moment
diagram) and estimate the moment per meter by Mui/m = Mu/Bi or Li
b) Using Mui/m, d', fc' and fy estimate the reinforcement As (refer to
Equations for Reinforcement or the percent reinforcement can be
obtained directly from Percent Steel Tables).

For an example on Design of Mat Footings click here

6 of 6 Foundation Engineering 2
Design of Mat (Raft) Footings
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING 2
Mat Foundations (Design Equations)

Design Example
Design the mat foundation for the plan shown below. All column dimensions are 50
cm x 50 cm with the load schedule shown below. The allowable soil pressure is qall =
60 kPa. Use fc’ = 24 Mpa and fy = 275 MPa

4.25 m 8m 4.25 m
y

0.25 m
A M B N C
DL= 200 kN DL = 250 kN DL=250 kN
LL= 200 kN LL = 250 kN LL=200 kN
3.75 m

7m
M N

DL=800 kN DL=800 kN DL=650 kN

7m

D E F
LL= 700 kN LL= 700 kN LL=550 kN
0.44m

21.5 m
Pu 0.1 m
7m

O P x
7m

G DL=800 kN H DL=800 kN DL=650 kN I

LL= 700 kN LL= 700 kN LL=550 kN
7m

Q R
3.75 m

DL=200 kN DL = 250 kN DL=200 kN

LL= 200kN LL = 250 kN LL=150 kN
J O K P L

0.25 m 8m 8m 0.25 m

16.5 m

Plan of Mat Foundation with column loads and dimensions

1 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
STEP 1 – CHECK SOIL PRESSURE FOR SELECTED DIMENTION

Allowable load P = !Pi

Ultimate load Piu = ! [1.4DLi + 1.7LLi]
Pu
Ultimate ratio ru =
P

The table below shows the calculations for the loads:

Column DL, kN LL, kN P, kN Pu, kN

A 200 200 400 620
B 250 250 500 775
C 250 200 450 690
D 800 700 1500 2310
E 800 700 1500 2310
F 650 550 1200 1845
G 800 700 1500 2310
H 800 700 1500 2310
I 650 550 1200 1845
J 200 200 400 620
K 250 250 500 775
L 200 150 350 535
Total Loads = 11000 16945
ru = 1.54

Ultimate pressure qu = qa x ru = 60 x 1.54 = 92.4 kPa

Location of the resultant load Pu

In x- direction: !My-axis = 0,

"620 % 2310 % 2310 % 620# $ 8 & "690 % 1845 % 1845 % 535# $ 8

ex '
16945

= 0.44 m

In y- direction: !Mx-axis = 0,

ey '
"620 % 775 % 690#x10.5 % "2310 % 2310 % 1845#x3.5 - "2310 % 2310 % 1845#x3.5 & "620 % 775 % 535#x10.5
16945

= 0.1 m

2 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 -P My x Mx y *
Applied ultimate pressure, qu,applied = + u . . (
+A Iy Ix (
, )

Where A = Area = BL = (16.5) x (21.5) = 354.75 m2

Mx = Pu ey = (16945)(0.1) = 1694.5 kN.m

My = Pu ex = (16945)(0.44) = 7455.8 kN.m

1 3 1 3
Ix = BL = (16.5) (21.5) = 13665 m4
12 12

1 3 1 3
Iy = LB = (21.5) (16.5) = 8050 m4
12 12

Therefore,

- 16945 7455.8 x 1694.5 y *

qu,applied = + . . (
,+ 354.75 8050 13665 )(

"
= 47.76 . 0.93 x . 0.124 y #

Point x y Sign for x Sign for y qu,applied, kPa

A 8.25 10.75 + + 56.77
B 0 10.75 + + 49.09
C 8.25 10.75 & + 41.42
J 8.25 10.75 + & 54.10
K 0 10.75 + & 46.43
L 8.25 10.75 & & 38.75

For the dimensions L = 21.5 m and B = 16.5 m,

qu,max = 56.77 kPa < qu = 92.4 kPa

and

qu,min = 38.75 kPa > 0

Therefore, the dimensions are adequate.

