Written according to the syllabus of JEE (Main) and NEET-UG

Prof. Umakant N. Kondapure Prof. Mrs. Jyoti D. Deshpande

M.Sc., B.Ed., Solapur (M.Sc., D.H.E.
Ex-H.O.D., R. Jhunjhunwala College)

Salient Features:
9 Exhaustive coverage of MCQs subtopic wise
9 ‘3670’ MCQs including questions from
various competitive exams
9 2013 JEE (Main) and NEET-UG questions included
9 Precise theory for every topic
9 Neat, Labelled and authentic diagrams
9 Hints provided wherever relevant
9 Additional information relevant to the concepts
9 Simple and lucid language
9 Self evaluative in nature

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email : mail@targetpublications.org
©
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First Edition : September 2013

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 PREFACE

Physics is one of the oldest academic discipline & its roots lie in man’s fascination with the dynamics of the
universe. Physics focuses on the study of nature, matter, it’s motion, & related concepts such as energy, force,
time & space.
Physics not only adds great value towards a progressive society but also contributes immensely towards other
sciences like Chemistry and Biology. Interdisciplinary research in the above mentioned fields has led to
monumental contributions towards the progress in technology. E.g. the study of electromagnetism led to the
development of television, computers, appliances etc.
Target’s “Physics Vol. II” has been compiled according to the notified syllabus for JEE (Main) and NEET-
UG, which in turn has been framed after reviewing various state syllabi as well as the ones prepared by CBSE,
NCERT and COBSE.
Target’s “Physics Vol. II” comprises of a comprehensive coverage of theoretical concepts & multiple choice
questions. In the development of each chapter we have ensured the inclusion of shortcuts & unique points
represented as a ‘note’ for the benefit of students.
The flow of content & MCQ’s has been planned keeping in mind the weightage given to a topic as per the JEE
(Main) and NEET-UG exam.
MCQ’s in each chapter are a mix of questions based on theory & numerical & their level of difficulty is at par
with that of various competitive examinations like CBSE, AIIMS, CPMT, PMT, JIPMER, IIT, AIEEE, & the
likes.
This edition of “Physics Vol. II” has been conceptualized with a complete focus on the kind of assistance
students would require to answer tricky questions, which would give them an edge required to score in this
highly competitive exam.
Lastly, we are grateful to the publishers of this book for their persistent efforts, commitment to quality & their
unending support to bring out this book, without which it would have been difficult for us to partner with
students on this journey towards their success.

All the best to all Aspirants!

Yours faithfully
Authors
 Contents
No. Topic Name Page No.
1 Electrostatics 1

2 Current Electricity 108

3 Magnetic Effect of Electric Current 173

4 Magnetism 234

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating

5 292
Current

6 Electromagnetic Waves 362

7 Ray Optics 387

8 Wave Optics 463

9 Interference of Light 480

10 Diffraction and Polarisation of Light 508

11 Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation 539

12 Atoms and Nuclei 575

13 Electronic Devices 642

14 Communication Systems 720

02 Current Electricity
Syllabus For JEE (Main) AND NEET-UG
2.1 Electric current and flow of electric charges in
a metallic conductor

2.2 Drift velocity and mobility and their relation with

electric current

2.3 Ohm’s Law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics

2.4 Electrical resistivity and **conductivity

2.5 Electrical energy and power

2.6 Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors

2.7 Series and parallel combinations of resistors

2.8 Temperature dependence of resistance

2.9 Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and e.m.f of a cell

2.10 Combination of cells in series and parallel

2.11 Kirchhoff’s law and its applications

2.12 Wheatstone bridge

2.13 Metre bridge

2.14 Potentiometer

** marked section is only for NEET-UG

108
 TARGET Publications
2.1 Electric current and flow of electric charges
in a metallic conductor
• Electric current:
i. The time rate of flow of charges
through any conductor is called
as electric current.
ii. The electric current which is
independent of time is called
steady electric current.
iii. Formula:
q etc.
I=
t
ne
I=
t order of 104 m/s. The net flow of
Where,
I = electric current
q = charge
n = number of electrons
e = charge on each electron
t = time
iv. Unit:
ampere (A) in SI system and stat
ampere in CGS system.
v. Dimensions: [M0 L0 T0 A1]
vi. Electric current is a scalar
quantity.
vii. A current flowing through any
cross-section of a conductor per
unit time is independent of the
area of cross-section.
viii. Electric current is due to the flow
of:
a. electrons in conductors.
b. electrons and holes in
semiconductors.
c. coherent pairs of electrons
in superconductors.
d. positive and negative ions in
an electrolyte.
e. positive ions and electrons
in gases.
ix. Electric current is of two types:
a. Alternating current (ac): It
is the current whose
magnitude as well as
direction varies with time.
Current Electricity
Physics (Vol. II)
b. Direct current (dc): It is the
current whose magnitude
varies with time while the
direction remains unchanged
(constant).
• Flow of electric charges in a metallic
conductor:
i. In a metallic conductor, free
electrons (having negative charge)
act as the electric charge carriers.
Eg.: Silver, copper, aluminium
ii. The free electrons in a conductor
are always in a state of random
motion with a velocity of the
an electric charge in a conductor
without application of a potential
difference is zero.
iii. The application of electric
potential difference (or electric
field) gives the flow of electric
charges i.e., electric current
through the conductor.
iv. The electric current flows from
higher potential to lower potential.
v. The direction of electric current is
conventionally opposite to the
direction of flow of electrons.
vi. The net charge in current-carrying
conductor is zero.
• Cells of different e.m.f’s and internal
resistances connected in series:
i. Cells connected in ‘assisting’ mode:
E1 E2
A I B
r1 r2
a. The anode of one cell is connected
with the cathode of other cell with
different e.m.f and internal
resistance.
b. Equivalent e.m.f of the
combination, Es = E1 + E2
c. Equivalent internal resistance of
combination,
rs = r1 + r2
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 Physics (Vol. II) TARGET Publications

d. Total potential difference between iv. Dimensions : [M0 L1 T–1]

A and B is, v. Direction: The direction of drift
V = (E1 + E2) – I (r1 + r2) velocity for electrons in a
E1 + E 2 conductor is opposite to that of the
e. Main current, I = applied electric field (i.e. current
R + (r1 + r2 )
→
density J ).
ii. Cells connected in ‘opposing’ mode:
vi. Drift velocity is directly
E1 E2 proportional to applied electric
A I B
field i.e., vd ∝ E.
vii. When a steady current flows
r1 r2 through a conductor of non-
a. In this mode, the anodes of the two cells uniform cross-section, then drift
and the cathodes of two cells with velocity varies inversely with area
different e.m.f’s and internal resistances ⎛ 1⎞
of cross-section ⎜ v d ∝ ⎟
are connected with each other . ⎝ A⎠
b. When E1 > E2, equivalent e.m.f of the
combination, v d2
Es = E1 – E2 vd1 i A 1 < A2
c. Equivalent internal resistance of so v d1 > v d2
combination, i
rs = r1 + r2 A1 A2
d. Total potential difference between A
and B, V = (E1 – E2) – I (r1 + r2) viii. Drift velocity of electron in a
e. Main current, metallic conductor is of order of
E1 − E 2 10–4 m/s.
I=
R + (r1 + r2 ) • Mobility of electron:
2.2 Drift velocity and mobility and their i. The drift velocity acquired by the
relation with electric current free electrons per unit strength of
the electric field applied across
• Drift velocity: the conductor is called as mobility
i. The average velocity with which of (free) electrons in a conductor.
electrons get drifted towards the OR
positive end of the conductor Drift velocity acquired per unit
under the influence of an external electric field is called mobility of
applied electric field is called drift electron.
velocity. ii. Formula:
ii. Formula: v
µ= d
eE E
vd = τ
m eτ
where, µ=
m
vd = drift velocity
e = charge of an electron where,
m = mass of an electron µ = mobility of electrons
E = magnitude of applied electric vd = drift velocity of electrons
field E = applied electric field
τ = relaxation time (the interval of (magnitude)
time between two successive
e = charge of an electron
collisions of an electron with the
positive ion). m = mass of an electron
iii. Unit: m/s in SI system and cm/s in τ = relaxation time
CGS system iii. Units: m2 s–1 V–1 in SI system.
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 TARGET Publications Physics (Vol. II)
• Relation of drift velocity and mobility ii. Mathematically,
with current: V∝I
i. The relation between drift velocity ∴ V = IR
and current is given by, where,
I R = constant of proportionality and is
vd =
neA known as electrical resistance of a
where, conductor.
vd = drift velocity of electrons
• Electrical resistance:
I = electric current
i. The property of a conductor by
n = number of electrons inside a
virtue of which it opposes the flow
conductor
of current through it is known as
e = charge on each electron
electrical resistance.
A = area of cross-section of a
OR
conductor
The ratio of potential difference
ii. Also,
applied (V) across the ends of
J σE E V conductor to the current (I)
vd = = = =
ne ne ρne ρlne flowing through it is called
where, electrical resistance.
J = current density ii. Formula:
σ = conductivity V
R=
ρ = specific resistance I
V = potential difference applied where,
across conductor V = potential difference across
l = length of a conductor the conductor
iii. The relation between mobility and R = electrical resistance of the
current is given by, conductor
I I = current through the
µ=
neAE conductor
where, iii. Unit: volt/ampere (V/A) or ohm
µ = mobility of electrons (Ω) in SI system and stat ohm in
E = electric field inside the CGS system
conductor iv. Dimensions: [M1 L2 T–3 A–2]
v. Resistance of a conductor changes
2.3 Ohm’s Law, electrical resistance, with temperature.
V-I characteristics
R∝T
• Ohm’s law: vi. Resistance of a conductor is
directly proportional to its length.
i. The current (I) flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional to the R∝l
potential difference (V) across the ends vii. Resistance of a conductor is
of the conductor, provided that the inversely proportional to its area
physical conditions of the conductor of cross-section.
(length, temperature, mechanical strain 1
R∝
etc.) are kept constant. A
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 Physics (Vol. II) TARGET Publications

viii. Volume of the conductor (or iii. Ohm’s law is valid only for
wire) remains unaffected by the metallic conductors. So they are
stretching of conductor, i.e., called ohmic substances.
iv. The V-I curves are non-linear for
A1l1 = A2l2 and resistance changes
the substances not obeying Ohm’s
from R1 (before stretching) to R2 law (non-ohmic substances).
(after stretching) Ex: Gases, crystal, rectifiers,
where, transistors etc.
A1, A2 = Areas of cross section of Crystal
I
a conductor before and after rectifier
stretching.
l1, l2 = lengths of conductor before
and after stretching. θ φ
ix. Ratio of resistances before and V
Fig. a
after stretching of a conductor is,
R1 l A I(mA)
= 1 × 2
R2 l2 A1
x. The reciprocal of resistance is
V V
called conductance (G). Its unit is
( )
mho Ω −1 or siemen (S).