3 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
STEP 2 – DRAW SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS (L - DIRECTION)

The mat is divided into several strips in L-direction (see figure on page 1).

The following strips are considered: AMOJ, MNPO and NCLP

The following calculations are performed for every strip:

q u, Edge 1 % qu edge 2
a) The average uniform soil reaction, qu =
2

Refer to table on page 3 for pressure values

Strip AMOJ: Edge 1 is point A and Edge 2 is point J

Strip MNPO: Edge 1 is point B and Edge 2 is point K

Strip NCLP: Edge 1 is point C and Edge 2 is point L

b) Total soil reaction Qi = qu x (Bi x L)

Strip AMOJ: B1 = 4.25 m
Strip MNPO: B2 = 8.00 m
Strip NCLP: B3 = 4.25 m
For all strips L = 21.5 m

c) Total Column loads Pu, total = !Pui

Q i % Pu,total
d) Average load Pu, avg =
2
Pu, avg
e) Load multiplying factor F =
Pu, total

f) The modified loads on this strip P'ui = (F) x (Pui)

- Pu, avg *
g) Modified Average soil pressure qu, modified = qu x + (
+, Q i ()

h) The pressure distribution along the length of the strip

qu, L =
/ P' ui
L

4 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
The following table presents the calculations for the selected strips:

qu, qu,avg Q, Total Pu, Pu, avg, qu, mod

Strip Bi, m Point F
kPa kPa kN kN kN kPa
A 56.77
AMOJ 4.25 55.44 5065.37 5860.00 5462.69 59.47 0.932
J 54.10
B 49.09
MNPO 8.00 47.76 8214.72 6170.00 7192.36 40.97 1.166
K 46.43
C 41.42
NCLP 4.25 40.09 3662.77 4915.00 4288.88 45.94 0.873
L 38.75

Based on table above, the adjusted column loads and the pressure under
each is strip are:

Strip Column DL, kN LL, kN P, kN Pu, kN P'u, kN qu,L, kN/m

AMOJ A 200 200 400 620 577.84 254.02
F=0.932 D 800 700 1500 2310 2152.92
G 800 700 1500 2310 2152.92
J 200 200 400 620 577.84
Total = 2000 1800 3800 5860 5461.52

MNPO B 250 250 500 775 903.65 334.61

F=1.166 E 800 700 1500 2310 2693.46
H 800 700 1500 2310 2693.46
K 250 250 500 775 903.65
Total = 2100 1900 4000 6170 7194.22

NCLP C 250 200 450 690 602.37 199.57

F=0.873 F 650 550 1200 1845 1610.685
I 650 550 1200 1845 1610.685
L 200 150 350 535 467.055
Total = 1750 1450 3200 4915 4290.795

Total Loads = 5850 5150 11000 16945

The shear and bending moment diagrams for the selected strip in L-
direction are shown below.

5 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 Strip AMOJ (B' = 4.25 m)

577.8 kN 2152.9 kN 2152.9 kN 577.8 kN

0.25 m 7m 7m 7m 0.25 m
A D G J

254.02 kN/m

1500
1265.4
1000 888.1

510.8
500
63.4
+ 0
V(kN) 0 5 10 15 20 -63.4
& -500 -510.8

-1000
-888 .1
-1265.4
-1500

Max. moment between columns

3000 Steel at the bottom
2660.5 2660.5
2500

2000

1500

1000
1106.3
500
+ 7.9 7.9
M(kN.m) 0
& 0 5 10 15 20
-500
-503.0 - 503.0
-1000 Max. moment under columns
Steel at the top

Moment drawn on compression side

6 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 Strip MNPO (B' = 8.0 m)