I(µA)
• V-I characteristics:
i. The voltage-current characteristics Fig. b
I(mA)
(V-I curves) are linear for the
substances obeying Ohm’s law
(ohmic substances).
Ex: Metallic conductors
V

V
Fig. c
θ 2.4 Electrical resistivity and conductivity
I
• Electrical resistivity (specific
V
Slope of the line = tan θ = =R resistance):
I i. The resistance offered by a
ii. The V-I curves are different at conductor of unit length and unit
area of cross-section is called the
different temperatures.
electrical resistivity or specific
resistance of the material of the
V
T1 conductor.
1 ii. Formula:
2 T2 V ml l
a. R= = 2 =ρ
I ne τA A
θ1 θ2
A
I ∴ ρ=R
Here tan θ1 > tan θ2 l
So R1 > R2 m
b. ρ= 2
i.e. T1 > T2 ne τ
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Current Electricity
 TARGET Publications Physics (Vol. II)
iii. Unit: ohm-m in SI system, where, n and e are density of
stat ohm-cm in CGS system. electrons and charge on electron
iv. Dimensions: [ML3 T–3 A–2] respectively.
v. The resistivity is the intrinsic xii. Relation between drift velocity
property of the material of a (ν0) and resistivity (ρ),
conductor. It is independent of the E V
ρ= =
shape and size of the conductor. nevd nelvd
vi. The resistivity of the conductor where, l is length of conductor
depends upon the nature of the and V is potential difference
material. applied across it.
1
ρ∝ • Conductivity:
n
i. The reciprocal of resistivity of the
where, n is the volume density of
material of a conductor is called
electrons. (n depends on nature of
its conductivity.
material)
ii. Formula:
ρinsulator > ρalloy > ρsemi-conductor >
1
ρconductor σ=
ρ
vii. The resistivity of the conductor
iii. Unit: ohm–1 m–1 or mho m–1 or
depends upon average relaxation
Sm–1 in SI system and stat ohm–1
time (τ).
cm–1 or mho cm–1 or Scm–1 in
1 CGS system.
ρ∝
τ iv. Dimensions: [M–1 L–3 T3 A2]
viii. The resistivity of the conductor v. The relation between current
depends upon the temperature. density (J) and conductivity (σ),
For metals, resistivity increases
J
with temperature. σ=
E
ρT = ρ0 (1 + α ∆T) where, E is electric field applied
where, to the conductor.
ρT = resistivity at temperature T°C vi. Relation between mobility (µ) and
ρ0 = resistivity at temperature 0°C conductivity (σ),
α = coefficient of temperature σ = neµ
∆T = change in temperature vii. Relation between drift velocity
ix. The resistivity increases with and conductivity (σ),
impurity and mechanical stress. ν
σ = ne d
x. Relation between current density E
(J) and resistivity (ρ), viii. Materials are subdivided into
E conductors (metals), semi-
ρ= conductors and insulators
J
according to their conductivity.
where, E is applied electric field.
ix. Metals (conductors) are good
xi. Relation between electron
conductors, insulators are bad
mobility (µ) and resistivity (ρ),
conductors while conductivity of
1 semi-conductor lies in between
ρ=
neµ that of conductors and insulators.
113
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 Physics (Vol. II) TARGET Publications

Name of the Resistivity in Name of the Resistivity in

substance ohm metre substance ohm metre
A. Conductors C. Insulators
−8
silver 1.47 × 10 amber 5 × 1014
copper 1.72 × 10−8 glass 1010 − 1014
aluminium 2.63 × 10−8 lucite > 1013
−8
metals tungsten 5.51 × 10 mica 1011 − 1015
iron 10 × 108 quartz (fused) 75 × 1016
platinum 11 × 10−8 sulphur 1015
mercury 98 × 10−8 teflon > 1013
manganin 44 × 10−8 Wood 108 − 10
11

alloys constantan 49 × 10−8 Hard rubber 1013 − 1016

nichrome 100 × 10−8

B. Semiconductors
carbon 3.5 × 10−5
pure germanium 0.60
silicon 2300
2.5 Electrical energy and power V2
ii. Formula: P = VI = I2R =
• Electrical energy: R
i. The total work done (or energy iii. Unit: watt (W) in SI system or
supplied) by the source of an e.m.f
erg/s in CGS system.
in maintaining the electric current
in the circuit for the given time is iv. Dimensions: [M1 L2 T–3]
called electric energy consumed v. 1 KW = 103 W and 1MW = 106 W
in the circuit.
ii. Formula: W = Vq = VIt vi. Power-voltage rating:
where, a. The power-voltage rating of
W = electric energy an electrical appliance is
V = (applied) potential difference the electrical energy
q = total charge flowing in time t.
consumed per second by the
I = electric current.
iii. Unit: joule (J) in SI system and appliance when connected
erg in CGS system. across the marked voltage
iv. Dimensions: [M1 L2 T–2] of the mains.
v. Direction: work done by the b. It determines the resistance
source is equal to voltage (P.D.)
of the device and the current
from lower potential to higher
potential. it will draw (at constant
voltage).
• Electric power:
i. The rate at which work is done by P
Current drawn, I =
the source of e.m.f in maintaining V
the electric current in a circuit is
called electric power of the V2
Resistance =
circuit. P
114
Current Electricity
 TARGET Publications
vii. At the same voltage, the total
power consumed by the electrical
devices connected in parallel is,
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + ….
In a series combination of
resistances, the potential
difference and power consumed
will be more for the resistance
having the greatest value. Thus,
P ∝ R and P ∝ V.
viii. At the same voltage, the total
power consumed by the electrical
devices connected in series is,
1 1 1 1
= + + + …..
P P1 P2 P3
In parallel combination of
resistances, the current and power
consumed will be more in the
resistance having the smallest
value. Thus,
1 1
P∝ and I ∝
R R
• Practical units of electric energy in
terms of power:
i. The total amount of electric
energy consumed by an electric
circuit depends upon its electrical
power and time for which the
power is used.
W = Pt
ii. The SI unit of electric energy is
joule but it also can be represented
by the unit watt hour (Frequently).
iii. The energy dissipated or
consumed in an electric circuit is
called one watt hour if a device of
electric power of one watt is used
for one hour,
1 watt hour = 1 watt × 1 hour
iv. The energy dissipated or
consumed is called one kilowatt
hour if a device of electric power
of one kilowatt is used for one
hour.
1 kilowatt hour = 1 kilowatt
× 1 hour
3 –1
∴ 1kWh = (10 ) Js × (60 × 60)s
∴ 1kWh = 3.6 × 106 J
Current Electricity
Physics (Vol. II)
2.6 Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon
resistors
• Carbon resistors:
i. The resistor made from carbon
with a suitable binding material
moulded into a cylinder is known
as a carbon resistor.
ii. The resistor is encased in a plastic
jacket or a ceramic jacket.
iii. It is connected to the circuit by
means of two leads (wires).
iv. Various carbon resistors used in
the circuits have very high
resistances (over a wide range).
•
Colour code for carbon resistors:
i. The values of (resistance of)
carbon resistors are marked on
them according to a colour code.
ii. These codes are printed on the
jacket of resistors in the form of a
set of rings (strips or bands) of
different colours.
iii. Colour code i.e. colours of bands
are different for different resistors.
iv. The carbon resistor has four
coloured rings (or bands) as
shown in the figure.
A B C D
In the above figure,
a. Colour bands A and B:
Indicate the first two
significant figures of the
resistance in ohm.
b. Colour band C:
Indicates the decimal
multiplier i.e. the number of
zeros that follow the two
significant figures A and B.
c. Colour band D:
Indicates the percentage
accuracy (tolerance in
percent) of the indicated
value.
d. Carbon resistor having only
three bands (fourth band:
No colour) indicates a
tolerance of 20% .
115
 Physics (Vol. II) TARGET Publications

Table 1: Colour Code for carbon resistor ii. The current in the circuit is
independent of the relative
Colour Letter as Figure Multiplier positions of various resistors
an aid to (A, B) (C) connected in series.
memory
iii. The voltage across any resistor is
Black B 0 100
directly proportional to the
Brown B 1 101 resistance of that resistor.
Red R 2 102
i.e. V ∝ R.
Orange O 3 103
Yellow Y 4 104 iv. The equivalent resistance (Rs) for
series combination is given by,
Green G 5 105
(including internal resistance of
Blue B 6 106
cell if any)
Violet V 7 107
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + …. + Rn
Grey G 8 108
v. The equivalent (series) resistance
White W 9 109
is greater than the maximum value
Gold 10–1
of the resistance in the
Silver 10–2 combination.
Table 2: Tolerance in percent for carbon vi. For n identical resistances
resistor connected in series,
Rs = nR and
Colour Tolerance
Gold 5% V
V′ =
Silver 10% n
No colour 20% where,
ix. The colour code scheme can be V′ = potential difference across
memorized by the sentence each resistance (R)
(where bold letters stand for V = applied potential difference
colours)
B B ROY Great Britain Very • Parallel combination of resistors:
Good Wife wearing Gold Silver i. The number of resistors are said
necklace. to be connected in parallel if
OR potential difference across each of
Black Brown Rods Of Your Gate them is the same and is equal to
Became Very Good When Given the applied potential difference.
Silver colour. i1
i2 R1
2.7 Series and parallel combinations of
i3 R2
resistors
I R3
• Series combination of resistors:
i. The number of resistors are said
V
to be connected in series, if the
same current is flowing through ii. Current through each resistor is
each resistor when some potential inversely proportional to the
difference is applied across the resistance of that resistor.
combination. 1
i.e. I ∝
R1 R2 R3 R
iii. Total current through a parallel
V1 V2 V3
combination is the sum of the
I individual currents through the
various resistors.
+ – I = I1 + I2 + I3 + …. + In
V
116
Current Electricity
 TARGET Publications Physics (Vol. II)
iv. The reciprocal of the equivalent v. The temperature-coefficient of
resistance (Rp) for parallel resistance is defined as the
combination is given by, increase in resistance per unit
1 1 1 1 1 original resistance per degree rise
= + + + ….+
Rp R1 R2 R3 Rn of temperature.
v. The equivalent resistance (Rp) of a vi. The unit of α is K–1 or °C–1
parallel combination is less than
the least resistance connected in vii. For metals: The value of α is
the circuit. positive. The resistance of a metal
vi. Current through any resistor increases with increase in
(branch current) I′ is given by, temperature. The filament of
⎛ Resistanceof opposite branch ⎞ electric bulb (tungsten) and
I′ = I ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Totalresistance ⎠ element of heating devices
vii. For n identical resistances (nichrome) have high resistivities
connected in parallel combination, and high melting points.
R I
Rp = and I′ = viii. For insulators and
n n
semiconductors: The value of α is
where,
negative. The resistance decreases
I′ = current through each
resistance (R) with rise in temperature.
I = Total current or main current ix. For alloys: The value of α is very
in the circuit small as compared to that for
2.8 Temperature dependence of resistance metals. The resistance boxes
(manganin, constantan, eureka)
• Temperature dependence of and fuse wire (tin lead) have
resistance: moderate or high resistivities and
i. Effect of temperature on
low melting points.
resistance of a material depends
on the nature of the material. x. For thermistor: The value of α is
ii. For metallic conductors, very high (may be positive or
resistance is given by, negative). The resistance of
m l thermistors change very rapidly
R= 2 . with change in temperature.
ne τ A
Oxides of various metals (nickel,
iii. As the temperature increases, the
copper, cobalt, iron etc.) are used
relaxation time (τ) decreases and
to prepare heat-sensitive resistors.
the resistance increases in the
metallic conductor i.e., xi. For superconductors: At very low
1 temperatures, certain metals
T∝ ∝R [mercury (4.2 k), niobium (9.2 k)]
τ or alloys [plutonium, cobalt and
iv. Resistance RT for a metallic gallium (below 18.5 k)] lose their
conductor at temperature T°C (not resistances completely i.e., R = 0.
sufficiently large) is given by,
RT = R0 (1 + α T) 2.9 Internal resistance of a cell, potential
R − R0 difference and e.m.f of a cell
∴ α= T
R 0T • Internal resistance:
where, i. The resistance offered by the
α = temperature-coefficient of electrolyte and electrodes of a cell
resistance when the electric current flows
R0 = resistance of the conductor at through it is called as the internal
temperature (T) = 0 °C. resistance of cell.
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 Physics (Vol. II) TARGET Publications