903.7 kN 2693.5 kN 2693.5 kN 903.7 kN

0.25 m 7m 7m 7m 0.25 m
B E H K

334.6 kN/m

2000

1500 1524.9
1169.8
1000 814.7

500
83.6
+ 0
V(kN)
0 5 10 15 20 -83.6
& -500
-814.7
-1000

-1500 -1169.8 -1524.9

-2000
Max. moment between columns
Steel at the bottom
3000
2496.2 2496.2
2500

2000

1500

1000

500
+ 10.5 449.1 10.5
M(kN.m) 0
& -500
0 5 10 15 20

-1000
-982.4 Max. moment under columns -982.4
-1500 Steelon
Moment drawn atcompression
the top side

Moment drawn on compression side

7 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 Strip NCLP (B' = 4.25 m)

602.4 kN 1610.7 kN 1610.7 kN 467.1 kN

0.25 m 7m 7m 7m 0.25 m
C F I L

199.6 kN/m

1000
845.0
632.6
500 420.4

+ 50.1
V(kN) 0
& 0 5 10 15 20 -49.7

-500
-554.4

-1000 -766.6 -978.8

-1500

1500
Max. moment between columns
1023.5 Steel at the bottom
1000
554.7
500
+ 6.3 6.3
M(kN.m) 0
& 0 5 10 15 20
-500
-446.6
-1000 -762.3

-1500 -1842.1
Max. moment under columns
Steel at the top
-2000

Moment drawn on compression side

8 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 STEP 3 – DEPTH OF CONCRETE, d'
The table below was prepared for the columns and d’ was estimated using
Structural Depth of Concrete table for punching shear failure (fc' = 24 MPa).

Column Punching p', m Pu, kN d', m

A&J 2 1.00 620 0.29
B&K 3 1.50 775 0.27
C 2 1.00 690 0.31
D&G 3 1.50 2310 0.62 Maximum
E&H 4 2.00 2310 0.54 Use d' = 0.65 m
F&I 3 1.50 1845 0.53
L 2 1.00 535 0.25

STEP 4 – REINFORCEMENT
L-direction Reinforcement: The table below is prepared by selecting the
appropriate moments for each strip and estimate the moment per meter
by Mui/m = Mu/Bi or Li . Using Mui/m, d' = 0.65, fc' = 24 MPa and fy = 275
MPa*, p (percent steel) and thus As can be estimated by Percent Steel
Tables.
+
Strip B', m Location Mu, kN.m Mu, kN.m/m p, % AS (cm2/m) Reinforcement
AMJO 4.25 0-5 m / top 503 118.4 0.11** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c
5-17 m / bottom 2660.5 626.0 0.62.. 40.3 030@20 cm c-c
17-21.5 m / top 503 118.4 0.11** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c

MNPO 8 0-5 m / top 982.4 122.8 0.11** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c

5-16.5 m / bottom 2496.2 312.0 0.30** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c
16.5-21.5 m / top 982.4 122.8 0.11** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c

MNPO 4.25 0-6 m / top 762.3 179.4 0.18** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c
6-9 m / bottom 1023.5 240.8 0.24** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c
9-13 m / top 446.6 105.1 0.10** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c
1314.5 m / bottom 554.7 130.5 0.12** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c
14.5-21.5 m / top 1842.1 433.4 0.43** 33.2 030@25 cm c-c
* For fc' = 24 MPa and fy = 275 MPa, p(min) = 0.51%, and p(max) = 2.99%
** p < p(min) so use p(min) = 0.51%
+ AS = p x d' x 1 = (p/100) x (65) x (100)

B-direction Reinforcement: The same can be done for the B-direction

moments (step 2) by considering (refer to page 1) strips: ACNM (B' = 3.75
m), MNPO (B' = 7 m), OPRQ (B' = 7m) and QRLJ (B' = 3.75 m).

9 of 9 Foundation Engineering 2
Example on Design of Mat Foundations
Dr. Adnan A. Basma