⎛E ⎞ iii. Units: volt (V) in SI system and

ii. Formula: r = ⎜ − 1⎟ R
⎝V ⎠ stat-volt in CGS system.
where, iv. The potential difference across the
r = internal resistance of a cell internal resistance of the cell falls
E = e.m.f of a cell (or drops) due to the flow of
V = potential difference
current through it (V= Ir).
R = resistance in circuit
iii. Unit: ohm in SI system and v. In a closed circuit, the terminal
stat ohm in CGS system. potential difference is less than
iv. Dimensions: [M1 L2T–3 A–2] e.m.f of the cell. (V < E),
v. The internal resistance of a cell
depends on: E
I=
a. the distance (d) between R+r
electrodes, R
r∝d
b. The area (A) of electrodes, V = IR
i
1
r∝
A
c. the nature of the material of
E, r
electrodes.
d. the concentration (C) of vi. In an open circuit, V = E, I = O
electrolytes, R
r∝C
C D A B
e. the temperature (T) of
electrolyte,
1
r∝
T E, r
vi. The value of internal resistance is
vii. In short circuit condition, V = O,
very low for freshly prepared cells
and it increases with the use of the E
Isc =
cell. r
vii. If the internal resistance of a cell
is zero, then the cell is known as R=0
an ideal cell.
• Potential difference:
i. The potential difference between E, r
the two poles of a cell in a closed
circuit (when current is drawn viii. During the charging of a cell,
from the cell) is called the current is given to the cell thus,
potential difference or terminal E = V – Ir and E < V.
voltage.
ii. Formula: ix. Power dissipated in the external
V = IR resistance (load),
ER 2
V= ⎛ E ⎞
P = VI = I ⋅ R = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅R
2
R+r
where, ⎝R+r⎠
V = terminal potential difference x. Power delivered will be maximum if
E = e.m.f of a cell R = r.
R = external resistance (in circuit)
r = internal resistance of a cell E2
∴ Pmax =
I = electric current in the circuit 4r
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 TARGET Publications Physics (Vol. II)
• Electromotive force (e.m.f) of a cell: ii. Equivalent e.m.f of the series
i. The potential difference between combination, Es = nE
the two terminals (poles) of a cell iii. Equivalent internal resistance,
in an open circuit (when no rs = nr
current is drawn from the cell) is iv. Main current = Current from each
called electromotive force (e.m.f) nE
of the cell. cell = I =
R + nr
OR
When R << nr,
The energy supplied by the cell to
drive a unit charge round the nE E
Imin = = = the current due
complete circuit is known as nr r
electromotive force (e.m.f) of the to single cell.
cell. When R >> nr,
ii. Formula: E = V + Ir nE
where, Imax = = n times the current
R
E = electromotive force (e.m.f) due to a single cell.
V = potential difference
v. Potential difference across
I = electric current
external resistance V = IR.
r = internal resistance of a cell
iii. Unit: volt (V) or JC–1 in SI system vi. Potential difference across each
and stat-volt in CGS system. V
cell V′ =
iv. Dimensions: [M1 L2 T–3 A–1] n
v. Electromotive force is the work vii. Power dissipated in the external
done per unit charge to drive the ⎛ nE ⎞
2

carriers of electricity. circuit = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅R

⎝ R + nr ⎠
2.10 Combination of cells in series and parallel viii. Condition for maximum power,
• Combination of cells in series and ⎛ E2 ⎞
R = nr and Pmax = n ⎜ ⎟
parallel: ⎝ 4r ⎠
i. The maximum current in the
ix. The series combination of cells is
circuit can be obtained by
used when R >> nr to obtain
combining (grouping) the number
maximum current.
of cells.
ii. The group of cells is known as a • Parallel combination of cells:
battery. i. In parallel combination of cells,
iii. There are three ways for the all anodes are connected at one
combination of cells: point and all cathode are
a. series combination of cells connected together at other point.
b. parallel combination of cells (see fig.)
c. mixed combination of cells E, r
• Series combination of cells:
E, r
i. In series combination of cells, the
anode of one cell is connected to E, r
the cathode of other cell and
I
so-on. (see fig.)
R
E EE E
n identical cells connected in
parallel combination
I
ii. Equivalent e.m.f of parallel
combination, Ep = E
R
iii. Equivalent internal resistance,
n identical cells in series rp = r/n
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 Physics (Vol. II) TARGET Publications

E vii. Potential difference across each

iv. Main current I =
R+r/n V
cell, V' =
When R >> r/n, n
E I
Imin = = the current due to a viii. Current from each cell, I' =
R n
single cell
When R << r/n, ix. Condition for maximum power,
E E nr E2
Imax = =n = n times the R = and Pmax = (mn)
r/n r m 4r
current due to a single cell x. The mixed combination of cells is
v. Potential difference across used when R = r to obtain
external resistance = p.d. across
maximum current.
each cell = V = IR
I 2.11 Kirchhoff’s law and its applications
vi. Current from each cell, I′ =
n
vii. Power dissipated in the circuit, • Kirchhoff’s law:
2
⎛ E ⎞ To study complicated electrical circuits,
P= ⎜ ⎟ ⋅R
⎝ R + r / n ⎠ we have two laws given by Kirchoff:
viii. Condition for maximum power is i. Junction rule or Kirchhoff’s first
⎛ E2 ⎞ law or Kirchhoff’s current law.
R = r/n and Pmax = n ⎜ ⎟ ii. Loop rule or Kirchhoff’s second
⎝ 4r ⎠
law or Kirchhoff’s voltage law.
ix. The parallel combination of cells
Kirchhoff’s first law or Kirchhoff’s
is used when R << nr to obtain
current law (KCL):
maximum current.
i. The algebraic sum of the currents
• Mixed combination of cells: meeting at a junction (point) in an
i. In mixed combination of cells, n electrical circuit is always zero.
identical cells are connected in a OR
row (i.e. in series) and such m
The sum of currents flowing
rows are connected in parallel.
towards the junction is equal to
E, r E, r E, r sum of currents leaving the
1 n junction.
1 2
2
I ΣI = 0 I1
m I4
V
I2 I3
R
I1 + I3 = I2 + I4
ii. Total number of cells = mn
iii. Equivalent e.m.f of the ii. It is the statement of conservation
combination, Esp = nE of charge.
iv. Equivalent internal resistance of
iii. Sign convention:
nr
the combination, rsp = a. The current flowing
m
v. Main current flowing through the (through a conductor)
nE mnE towards the junction is
load, I = = taken as positive.
nr mR + nr
R+
m b. The current flowing away
vi. Potential difference across load, from the junction is taken as
V = IR negative.
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Kirchhoff’s second law or Kirchhoff’s
voltage law (KVL):
i. The algebraic sum of changes in
potential around any closed path
of electric circuit (on closed loop)
involving resistors and cells in the
loop is zero.
Σ∆V = 0
OR
In any closed part (loop) of an
electrical circuit, the algebraic
sum of e.m.f.s is equal to the
algebraic sum of product of the
resistances and currents flowing
through them.
ΣE = ΣIR
ii. This law represents conservation
of energy.
iii. Sign convention:
a. The current flowing in
anticlockwise direction is
taken as positive and that in
clockwise direction is taken
as negative.
b. The e.m.f sending current in
the circuit in anticlockwise
direction is taken as positive
and the one sending current
in the circuit in clockwise
direction is taken as
negative.
• Application of Kirchhoff’s law:
i. Consider the following figure.
B can be measured to a very high
I1 I3
R1 I5
I1
1 R5
A D
I2
R2 E2 I5
I6
I2 I4
3
C the deflection in galvanometer is
R6
ii. Applying Kirchhoff’s first law to
junctions A, B and C of the
electrical circuit shown in above
figure,
Current Electricity
Physics (Vol. II)
For junction A : I6 – I1 – I2 = 0
For junction B : I1 – I3 – I5 = 0
For junction C : I2 + I5 – I4 = 0
iii. Applying Kirchhoff’s second law
to the closed paths 1, 2 and 3 in
above figure,
For path 1 : – R1I1 – R5I5 + R2I2 + E2 = 0
For path 2 : – R3I3 + R4I4 + R5I5 = 0
For path 3 : – R2I2 – R4I4 – R6I6
+ E1 – E2 = 0
2.12 Wheatstone bridge
• Wheatstone bridge:
i. Wheatstone bridge is the accurate
arrangement of four resistances,
used to measure one (unknown) of
them in terms of the rest of them.
B
P K1 Q
A C
G
R S
+ – D K2
ii. The arms AB and BC are called
ratio arms and the arms AC and
BD are called conjugate arms.
iii. Measurement of unknown
resistance is not affected by
internal resistance of the battery,
current and potential difference
(i.e. ammeter and voltmeter)
iv. The value of unknown resistance
degree of accuracy by increasing
the ratio of the resistances (P and
R3
Q) in arms AB and BC.
I3 v. The practical applications of
2 wheatstone bridge are
‘metrebridge’, ‘post office box’
I4 and ‘Carey Foster’s bridge’.
Balanced bridge:
R4
I6 i. The wheatstone bridge is balanced
when in closed circuit (refer fig.),
E1
zero i.e., no current flows through
the galvanometer.
ii. The condition for a balanced
bridge is,
P R
=
Q S
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 Physics (Vol. II) TARGET Publications

iii. In the balanced position of bridge, iv. The resistances P and Q are
VB = VD. considered along the conducting
iv. The condition for balanced bridge wire AC (L = 100 cm) with
remains unchanged on mutual respect to balancing point B such
interchange in the positions of cell that P ∝ AB and Q ∝ BC.
and galvanometer in the circuit.
• Applications of metre bridge:
v. The wheatstone bridge is the most
Measurement of unknown
sensitive if the resistances of all
resistance (s):
the four arms are same i.e.
i. If in balance position of bridge,
P=Q=R=S
AB = l, BC = (100 – l) so,
vi. The condition for a balanced
Q (100 − l )
bridge can be obtained by using =
Kirchhoff’s laws. P l
P R (100 − l )
Unbalanced bridge: Also, = ⇒ S= R
Q S l
i. The Wheatstone bridge is
unbalanced if in closed circuit ii. The metre bridge can not be used
(refer figure) galvanometer shows to measure very low (<1Ω) or
some deflection i.e. some current very high (>10000 Ω) resistances.
flows through the galvanometer. Comparison of two unknown
QS resistances:
ii. If R > , then current flows
P i. The values of P and Q are
from B to D. obtained for both the unknown
QS resistances (say R1 & R2) by
iii. If R < , then current flows connecting them in the right gap
P
of the metre bridge (s) one by one.
from D to B.
P l1
iv. If VD > VB i.e. (VA – VD) < ii. =
(VA – VB) then PS > RQ. Q (100 − l1 )
P R R(100 − l1 )
2.13 Metre bridge ⇒ = ⇒ R1 =
Q R1 l1
• Metre bridge or slide-wire bridge: R(100 − l2 )
Similarly, R2 =
i. Metre bridge is a simple practical l2
form of a wheatstone bridge. R 1 l2 (100 − l1 )
ii. It is constructed on the principle ⇒ = ×
R 2 l1 (100 − l2 )
of balanced wheatstone bridge.
The balancing condition is, iii. Knowing the values of l1 and l2,
P R the ratio of R1 & R2 can be found.
=
Q S Measurement of unknown
iii. The resistances R and S (unknown temperature:
resistance) are connected in the i. The unknown temperature (T°C)
left and right gaps of the metre of an unknown resistance X (in
bridge respectively as shown in the form of metalic wire) is
figure. measured by connecting it in the
S right gap of the metre bridge.
R R.B. D ii. The value of RT at unknown
temperature T°C is found by
G knowing the values of R0 at
0°C (in ice) and R100 at 100°C (in
P B Q steam) and using formula,
A C
l cm (100 – l) cm R − R0
T°C = × 100
E K R 100 − R 0
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 TARGET Publications Physics (Vol. II)
iii.
The balanced position of metre b. Secondary circuit: Consist
bridge is not affected on inter of a cell or resistance with
changing the position of battery galvanometer and jockey from
and galvanometer. end A of the wire.
iv. The balance point of the metre
iv. The potentiometer is balanced
bridge is constant even if the e.m.f
of a cell is not constant. when a point reaches where no
current flows through the
2.14 Potentiometer
galvanometer circuit while sliding
• Potentiometer: jockey on the wire i.e., V = E.
i. Principle: The fall of potential
This condition is known as null
across any portion of the wire is
directly proportional to the length deflection position. (point J on the
of that portion provided the wire wire AB and AJ is balancing
is of uniform area of cross-section length)
and a constant current is flowing v. In balanced condition,
through it. E = xl
V∝L where,
V ∝ xL
E = e.m.f of cell in galvanometer
where,
V = potential drop across any circuit with jockey
portion of wire x = potential gradient
L = length of the (portion of) l = balancing length
wire If V is constant then, L ∝ l
x = potential gradient i.e. fall x L l
of potential per unit length ⇒ 1= 1= 1 .
x2 L 2 l2
of wire.
ii. The potential gradient can be vi. The potentiometer is sensitive
written in different forms as, as it measures small potential
V IR Iρ differences more accurately.
x= = =
L L A vii. The sensitivity of a potentiometer
⎛ Ea ⎞ R is directly proportional to the
=⎜ ⎟⋅
⎝ R + Rh + r ⎠ L potential gradient.
B S • Applications of potentiometer:
Rh Determination of potential difference
K 400 using potentiometer:
J i. The circuit diagram to determine
+
A1 300 potential difference using
– potentiometer is shown in figure
(b).
E
– A+
200
E Rh
A O 100
+ –
V 0 50 100
Fig. (a)
A J B
iii. The potentiometer contains two
G
circuits, C R D
a. Primary circuit: consists of an
auxiliary battery E, key K,
rheostat Rh across the two E K1
ends of wire AB Fig. (b)
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 Physics (Vol. II) TARGET Publications

i. To determine potential difference According to principle of

across points C and D, first a potentiometer,
standard cell of known e.m.f E is E2 = xl2 ….(2)
connected instead of resistance R.
ii. Using jockey, the null deflection vi. From equations (1) and (2),
position is determined to obtain E1 l1
potential gradient x. Thus, =
E 2 l2
E
x=
L Determination of internal resistance
where, of a cell using potentiometer:
L = total length of potentiometer i. The circuit diagram to determine
wire. internal resistance of a cell using
iii. A standard cell is replaced by the potentiometer is shown in figure d.
resistance R and again the null E K
deflection position is obtained to – A +
1
find balancing length AJ i.e. l thus, Rh
E
V= xl = ⋅ l
L
0 100
Comparison of e.m.f’s of two cells 0
using potentiometer: A J B
J′
i. The circuit diagram for comparing E′
e.m.f.s of two cells using G
potentiometer is shown in figure c.
E K R
– A + K′
1
Rh Fig. (d)
ii. The primary circuit of
potentiometer is closed using key
0 100
K and null deflection position
A J′ J B (null point) is obtained using
E1 1
jockey to balance e.m.f (E) of the
G cell E′ (whose internal resistance
3 K′
E2 2
(r) is to be found).
Fig. (c) iii. The balancing point is obtained at
ii. The secondary circuit of point J on wire AB such that
potentiometer is closed using two AJ = l1 then,
way key K (between 1 and 3). E = x l1 ….(1)
iii. The null deflection position is iv. The secondary circuit with battery
obtained at point J for cell E1 E′ is closed with key K′ and null
(e.m.f. E1). The balancing length deflection position is obtained
is AJ = l1 using jockey to balance terminal
According to principle of potential difference (V) between
potentiometer, two poles of cell E′.
E1 = xl1 ….(1) v. The balancing point is obtained at
iv. Now, the secondary circuit is closed point J′ on wire AB such that
using two way key K′ (between 2 & AJ′ = l2 then,
3 closed and 1 & 3 open).
V = xl2 ….(2)
v. The null deflection position is
vi. Using equations (1) & (2),
obtained at point J′ for cell E2
(e.m.f. E2). The balancing length E l1
= ….(3)
is AJ′ = l2 V l2
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 TARGET Publications Physics (Vol. II)
vii. The internal resistance (r) of a cell It is a source of constant emf. but not of
is given by, constant current.
⎛E ⎞ 11. Kirchhoff’s first law and second law
r = ⎜ − 1⎟ R
⎝V ⎠ represent conservation of charge and energy
Using equation (3), respectively.
⎛l ⎞ ⎛l −l ⎞ 12. Wheatstone bridge is most sensitive if all the
r = ⎜ 1 − 1⎟ R = ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ R arms of bridge have equal resistances i.e.
⎝ l2 ⎠ ⎝ l2 ⎠ P = Q = R = S.
• Advantages of potentiometer: 13. The relation V = IR holds good for both ohmic
i. It measures e.m.f., of a cell very and non-ohmic conductors. For ohmic
accurately. conductors, R is constant and for non-ohmic
ii. While measuring e.m.f., it does conductors, R is not constant for different
not draw any current from the values of V and I. (thus the graph of V against
source of known e.m.f. I is not straight line)
iii. While measuring e.m.f., the 14. Electric current has direction as well as
resistance of potentiometer magnitude but it is not a vector quantity
becomes infinite. because currents do not add like vectors.
iv. Its sensitivity is high. 15. The electrons drift in the direction of
v. It is based on the null deflection increasing potential i.e. drift velocity of
method. conduction electrons is opposite to the
Notes direction of electric field.
1. The resistance depends on the arrangements 16. Resistance of a material depends on its
of atoms in the material i.e. on the kind of geometrical dimensions (length, cross
material (copper, silver etc.) sectional area) and nature of material of the
conductor.
2. Watt and kilowatt are the units of electrical
power and watt hour and kilowatt hour are the 17. For insulators and semiconductors, instead of
units of electrical energy. relaxation time, number density of charge
carriers increases with temperature.
3. Metals have low resistivities in the range of
10–8Ωm to 10–6Ωm. Insulators have 18. The electromotive force e.m.f is the maximum
resistivities more than 10–4Ωm. potential difference between the two
Semiconductors have intermediate resistivities electrodes of the cell when no current is
lying between 10–6 Ω m to 104 Ω m. drawn from the cell
4. For a given conductor, current does not 19. In Wheatstone bridge, it is not possible to
change with change in cross-sectional area. measure very low and very high resistances.
20. The metre bridge wire is generally made of
5. Alternating current shows heating effect only,
manganin or constantan because these
while direct current shows heating effect,
materials have low temperature coefficients of
chemical effect and magnetic effect.
resistance and high resistivities.
6. Drift velocity is very small (of the order of
10–4 m/s) as compared to thermal speed 21. In a potentiometer, the potential at point A (of
wire AB) is higher than the potential at tip of
(≈103 m/s) of electrons at room temperature.
jockey and B is at lower potential than that at
7. Greater the electric field, larger will be the the tip of jockey.
drift velocity.
22. In potentiometer, current will flow from point
8. With rise in temperature, r.m.s. velocity of A (of wire AB) into the jockey tip and from
electrons increases. Consequently, relaxation jockey tip into point B.
time decreases.
9. Resistivity is the intrinsic property of the 23. The working of potentiometer is based on null
substance. It is independent of shape and size deflection method.
of the body. 24. The difference between e.m.f and terminal
10. The device which converts chemical energy voltage is called lost voltage which is not
into electrical energy is known as electric cell. indicated by voltmeter.
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 Physics (Vol. II) TARGET Publications

25. In series resistance circuit, current through 9. Electrical conductivity of material of

each resistor is the same. conductor:
26. In parallel resistance circuit, potential 1
σ=
difference across each resistor is the same and ρ
is equal to the applied potential difference.
27. The conductors behave as superconductors at 10. Electrical energy:
very low temperatures. W = Vq = VIt
28. If the temperature of a conductor placed in the 11. Electric power:
right gap of metre bridge is increased, then V2
the balancing length decreases and jockey P = VI = I2 R =
R
moves towards left.
W
29. The flow of current from A to B, makes the P=
conventional current to flow from B to A. t
30. If a resistor is connected in series with the 12. Equivalent resistance in series combination:
right gap resistor in the metre bridge, then the Rs = R1 + R2 + R3.
balancing length decreases and hence jockey
13. Equivalent resistance in parallel
moves towards left.
combination:
31. If a resistor is connected in parallel with the
1 1 1 1
right gap resistor in the metre bridge, then the = + +
balancing length increases and hence jockey R p R1 R 2 R 3
moves towards right.
14. Temperature-coefficient of resistance:
Formulae R − R0
α= T
1. Electric current through a conductor: R 0T
q 15. Internal resistance of a cell:
I=
t ⎛E ⎞
2. Electric current through a metallic r = ⎜ − 1⎟ R
conductor: ⎝V ⎠
ne 16. Terminal potential difference of a cell:
I=
t ER
V = IR =
3. Drift velocity of electrons: R+r
eF 17. An e.m.f. of a cell:
vd = τ
M E = V + Ir
4. Mobility of electrons:
18. Equivalent e.m.f in series combination:
v eτ ES = nE
µ= d =
E m
5. Relation between drift velocity and 19. Equivalent e.m.f in parallel combination:
electronic current: EP = E
I 20. Total current through the series
vd =
ncA combination of n cells:
6. Relation between mobility and electric nE
current: IS =
R + nr
I
µ= 21. Total current through the parallel
neAE
combination of n cells:
7. Electrical resistance of a conductor:
nE
V IP =
R= nR + r
I
8. Electrical resistivity of material of 22. Kirchhoff’s first law:
∑
conductor:
I=0
A m
ρ=R =
e ne 2 τ I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
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 TARGET Publications Physics (Vol. II)
23. Kirchhoff’s second law: 4. Resistivity of silver is minimum (1.6 × 10–8
∑ ∆V = 0 Ωm) and resistivity of quartz is maximum
(≈ 106 Ωm)
I1R1 + I2R2 + I3R3 = E1 + E2 + E3
5. Safe current for the fuse wires relate with its
24. Balancing condition for Wheatstone bridge: radius as: I ∝ r 3 2
P R
= 6. In potentiometer, if V is constant then,
Q S
x L l
L∝l ⇒ 1 = 1 = 1
25. Unknown resistance in metre bridge: x2 L 2 l2
⎛ 100 − l ⎞
S= ⎜ ⎟R 7. After stretching, if length of a conductor
⎝ l ⎠ increases by x%, then resistance increases by
26. Comparison of two unknown resistances: 2x % (valid only if x < 10%).
R 1 l2 (100 − l1 ) 8. For a conducting wire having resistance R,
= × keeping its mass constant,
R 2 l1 (100 − l2 )
a. if it its length is increased n times, then
27. Unknown temperature in metre bridge: R changes to n2R.
R − R0 b. if its radius increases n times, then R
T°C = × 100 R
R 100 − R 0 changes to 4 .
n
28. Principle of potentiometer: c. if its cross-sectional areas increases n
V = xL R
times, then R changes to 2 .
n
29. Balancing condition of potentiometer:
V = E ⇒ E = xl 9. Using n conductors of equal resistance, the
number of possible combinations is 2n–1.
30. Potential difference using potentiometer:
10. If the resistances of n conductors are totally
E
V= ⋅l different, then the number of possible
L combinations will be 2n.
31. Comparison of e.m.f’s of two cells: 11. If n identical resistances are first connected in
E1 l1 series and then in parallel, the ratio of the
= Rp n2
E 2 l2 equivalent resistance is given by = .
Rs 1
32. Internal resistance of cell using
potentiometer: 12. If a wire of resistance R is cut in n equal parts
and then these parts are collected to form a
⎛l −l ⎞
r = ⎜ 1 2 ⎟R bundle then equivalent resistance of the
⎝ l2 ⎠ R
combination will be 2 .
Shortcuts n

1. When current is drawn from a cell i.e. during 13. Temperature-coefficient of resistance of a
discharging; V < E & during charging of cell; resistor is,
V > E, where V is terminal potential ρ − ρ0 R T − R 0
α= T =
difference and E is e.m.f of cell. T ρ0 T R0
2. In Wheatstone bridge, when current through 14. In series resistance circuit,
galvanometer is zero, the potential difference V1 V2
between B & D is zero. = = ..... = constant
R1 R 2
3. If diameter d of a conductor is doubled (or
increased), then drift velocity of electrons 15. In parallel resistance circuit,
inside it will not change. I1R1 = I2R2 = ..... = constant
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16. Resistance of a conducting body is not unique V2 V2 V2

but depends on it’s length and area of cross- R1 = ,R2 = ,R3 = ,…
P1 P2 P3
section i.e. how the potential difference is
applied. See the following figures: V2 V2 V2
or P1 = , P2 = , P3 = ,…
R1 R2 R3
c c When the appliance are connected in parallel,
their combined resistance R is given by,
b
ρ ρ
b
1 1 1 1
= + + +…
a R R1 R 2 R 3
a
∴ Total power consumed is
17. If n identical cells are connected in a loop in
V2 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
order, then e.m.f between any two points is P= = V2 ⎜ + + + …⎟
zero. R ⎝ R1 R 2 R 3 ⎠
E, r
V2 V2 V2
E, r E, r = + + +…
R1 R2 R3
Close
loop or P = P1 + P 2 + P3 + …
E, r
E, r

n cell
24. Power of electrical appliances connected in
series: The total resistance R when the
18. The reciprocal of slope of V – I graph gives appliance are connected in series is given by,
the resistance.
R = R1 + R 2 + R3 +…
19. If equivalent resistance of R1 and R2 in series
and parallel are Rs and Rp respectively, then ∴ Total power consumed is
1⎡
R1 = R s + R s2 − 4 R s R p ⎤
2 ⎣ ⎦
V2 ⎛ V2 ⎞
1⎡ P= =⎜ ⎟
R2 = R s − R s2 − 4 R s R p ⎤ R ⎝ R1 + R2 + R3 + …⎠
2⎣ ⎦
20. If three identical resistors, each of resistance R V2
=
are connected in the form of a triangle, the V2 V2 V2
equivalent resistance between the ends of a + + +…
P1 P2 P3
side is equal to (2 R/3).
21. If four identical resistors, each of resistance R 1
∴ P =
are connected in the form of a square, the 1 1 1
+ + +…
effective resistance between ends of a P1 P2 P3
diagonal is R.
1 1 1 1
22. Maximum current supplied by an arrangement ∴ = + + +…
of (m x n) cells in n rows of m cells is given P P1 P2 P3
by,
mE nE 25. For the questions in which different types of
Imax = =
2R 2r circuits for the combinations of resistances are
given, first reduce the circuit by knowing the
23. Power of electrical appliances connected in
common or junction points and try to arrange
parallel: Let R1, R2, R3 ... be the resistance of
the electrical appliance meant to operate at the them in series. Solve the inner combinations
same voltage V and let P1, P2, P3 ... be their or parallel combinations in different branches
respective electrical powers. Then, where reduction is not possible easily.
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 TARGET Publications Physics (Vol. II)
8. A steady current of 1 A is flowing through the
Multiple Choice Questions conductor. The number of electrons flowing
through the cross-section of the conductor in 1
2.1 Electric current and flow of electric charges second is
in a metallic conductor (A) 6.25 × 1015 (B) 6.25 × 1017
19
(C) 6.25 × 10 (D) 6.25 × 1018
1. The carriers of electricity in a metallic
conductor are 9. A million electrons pass through a cross-
(A) holes (B) negative ions section of a conductor in 10–3 sec. What is the
(C) positive ions (D) electrons current in ampere?
(A) 1.6 × 10–7 A (B) 1.6 × 10–10 A
2. The time rate of flow of charge through any
(C) 1.6 × 10–4 A (D) 1.6 × 10–11 A
cross-section of a conductor is,
(A) electric potential 10. Current of 4.8 amperes is flowing through a
(B) electric current conductor. The number of electrons crossing
(C) electric intensity any cross section per second will be
(D) electric charge [CPMT 1986]
19
(A) 3 × 10 (B) 7.68 × 1021
3. 1 ampere is equal to [MH. CET 2006] 20
(A) 1 joule/second (C) 7.68 × 10 (D) 3 × 1020
(B) 1 coulomb/second 11. 106 electrons are moving through a wire per
(C) 1 volt/coulomb second, the current developed is
(D) 1 joule/coulomb. [UPCPMT 2001]
(A) 1.6 × 10−19 A (B) 1 A
4. A steady current is flowing through a
conductor of non-uniform cross-section. The (C) 1.6 × 10−13 A (D) 106 A
charge passing through any cross-section of it
per unit time is 2.2 Drift velocity and mobility and their
(A) directly proportional to the area of relation with electric current
cross-section. 12. Drift velocity of a free electron inside a
(B) inversely proportional to the area of conductor is
cross-section. (A) the thermal speed of the free electron.
(C) proportional to square of the area of (B) the speed with which a free electron
cross-section. emerges out of the conductor.
(D) independent of the area of cross-section. (C) the average speed acquired by the
5. Given a current carrying wire of non-uniform electron in any direction.
cross-section. Which of the following is (D) the average speed of the electron
constant throughout the length of the wire? between successive collisions in the
[AIIMS 2000] direction opposite to the applied electric
(A) Current, electric field and drift speed field.
(B) Drift speed only 13. The direction of drift velocity in a conductor is
(C) Current and drift speed (A) opposite to that of applied electric field.
(D) Current only (B) opposite to the flow of positive charge.
(C) in the direction of the flow of electrons.
6. Identify the set in which all the three materials
(D) all of these
are good conductors of electricity.
(A) Cu, Ag and Au 14. If A is the area of cross-section, vd is drift
(B) Cu, Si and diamond velocity of electrons, e is the charge of an
(C) Cu, Hg and NaCl electron and n is number of free electrons per
(D) Cu, Ge and Hg unit volume, then the current density J is given
by
7. If a current of 0.5A flows in a 60 W lamp, neA
then the total charge passing through it in two (A) nevd (B)
vd
hours will be
(A) 1800 C (B) 2400 C nevd ne
(C) (D)
(C) 3000 C (D) 3600 C A vd
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15. The drift velocity of the free electrons in a 21. The drift velocity vd of electrons varies with
conductor is independent of electric field strength E as
(A) length of the conductor 1
(B) cross-sectional area of conductor (A) vd ∝ E (B) vd ∝
E
(C) current
1
(D) electric charge 1
(C) vd ∝ E 2 (D) vd ∝ 1

16. Which of the following characteristic of E2

electrons determines the current in a
conductor? 22. The drift velocity of free electrons in a
(A) Drift velocity alone conductor is vd, when the current i is flowing
(B) Thermal velocity alone in it. If both the radius and current are
(C) Both drift velocity and thermal velocity doubled, the drift velocity will be
(D) Neither drift nor thermal velocity [B.H.U. 2002]
17. A potential difference V is applied to a copper vd vd
(A) (B)
wire. If the potential difference is increased to 8 4
2V, then the drift velocity of electrons will vd
(A) be double the initial velocity. (C) (D) vd
2
(B) remain same.
(C) be 2 times the initial velocity. 23. When a current I is set up in a wire of radius r,
the drift speed is vd. If the same current is set
(D) be half the initial velocity.
up through a wire of radius 2r, then the drift
18. A wire has a non-uniform cross-section as speed will be
shown in the figure. If a steady current is (A) vd/4 (B) vd/2
flowing through it, then the drift speed of the (C) 2vd (D) 4vd
electrons
24. Two wires of the same material but of
A B different diameters carry the same current I. If
the ratio of their diameters is 2 : 1, then the
(A) is constant throughout the wire. corresponding ratio of their mean drift
(B) decreases from A to B. velocities will be
(C) increases from A to B. (A) 4 : 1 (B) 1 : 1
(D) varies randomly. (C) 1 : 2 (D) 1 : 4
19. When current flows through a conductor, then 25. A copper wire of length 1m and radius 1mm is
the order of drift velocity of electrons will be joined in series with an iron wire of length 2m
[CPMT 1986] and radius 3mm and a current is passed
10
(A) 10 m/sec (B) 10–2 cm/sec through the wires. The ratio of current
4
(C) 10 cm/sec (D) 10–1 cm/sec densities in the copper and iron wires is
(A) 18 : 1 (B) 9 : 1
20. When a current I flows through a wire, the
(C) 6 : 1 (D) 2 : 3
drift velocity of the electrons is v. When
current 2I flows through another wire of the 26. There is a current of 40 ampere in a wire of
same material having double the length and 10–6 square metre area of cross-section. If the
double the area of cross-section, the drift number of free electrons per cubic metre is
velocity of the electrons will be
1029, then the drift velocity is
[Kerala P.E.T. 2007]
v v (A) 250 × 10–3 m/sec
(A) (B) (B) 25.0 × 10–3 m/sec
8 4
v (C) 2.50 × 10–3 m/sec
(C) (D) v
2 (D) 1.25 × 10–3 m/sec
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 TARGET Publications Physics (Vol. II)
27. Current is flowing with a current density 34. The mobility of electrons when a current of
J = 480 Acm−2 in a copper wire. Assuming 1.22 A is flowing through a copper wire of
that each copper atom contributes one free length 0.2 m, area of cross-section 1 mm2,
electron and given that when connected to a battery of 4V is _______
Avogadro number = 6.0 × 1023 atom mol−1, (Given: Charge on an electron = 1.6 × 10−19C
Density of copper = 9.0 g cm−2 and number density of electrons in copper
Electronic charge = 1.6 × 10−19 C = 8.5 × 1028 m−3)
Atomic weight of copper = 64 g mol−1 (A) 2.25 × 10−6 m2 V−1s−1
the drift velocity of electrons is (B) 4.5 × 10−6 m2 V−1s−1
(A) 1 mm s−1 (B) 2 mm s−1 (C) 9.0 × 10−6 m2 V−1s−1
−1
(C) 0.5 mm s (D) 0.36 mm s−1 (D) 18 × 10−6 m2 V−1s−1
28. A current of 5 A is flowing through a wire of 35. The drift velocity of the electrons in a copper
cross-sectional area 4 × 10−6 m2. If the free wire of length 2 m under the application of a
electron density in the wire is 5 × 1026/m3, potential difference of 100 V is 0.2 ms−1. Their
then the drift speed of the electrons will be mobility is (in m2V−1s−1)
1 1 (A) 2.5 × 10−3 (B) 2.5 × 10−2
(A) m/s (B) m/s
8 16 (C) 1.0 × 102 (D) 4.0 × 10−3
1 1
(C) m/s (D) m/s 36. The mean free path of electrons in a metal is
32 64
5 × 10−8 m. The electric field which can give
29. Every atom makes one free electron in copper. on an average 2 eV energy to an electron in
If 1.1 ampere current is flowing in the wire of the metal will be (in V/m)
copper having 1 mm diameter, then the drift [A. I. P. M. T. (Prelim) 2009]
velocity (approx.) will be (Density of copper = (A) 4 × 10 −11
(B) 8 × 10−11
9 × 103 kgm–3 and atomic weight = 63) 7
(C) 4 × 10 (D) 8 × 107
[CPMT 1989]
(A) 0.3 mm/sec (B) 0.1 mm/sec 2.3 Ohm’s Law, electrical resistance,
(C) 0.2 mm/sec (D) 0.2 cm/sec V-I characteristics
30. A uniform copper wire of length 1 m and
37. Ohm’s law deals with the relation between
cross-sectional area 5 × 10–7 m2 carries a
(A) current and potential difference.
current of 1 A. Assuming that there are
(B) capacity and charge.
8 × 1028 free electrons per m3 in copper, how
long will an electron take to drift from one end (C) capacity and potential.
of the wire to the other? (D) all of these.
(A) 0.8 × 103 s (B) 1.6 × 103 s 38. Ohm’s law is valid when the temperature of
(C) 3.2 × 103 s (D) 6.4 × 103 s the conductor is
31. Mobility is the drift velocity per unit (A) constant (B) very high
(A) electric current (C) very low (D) varying
(B) electric field 39. Ohm’s law is valid for
(C) length of a conductor (A) metallic conductors at low temperature.
(D) relaxation time (B) metallic conductors at high temperature.
32. Unit of mobility in SI system is, (C) electrolytes when current passes through
(A) m1 s–1 V–1 (B) m2 s–2 V–2 them.
2 –1 –1
(C) m s V (D) m2 s–2 V–1 (D) diode when current flows.
33. A potential difference of 10 V is applied 40. The example of non-ohmic substance is
across a conductor of length 0.1 m. If the drift [MP PMT 1978]
velocity of electrons is 2 × 10−4 m/s, the (A) Copper wire
electron mobility is ________ m2V−1s−1 (B) Carbon resistance
(A) 1 × 10−6 (B) 2 × 10−6 (C) Diode
−6
(C) 3 × 10 (D) 4 × 10−6 (D) Tungsten wire
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41. When the length and area of cross-section 49. The resistance of a wire is R. If the length of
both are doubled, then its resistance, the wire is doubled by stretching, then the new
[MP PET 1989] resistance will be
(A) will become half [Roorkee 1992; AFMC 1995; KCET 1993;
(B) will be doubled AMU (Med.) 1999; CBSE PMT 1999;
(C) will remain the same MP PET 2001; UPSEAT 2001]
(D) will become four times (A) 2R (B) 4R
42. For a metallic wire, the ratio V/I (V = the R
applied potential difference, I = current (C) R (D)
4
flowing) [MP PMT 1994; BVP 2003]
(A) is independent of temperature. 50. A wire of resistance 4 Ω is stretched to twice
(B) increases as the temperature rises. its original length. The resistance of stretched
(C) Decreases as the temperature rises. wire would be [NEET UG 2013]
(D) Increases or decreases as temperature (A) 2 Ω (B) 4 Ω
rises, depending upon the metal.
(C) 8 Ω (D) 16 Ω
43. Resistance of a metallic wire depends upon
the number n of free electrons in it as 51. Dimension of resistance is
(A) proportional to n. (A) [M1 L−2 T−3 A−2] (B) [M1 L2 T−3 A−2]
(B) proportional to n2. (C) [M1 L1 T3 A−2] (D) [M1 L1 T−3 A−2]
(C) proportional to 1/n.
(D) proportional to 1/n2. 52. If there is a 0.1 % increase in the length of a
44. When the temperature increases, the resistance conductor due to stretching, then the
of a wire percentage increase in its resistance will be
(A) decreases [MNR 1990; MP PMT 1996; UPSEAT
(B) increases 1999; MP PMT 2000]
(C) first increases then decreases (A) 0.2 % (B) 2 %
(D) remains constant (C) 1 % (D) 0.1 %
45. Which of the following wires of the same
53. A wire of length 5 m and radius 1 mm has a
material will have higher resistance?
resistance of 1 ohm. What length of the wire
[RAJ PET 91]
of the same material at the same temperature
(A) radius is l mm and the length is 40 m
and of radius 2 mm will also have a resistance
(B) radius is 2 mm and the length is 40 m.
of 1 ohm?
(C) radius is l mm and the length is 80 m.
(D) radius is 2 mm and the length is 80 m. (A) 1.25 m (B) 2.5 m
(C) 10 m (D) 20 m
46. The resistance of a straight conductor does not
depend upon its 54. A 6 volt battery is connected to the terminals
(A) temperature. of a three metre long wire of uniform
(B) length. thickness and resistance of 100 ohm. The
(C) material. potential difference between two points on the
(D) shape of cross-section. wire separated by a distance of 50 cm will be
47. A certain wire has a resistance R. The (A) 2 volt (B) 3 volt
resistance of another wire identical with the (C) 1 volt (D) 1.5 volt
first except having twice its diameter is
[CPMT 1999] 55. Select the CORRECT statement.
(A) 2 R (B) 0.25 R (A) Linear and non-linear resistances both
(C) 4 R (D) 0.5 R obey Ohm’s law.
48. The reciprocal of resistance is [AFMC 1995] (B) Non-linear resistance obey Ohm’s law
(A) Conductance but not the linear resistance.
(B) Resistivity (C) Linear and non-linear resistances both
(C) Voltage do not obey Ohm’s law.
(D) Reactance (D) Only linear resistances obey Ohm’s law.
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 TARGET Publications Physics (Vol. II)
56. The V-I characteristics of four circuit elements 2.4 Electrical resistivity and conductivity
are shown. Which of these is ohmic?
60. The resistivity of a wire
(A) I (B) I [MP PMT 1984; DPMT 1982]
(A) Increases with the length of the wire.
(B) Decreases with the area of cross-section.
(C) Decreases with the length and increases
with the cross-section of wire.
V V
(D) is unaffected by change in its length and
(C) (D) I area of cross-section.
I
61. The specific resistance of all the metals is the
most affected by
(A) Temperature
V (B) Pressure
V
(C) Degree of illumination
57. The current-voltage (I – V) graph for a given
(D) Applied magnetic field
metallic wire at two different temperatures T1
and T2 are shown in figure. It follows from the 62. The resistivity of a wire depends on its
graph that [MP PMT/PET 1998]
(A) Length
I T1 (B) Area of cross-section
(C) Shape
T2 (D) Material
63. The resistivity of materials is expressed in:
V
[SCRA 96]
(A) T1 > T2
(A) ohm (B) ohm/metre
(B) T1 < T2 (C) ohm/metre2 (D) ohm-metre
(C) T1 = T2
(D) T1 is greater or less than T2 depending 64. If n, e, τ and m respectively represent the
on whether the resistance R of the wire volume-density, charge relaxation time and
is greater or less than the ratio V / I. mass of the electron, then the resistance of a
wire of length l and area of cross-section A
58. An electric bulb has a rating 500 W, 100 V. It will be [CPMT 1992]
is used in a circuit having a 200 V supply. ml mτ2 A
(A) (B)
What resistance must be connected in series ne 2 τA ne2l
with the bulb so that it delivers 500 W? ne 2 τA ne2 A
(C) (D)
(A) 10 Ω (B) 20 Ω 2ml 2mτl
(C) 30 Ω (D) 40 Ω 65. The electric resistance of a certain wire of iron
is R. If its length and radius are both doubled,
59. A copper wire (resistivity = 1.7 × 10–8 Ωm, then [CBSE PMT 2004]
density = 8900 kg m–3) and an aluminium wire (A) The resistance will be doubled and the
(resistivity = 2.8 × 10–8 Ωm, density = 2700 kg specific resistance will be halved.
(B) The resistance will be halved and the
m–3) have the same mass per unit length. The specific resistance will remain
ratio of the resistance per unit length of unchanged.
aluminium and copper wire is (C) The resistance will be halved and the
(A) 1: 2 (B) 1:2 specific resistance will be doubled.
(D) The resistance and the specific
(C) 2: 3 (D) 2:3 resistance, will both remain unchanged.
133
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 TARGET Publications Physics (Vol. II)
276. Two sources of equal e.m.f are connected to 280. The figure shows a network of currents. The
an external resistance R. The internal magnitude of currents is shown here. The
resistances of the two sources are R1 and current I will be [BCECE 2005]
R2(R2 > R1). If the potential difference across (A) 3 A 1A
the source having internal resistance R2 is (B) 9 A
zero, then [AIEEE 2005] (C) 13 A 10 A I
(A) R = R 1R 2 / (R 1 + R 2 )
(D) 19 A
6A
(B) R = R 1R 2 / (R 2 − R 1 ) 2A
(C) R = R 2 × (R 1 + R 2 ) / (R 2 − R 1 )
281. In the network shown in the figure, points A,
(D) R = R 2 − R 1 s B and C are at potentials of 70 V, 0 V and
10 V respectively. Which of the following
statements is INCORRECT?
277. A group of N cells whose e.m.f varies directly (0 V)
with the internal resistance as per the equation B
20 Ω
EN = 1.5 rN are connected as shown in the
figure above. The current I in the circuit is: (70 V)

1 [Punjab C.E.T. 2005] A D

10 Ω
r1
N 2 30 Ω
r2 C
rN
(10 V)
r3
r4 3 (A) Point D is at a potential of 40 V.
(B) The currents in the sections AD, DB,
4
(A) 5.1 A (B) 0.51 A DC are in the ratio 3 : 2 : 1
(C) The currents in the sections AD, DB,
(C) 1.5 A (D) 0.15 A DC are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3.
(D) The network draws total power 200W
278. Kirchhoff’s I law and II law of current proves
the 282. The figure shows a circuit diagram of a
‘Wheatstone Bridge’ to measure the resistance
[CBSE PMT 1993; BHU 2002; AFMC 2003] P R
G of the galvanometer. The relation =
(A) conservation of charge and energy. Q G
(B) conservation of current and energy. will be satisfied only when
Q
(C) conservation of mass and charge.
P
(D) conservation of voltage and power. S
G
R
279. The magnitude of I in ampere unit is
[KCET 2005]
60Ω
I (A) the galvanometer shows a deflection
15Ω 5Ω
when switch S is closed.
1A 1A
(B) the galvanometer shows a deflection
when switch S is open.
10Ω
(C) the galvanometer shows no change in
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.3 deflection whether S is open or closed.
(C) 0.6 (D) 0.5 (D) the galvanometer shows no deflection.
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283. A metre bridge is set-up as shown to V R

determine an unknown resistance X using a
standard 10 ohm resistor. The galvanometer P
shows null point when tapping-key is at 52 cm X Y
mark. The end-corrections are 1 cm and 2 cm
respectively for the ends A and B. The E G
determined value of X is [I.I.T. 2011]
(A) decrease the resistance R
X 10 Ω (B) increase the resistance R
(C) reverse the terminals of battery V
(D) reverse the terminals of cell E
288. A potentiometer wire has a length 10 m and
resistance 20 Ω. A 2. 5 V battery of negligible
internal resistance is connected across the wire
A B with an 80 Ω series resistance. The potential
(A) 10.2 ohm (B) 10.6 ohm gradient on the wire will be [KCET 1994]
(C) 10.8 ohm (D) 11.1 ohm (A) 5 × 10−5 V / mm
284. With resistances P and Q placed in the left and (B) 2.5 × 10−4 V / cm
right gaps of a metre bridge, the balance point (C) 0.62 × 10−4 V / mm
divides the wire in the ratio 1/3. When P and
(D) 1 × 10−5 V / mm
Q are increased by 40 Ω each, the balance
point divides the wire in the ratio 3/5. The 289. An electron in the potentiometer wire
values of P and Q will be respectively, experiences a force of 2.4 × 10−19 N. The length
(A) 30 Ω, 10 Ω (B) 10 Ω, 30 Ω of the potentiometer wire is 4 m. The e.m.f of
(C) 20 Ω, 60 Ω (D) 60 Ω, 40 Ω the battery connected across the wire is
(A) 2.4 V (B) 4.0 V
285. In a potentiometer of 10 wires, the balance (C) 4.8 V (D) 6.0 V
point is obtained on the 6th wire. To shift the 290. E.M.F and internal resistance of a cell are
balance point to 8th wire, we should 1.1 V and 0.5 Ω respectively. The e.m.f
(A) increase the resistance in the main balances against 220 cm of a potentiometer
circuit. wire. On drawing current ‘x’ from the cell, the
(B) decrease the resistance in the main balancing length reduces to 200 cm. Then,
circuit. (A) x = 1 A (B) x = 0.1 A
(C) increase the resistance in series with the (C) x = 0.2 A (D) x = 0.5 A
cell whose e.m.f is to be measured. 291. Study the adjacent circuit carefully and select
(D) decrease the resistance in series with the the CORRECT choice from the following.
cell whose e.m.f is to be measured. E1 = 1.1 V C
G
286. The null point in a potentiometer with a cell of
e.m.f E is obtained at a distance ‘l’ on the
wire. Then A D
l = 60 B
(A) E ∝ l (B) E ∝ l2
1 1
(C) E ∝ (D) E ∝ 2 E=4V
l l 5Ω
r =1 Ω
287. A potentiometer circuit shown in the figure is Resistance of the wire AB is 3 Ω.
set up to measure e.m.f of a cell E. As the Length of the wire is 100 cm.
point P moves from X to Y, the galvanometer (A) Current will flow from C to D.
G shows deflection always in one direction, (B) Current will flow from D to C.
but the deflection decreases continuously until (C) There is no current flowing across CD.
Y is reached. In order to obtain balance point (D) Nothing can be said about direction of
between X and Y, it is necessary to current since data is insufficient.
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9 Answers to Multiple Choice Questions

1. (D) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (A) 7. (D) 8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (A)
11. (C) 12. (D) 13. (D) 14. (A) 15. (A) 16. (A) 17. (A) 18. (B) 19. (B) 20. (D)
21. (A) 22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (D) 25. (B) 26. (C) 27. (D) 28. (D) 29. (B) 30. (D)
31. (B) 32. (C) 33. (B) 34. (B) 35. (D) 36. (C) 37. (A) 38. (A) 39. (A) 40. (C)
41. (C) 42. (B) 43. (C) 44. (B) 45. (C) 46. (D) 47. (B) 48. (A) 49. (B) 50. (D)
51. (B) 52. (A) 53. (D) 54. (C) 55. (D) 56. (A) 57. (B) 58. (B) 59. (B) 60. (D)
61. (A) 62. (D) 63. (D) 64. (A) 65. (B) 66. (B) 67. (A) 68. (D) 69. (A) 70. (A)
71. (D) 72. (B) 73. (D) 74. (B) 75. (D) 76. (B) 77. (A) 78. (B) 79. (C) 80. (C)
81. (A) 82. (B) 83. (B) 84. (B) 85. (A) 86. (B) 87. (B) 88. (C) 89. (B) 90. (D)
91. (C) 92. (B) 93. (C) 94. (C) 95. (D) 96. (D) 97. (C) 98. (A) 99. (B) 100. (A)
101. (B) 102. (D) 103. (A) 104. (D) 105. (C) 106. (A) 107. (A) 108. (D) 109. (B) 110. (A)
111. (B) 112. (C) 113. (C) 114. (D) 115. (B) 116. (D) 117. (C) 118. (C) 119. (D) 120. (A)
121. (A) 122. (C) 123. (A) 124. (A) 125. (B) 126. (D) 127. (D) 128. (C) 129. (B) 130. (D)
131. (C) 132. (D) 133. (A) 134. (B) 135. (C) 136. (A) 137. (A) 138. (B) 139. (B) 140. (D)
141. (C) 142. (C) 143. (C) 144. (D) 145. (A) 146. (C) 147. (D) 148. (D) 149. (C) 150. (D)
151. (C) 152. (D) 153. (C) 154. (D) 155. (C) 156. (D) 157. (A) 158. (B) 159. (D) 160. (B)
161. (A) 162. (B) 163. (A) 164. (C) 165. (C) 166. (D) 167. (C) 168. (C) 169. (C) 170. (A)
171. (C) 172. (B) 173. (A) 174. (B) 175. (B) 176. (D) 177. (B) 178. (C) 179. (A) 180. (A)
181. (B) 182. (C) 183. (B) 184. (D) 185. (A) 186. (C) 187. (B) 188. (B) 189. (A) 190. (B)
191. (C) 192. (B) 193. (B) 194. (A) 195. (A) 196. (B) 197. (B) 198. (C) 199. (A) 200. (C)
201. (B) 202. (B) 203. (C) 204. (D) 205. (A) 206. (D) 207. (B) 208. (D) 209. (C) 210. (B)
211. (D) 212. (C) 213. (B) 214. (A) 215. (B) 216. (B) 217. (B) 218. (A) 219. (C) 220. (C)
221. (B) 222. (A) 223. (C) 224. (B) 225. (B) 226. (D) 227. (C) 228. (C) 229. (C) 230. (C)
231. (C) 232. (A) 233. (A) 234. (A) 235. (C) 236. (A) 237. (B) 238. (D) 239. (B) 240. (A)
241. (B) 242. (C) 243. (B) 244. (B) 245. (B) 246. (A) 247. (D) 248. (A) 249. (D) 250. (A)
251. (B) 252. (B) 253. (D) 254. (B) 255. (C) 256. (A) 257. (B) 258. (B) 259. (B) 260. (B)
261. (B) 262. (A) 263. (D) 264. (D) 265. (B) 266. (D) 267. (B) 268. (D) 269. (A) 270. (C)
271. (C) 272. (A) 273. (A) 274. (B) 275. (A) 276. (D) 277. (C) 278. (A) 279. (A) 280. (C)
281. (C) 282. (C) 283. (B) 284. (C) 285. (A) 286. (A) 287. (A) 288. (A) 289. (D) 290. (C)
291. (B)
" Hints to Multiple Choice Questions
charge(q) q
3. Since, current (I) = 7. I= ⇒ q = It = 0.5 × 7200 = 3600 C.
times(t) t
coulomb
= 8. q = It ⇒ ne = It
second
∴ I = coulomb/second. It 1× 1
∴ n= = = 6.25 × 1018
∴ I = ampere e 1.6 × 10−19

4. Since current is constant, charge crossing a q ne

given area per unit time is constant and is 9. I= =
t t
independent of area of cross-section.
However, current density depends on area. n = 1 million = 106

I 106 × 1.6 × 10−19

5. I = constant, J = ⇒ As A changes, current ∴ I= = 1.6 × 10–10 A.
A 10−3
density J changes
10. Number of electrons crossing any cross
E = Jρ ⇒ ρ is constant. As J changes, Electric
section per second
field E changes.
I = neAvd ⇒ I is constant. So as A changes, n I 4.8
= = = 3 × 1019
drift speed vd changes. t e 1.6 × 10−19
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11. Here n = 106; e = 1.6 × 10−19 C I I

25. Current density J = = 2
q = ne A πr
∴ q = 106 × 1.6 × 10−19 J1 I r2
∴ q = 1.6 × 10−13 C ∴ = 1 × 22
J2 I2 r1
Now current flowing per second,
But the wires are in series, so they have the
q same current,
= 1.6 × 10−13 A.
t hence, I1 = I2
12. When no e.m.f is applied, the electrons move J1 r2
So, = 22 = 9:1
randomly inside the conductor. When e.m.f is J2 r1
applied, electrons drift opposite to the applied
e.m.f and collide with each other. Between the J I
collisions, average speed in the direction of 26. vd = =
ne Ane
field is vd.
40
=
I neAvd 10 × 10 × 1.6 × 10−19
−6 29
14. J = = = nevd
A A = 2.5 × 10–3 m/sec.

17. I = nevd ∴ I ∝ v 27. Drift velocity is given by,

From Ohm’s law, V ∝ I ∝ vd I
vd =
∴ If the potential difference is doubled, drift nqA
velocity of electrons will also double. where I is current, n the number of electrons,
18. J = nevd [J = current density, vd = drift speed] A the area, q the charge.
I I
∴ = nevd Given = 480A / cm2 , q = 1.6 × 10−19C,
A A
I 1 6 × 1023 × 9
∴ vd = ; vd ∝ n=
neA A 64
∴ As area increases, vd decreases. 64
∴ vd = 480 ×
–4
6 ×10 × 9 ×1.6 ×10−19
23

19. Order of drift velocity = 10 m/sec

= 10–2 cm/sec 480 × 64
∴ vd = cms−1
6 × 9 ×1.6 ×10000
21. J = nevd and E = Jρ
32 ×10
∴ E = ρ n ev d ∴ vd = mms−1
900
∴ vd ∝ E.
∴ vd = 0.36 mms−1
23. i = vd nAe
(vd)1neA1 = (vd)2neA2 (As current is same) I
28. = nevd
A
(vd )1 A 2 πr22 ( 2r )
2

∴ = = = =4 I 5
(vd ) 2 A1 πr12 (r) 2 ∴ vd = =
Ane 4 × 10 × 5 × 1026 × 1.6 × 10−19
−6

(vd )1 v 1 1
∴ (vd)2 = = d ∴ vd = = m/s
4 4 40 × 1.6 64
I I× 4 29. Density of Cu = 9 × 103 kg/m3
24. Drift velocity vd = =
nAe nπD2 e (mass of 1 m3 of Cu)
1 ∵ 6.0 × 1023 atoms has a mass = 63 × 10–3 kg
i.e. vd ∝
D2
2
∴ Number of electrons per m3 are
v d1 D2 ⎛1⎞ 1
∴ = 22 = ⎜ ⎟ = 6.0 × 1023
vd2 D1 ⎝2⎠ 4 = −3
× 9 × 103 = 8.5 × 1028
63 × 10
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i V
Now drift velocity = vd = 42. As = R and R ∝ temperature.
neA I
1.1
∴ vd = ρl
8.5 × 1028 × 1.6 × 10−19 × π × (0.5 × 10−3 ) 2 46. R=
A
∴ vd = 0.1 × 10–3 m/sec ∴ R is independent of shape of cross-section.
I 1 1 1
30. vd = . 47. R∝ ⇒ R ∝ 2 ∝ 2 [d = diameter of wire]
enA A r d
If ‘l’ is length of the conductor, 48. The reciprocal of resistance is called
l lenA conductance.
t= =
vd I 49. Here volume remains constant.
1 × 1.6 × 10−19 × 8 × 1028 × 5 × 10−7 ∴ If length becomes n times, then resistance
=
1 become n2 times.
∴ t = 6.4 × 103 sec 50. Let R be the resistance and l be the original
length.
33. V = 10 V, l = 0.1 m, vd = 2 × 10−4 m/s,
∴ At constant volume,
V 10
E= = = 100 V/m R ∝ l2
l 0.1 ∴ Resistance of stretched wire is,
v 2 × 10− 4 R′ = 4R
∴ µ= d = = 2 × 10−6 m2 V−1 s−1
E 100 = 4(4)
∴ R′ = 16Ω
V
34. I = nAevd = nAeµE = nAeµ 51. V = IR
l
W
Il
µ= V q W
nAeV ∴ R= = =
1.22 × 0.2 I I I(It)
= Dimension of W is [M1L2T−2]
(8.5×10 )× (10−3 ) ×1.6 × 10−19 × 4
28 2

⎡ M1L2 T −2 ⎤ 1 2 −3 −2
∴ µ = 4.485 × 10−6 ≈ 4.5 × 10−6 m−2 V−1s−1 ∴ Dimension of R is ⎢ ⎥ = [M L T A ]
⎢⎣ [ A ][ AT ] ⎥⎦
35. Drift velocity, vd = µE
v v V ∆R 2 ∆l
µ= d = d [∵ E = ] 52. R ∝ l2 ⇒ =
E V/l l R l
∆R 0
0.2 × 2 ∴ % = 2 × 0.1 = 0.2%
µ= R
100
= 4.0 × 10−3 53. R∝
l
∴ µ = 4 × 10−3 m2V−1s−1 r2
R l r2
36. Energy = 2eV = eEλ ⇒ 1 = 1 × 22
Energy V 2 R 2 l2 r1
Hence E = = = 2
eλ λ 5 × 10−8 1 5 ⎛2⎞
∴ = ×⎜ ⎟
∴ E = 4 × 107 V/m. 1 l2 ⎝ 1 ⎠
39. Because with rise in temperature, resistance of ∴ l2 = 20 m
conductor increases, so the graph between V l
and I the becomes non linear. 54. R=ρ ⇒ R ∝ l and V = IR
A
40. Because V-I graph of a diode is non-linear. V2 R l 50 1
∴ = 2 = 2 = =
l 2l l V1 R1 l1 300 6
41. R1 ∝ ⇒ R 2 ∝ i.e.R 2 ∝
A 2A A V 6
∴ V2 = 1 = =1V
∴ R1 = R2 6 6
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55. Graph of Ohm’s law is a straight line Using (i) in (ii) we get,
(characteristics of linear resistance). ρd
k =
m
56. V ∝ I, Graph is a straight line through origin
Since the value of m is the same for the two
with positive slope.
wires, we have
57. It is clear from figure that at a given voltage k1 ρ d 1.7 × 10 − 8 8900
= 1 1 = × ≈2
V0, the current I1 in the wire at temperature T1 k2 ρ2d 2 2.8 × 10 − 8 2700
is greater than the current I2 in the wire at k2
temperature T2. Therefore, the resistance of ∴ = 1:2
k1
the wire at temperature T1 is less than that at
temperature T2. This can happen if T1 is less Hence the correct choice is (B).
than T2 because the resistance of a wire 60. Resistivity is the property of the material. It
increases with increase in temperature. Hence does not depend upon size and shape.
the correct choice is (B). 61. With rise in temperature, specific resistance
increases.
T1
I1 62. Resistivity depends only on the material of the
conductor.
l m l
I 64. R= ρ = 2 .
T2 A ne τ A
I2 2
l R 2 l2 r12 ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
65. R∝ ⇒ = × = ⎜ ⎟×⎜ ⎟ =
r2 R 1 l1 r2 2 ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
V0 V R
∴ R2 = 1
58. The current flowing in the bulb of 500 W 2
operating at 100 V is specific resistance doesn't depend upon length
500 and radius.
I= = 5A
100 E
66. Specific resistance ρ =
100 J
Resistance of the bulb = = 20Ω (say R1)
5 67. Resistivity of any material is its intrinsic
To deliver 500 W, the current in the bulb must property and is constant at a particular
remain 5 A when it is operated with 200 V temperature. Resistivity does not depend upon
supply. The resistance R to be connected in shape, length and radius.
200 71. Specific resistance depends on the nature of
series for this purpose is given by =5 material.
R + R1
72. As temperature increases, the resistivity
or R + R1 = 40 or R + 20 = 40 or R = 20 Ω.
increases and hence the relaxation time
Hence the correct choice is (B).
⎛ 1⎞
decreases for conductors ⎜ τ ∝ ⎟ .
59. The mass of the wire of length l, density d and ⎝ ρ⎠
cross-sectional area A is,
M=dAl l ρl × 4
73. R= ρ =
∴ Mass per unit length, a πD2
M m D2
= d A or A = ….(i) For given data, l ∝
ρ
l d
2
Now the resistance of the wire of resistivity ρ lB ⎛ D B ⎞ ⎛ ρ A ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
is, lA ⎝ D A ⎠ ⎝ ρ B ⎠
ρl 2
R = ⎛ 2D A ⎞ ⎛ ρA ⎞
A =⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
∴ Resistance per unit length, ⎝ D A ⎠ ⎝ 2ρA ⎠
R ρ lB 4 2
k = = ….(ii) ∴ = =
l A lA 2 1
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74. Two metal rods have exactly same resistance. l
80. Resistance = ρ
RA = RB A
l ρl ρl 4ρl R 1 ρ1 l1 A 2 2 3 5 5
Let R = ρ = 2 = = ∴ = × × = × × =
A πr ⎛D⎞
2
π D2 R 2 ρ2 l2 A1 3 4 4 8
π⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
V l
Since RA = RB 81. R= =ρ
I A
4ρ A lA 4 ρ B lB
= 2 50 ×10−2
π DA 2
π DB2 ∴ =ρ
4 (1×10−3 )2
Given that: lB = 2 lA
DB = 4 DA ∴ ρ = 1 × 10–6 Ωm.
ρ A lA ρ B (2lA ) 83. Equivalent resistance between two opposite
= rectangular faces,
D A2 (4 D A ) 2
Length l = 1 cm = 10–2 m
ρB
ρA =
8
V

1 cm
75. I= where V is the same
R 100 cm
L
R=ρ 1 cm
A Area of cross-section A = 1 cm × 100 cm
L = 100 cm2
For (1), R1 = ρ
A = 10–2 m2
ρ3L2 3ρL (∵ 1cm2 = 10–4 m2)
For (2), R2 = = 10−2
2A A Resistance R = 3 × 10–7 × −2 = 3 × 10–7 Ω
L2 L 10
For (3), R3 = ρ =ρ Equivalent resistance between two opposite
2A A
square faces,
L3 ρL
For (4), R4 = ρ = l = 100 cm = 1 m, A = 1 cm2 = 10–4 m2
3A A 1
i.e., R1 = R3 = R4 < R2 So, resistance R = 3 × 10–7 × −4 = 3 × 10–3Ω
∴ I1 = I3 = I4 > I2 10
85. At a particular temperature, the resistance of a
3 1 1
76. Volume = Al = 3 ⇒ A = superconductor is zero ⇒ G = = =∞
l R 0
ρ×l ρl 2 87. Ge is semiconductor and Na is a metal. The
Now, R = 3 = ∴3=
3/l 3 conductivity of semiconductor increases and
9 3 that of the metals decreases with the rise in
∴ l2 = ⇒ l =
ρ ρ temperature.
93. Because 1 H.P. = 746 J/s = 746 watt
ρl 50 × 10−2 94. Here, I = 5.0 A; R = 11 Ω;
77. R= = 50 × 10−8 × = 10–6 Ω
A (50 × 10−2 ) 2 T = 5 minutes = 5 × 60 = 300 s
Electric energy consumed in 5 minutes
ρL ρ ×1 = I2 R t = (5.0)2 × 11 × 300
78. R= ⇒ 0.7 =
A 22 = 8.25 × 104 J
(1 × 10−3 ) 2
7 95. Total energy spent across two resistors
ρ = 2.2 × 10–6 ohm – m. V2 V2
connected in parallel to battery = +
l 64 × 10−6 × 198 R1 R 2
79. R= ρ ⇒7=
A 22 2 3× 3 3× 3 36
×r = + = = 18 = 3 × 3 × 2 J
7 2 2 2
∴ r = 0.024 cm 3
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271. Resistivity of a conductor increases with 279. Applying Kirchhoff's law in following figure,
increase in temperature because rate of 60Ω
collisions between free electrons and ions
I
increase with increase in temperature. 15 1 5
A B
However, the resistivity of semiconductors
decreases with increase in temperature 1 I 1
2
because more and more covalent bonds are I
broken at higher temperature, thus making 10
more charge carriers available for conduction.
At junction A,
ρl ρl
272. R1 = 1 1 and R 2 = 2 2 . I + I1 + I2 = 1 .... (i)
A A
In series R eq = R1 + R 2 For Loop (1),
− 60 I + (15 + 5)I1 = 0
ρeq. (l1 + l2 ) ρl ρ l
= 11 + 2 2 ⇒ I1 = 3I ...(ii)
A A A
ρ1l1 + ρ 2 l2 For loop (2),
∴ ρeq = . – (15 + 5) I1 + 10 I2 = 0
l1 + l2
⇒ I2 = 2I1 = 2(3 I) = 6 I ....(iii)
1 dR 1
273. α = . = [R 0 (a + 2bt)] On solving equation (i), (ii) and (iii) we get
R dt R 0 (1 + at + bt 2 ) I = 0.1 A
⎛ a + 2bt ⎞ Short Trick : Branch current =
= ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ 1 + at + bt ⎠ ⎛ Resistance of opposite branch ⎞
main current × ⎜ ⎟
274. In the given case, cell is in open circuit mode ⎝ Total resistance ⎠
(i = 0). So voltage across the cell is equal to its
(Branch current) 60Ω
e.m.f
12 I
275. i = = 2A
(4 + 2)
Energy loss inside the source = i2r = (2)2 × 2 1A 15Ω 5Ω
= 8W 10Ω
2E 20/3Ω
276. i =
R + R1 + R 2
⎡ 20 ⎤
From cell (2) E = V + iR 2 = 0 + iR 2 ⎢ ⎥
∴ I = 1× ⎢ 3 ⎥
∴ E = iR2 R ⎢ 20 + 60 ⎥
⎣ 3 ⎦
i ∴ I = 0.1 A
280. On applying Kirchhoff's current law,
I = 13 A.
E, R1 E, R2
(1) (2) 281. iAD = iDB + iDC
2E Let potential at D be V
∴ E= × R 2 ⇒ R = R 2 − R1
R + R1 + R 2 (70 − V) (V − 0) (V − 10)
= +
277. EN = 1.5 rN 10 20 30
Where rN = internal resistance of nth cell 282. In balance condition, no current will flow
Total e.m.f E = E1 + E2 + E3 + …… + En through the branch containing S.
= 1.5[r1 +r2 + r3 + … + rn]
E total 283. According to the balance condition of
∴ Current, I =
R total Wheatstone bridge,
1.5[r1 + r2 + r3 + ..... + rn ] X (52 + 1)
= =
[r1 + r2 + r3 + ..... + rn ] 10 (48 + 2)
Hence, I = 1.5 A ∴ X = 10.6 Ω
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P 1
284. = ⇒ Q = 3P
Q 3
P + 40 3
and =
Q + 40 5
P + 40 3
∴ =
3P + 40 5
∴ P = 20 Ω and
Q = 3P = 60 Ω
286. According to condition to obtain null point,
V = E.
e R
288. Potential gradient x = ⋅
(R + R h + r) L
2.5 20 V
∴ x= × = 5 × 10−5
(20 + 80 + 0) 10 mm

2.4 × 10−19 3
289. F = qE ⇒ E = F/q = −19
= V/m
1.6 × 10 2
3
E.m.f = × 4 = 6 V.
2
E 220 11
290. = =
V 200 10
10 10
∴ V= E= × 1.1 = 1 V
11 11
E = V + xr
(E − V) 1.1 − 1 0.1
∴ x= = = = 0.2 A
r 0.5 0.5
E R
291. Vg = × AB
(R + r + R AB ) L
4 3 4
= × = × 10−2 V/cm
(5 + 1 + 3) 100 3
E1 = Vgl1
1.1 1.1 330
∴ l1 = = = = 82.50 cm
Vg 4 −2 4
× 10
3
∴ l = 60 < 82.50
Current will flow from D to C.

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