Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Soil Investigation
&
Foundations
Construction Management
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
(A Government of India Enterprise)
(R.P. SINGH)
CONTENTS
SECTION-I
SOIL INVESTIGATION
IN TRANSMISSION LINE
SECTION-II
TOWER FOUNDATIONS
CHAPTER-1
GENERAL
CHAPTER-2
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
CHAPTER-4
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
CHAPTER-5
PROTECTION OF FOUNDATION
WATER
5.5 MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME FOR REVETMENT AND
BENCHING
CHAPTER-6
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER-7
MECHANISED CONSTRUCTION
APPLICATIONS
7.2 WORK STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
7.3 PLANT PURCHASE VERSUS PLANT HIRE
7.4 SAFETY PROGRAMME
7.5 WHY MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT?
7.6 PRODUCTION OUT PUTS
7.7 PRODUCTION TRIAL
7.8 ECONOMIC LIFE
CHAPTER-8
LINE PACKAGES
CHAPTER-9
GUIDELINES
BOXES
9.4 MIXING, PLACING AND COMPACTING OF CONCRETE
CHAPTER-10
CHECK FORMAT
COMPACTING OF CONCRETE
ANNEXURE-IA : TOOLS & PLANTS FOR EXCAVATION,
WALLS
SECTION-1
Soil Investigation
___________________________________________________________________________
SECTION
ONE
___________________________________________________________________________
SOIL INVESTIGATION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
An investigation of sill is essential for judging its suitability for the proposed
about the soil and to know the engineering properties of soil which will be
affected.
Earlier, the soil investigation of locations of transmission line towers was not
very popular and general practice had been to adopt 4to 5 types of standard
chances of failure.
a) Technical Consideration
b) Economic Consideration
ures of foundations.
foundations form the major chunk of the cost. The cost of foundations
of the foundations in field to match the most optimum size and type of
foundation.
1.2.1 Boring : Bore holes are generally taken at specified locations to obtain
information about the sub soil profile, its nature and strength and to collect soil
samples for strata identification and conducting laboratory tests. The minimum
diameter of the bore hole shall be 150 mm and boring shall be carried out in
accordance with the provision of IS:1892. Casing pipe is used in the bore hole
to support its side when a side fall is suspected to occur inside the borehole.
When casing pipe is used, it shall be ensured that its bottom end is at all times
less than 15cms above the bottom of the borehole and not below the level at
cohesion less soils the advancement of the casing pipe shall be such that it
does not disturb the soil to be tested or sampled. The casing shall be advanced
1.2.2 Shell and Auger Boring: Cylindrical augers and shells with cutting edge on
teeth at the lower end can be used for making deep boring. Hand operated
rings are used for depths up to about 25m and the mechanized rings up to 50m.
Shell and auger boring can be used in all types of soil free from boulders. For
cohesion less soil below ground water table, the water table in the borehole
shall always be maintained at or above the ground water level. The use of
chisel bit is permitted in hard strate with SPT-N value greater than 100.Chisel
bits are also used to extend the borehole through local obstructions such as old
different layers of soil, depth of subsoil water and preparation of data sheets.
1.3.1 General :
confirm to IS:2132.
(b) All the samples shall be identified with date, bore hole and trial pit
pointing towards the top surface of the sample as the soil was in-situ.
Care shall be taken to keep the core samples and box samples vertically
with the arrow directing upwards . The tube samples shall be properly
trimmed at one end and suitably caped and sealed with molten paraffin
wax.
strata and depths of 1.0 4.0 7.0,10.013.0,15.5m and water at regular intervals
of 3.0m and as directed by the Engineer. The depth interval between the top
levels of undisturbed sampling and standard penetration test shall not be less
than 10.m. Undisturbed samples shall be of 100m dia and 450 mm length.
Samples shall be collected in such a manner that the structure of the soil and
its moisture content do not get asserted. The specifications for the accessories
required for sampling and the sampling procedure shall conform to IS:1892
and IS:2132. Undisturbed sampling in sand shall be done using compressed air
undisturbed samples by pushing the tube into the soil. The sampling tube shall
450mm. The area ratio of sampling tubes shall be less than 12.5%. However,
in case of very stiff soils, area ratio up to 20% shall be permitted. Area ratio
should be as low as possible. In no case it should be greater than 25%. The
inside clearance of the sampler should lie between 1 to 3 percent and the
outside clearance should not be much greater than the inside clearance.
thin walled sampler. In order to reduce the wall friction, suitable precautions
Undisturbed samples in very loose saturated sandy and silty soils and very soft
clays shall be obtained by using a piston system. In soft clays and silty clays,
with water standing in the casing pipe, piston sampler shall be used to collect
stroke and length of sample recovery shall be recorded. After the sampler is
pushed to the required depth, both the sampler cylinder and piston system shall
be drawn up together ensuring that there shall not be any disturbance to the
Samplers which shall be used commonly at sites are open drive sampler,
stationary piston sampler, and Rotary samplers depending upon the mode of
operation. Open drive types can be both the thick and thin wall samplers and
the stationary piston and the rotary types are thin wall sampler - depending
D22 - D12
Area ratio = ------------------- X 100 Percent
D12
D3 - D1
Inside Clearance = ---------------- X 100 percent
D1
D2 - D4
Outside Clearance = ---------------- X 100 percent
D4
for the equipments required for the test and the procedure of testing shall be in
accordance with IS: 5529, part -1. When it is required to carry out the
permeability test for a particular section of the soil strata above the ground
percolate into the soil. Choice of the method of testing shall depend on the soil
pipe to note down the fluctuations of water level. The fluctuation shall
above test depth, diameter of casing pipe etc. Shall be made and
Appendix-A.
This method shall ve adopted for relatively less permeable soils where
the discharge is small and where the soil can stand without casing. The
test section shall be seated by the bottom of the borehole and a packer
used . Access to the test section through the packer shall be by means
of a pipe which shall extend to above the ground level. Water shall be
filled into the pipe upto the level marked just below the top of the pipe
and water allowed to drain into the test section. The water level in the
casing or drilling mud shall be used to support the sides of the hole. The test
shall be conducted at depth of 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 6.0, 8.0, 9.0, 11.0, 12.0, 14.0, m
and at 3.0m intervals and every change of strata and as per the direction of the
driven into the undisturbed soil at the bottom of the hole under the blows of a
65 kg drive weight with 75 cm free fall. The minimum open length of the
seating drive. It shall be further driven through 30cm or until 100 blows are
applied. The number of blows required to give the sampler 30 cm beyond the
discontinued when the blow count is equal to 100 or the penetration is less
than2.5 cm for 50 blows whichever is earlier. At the location were the test is
Sufficient quantity of disturbed soil samples shall be collected from the split
Following Tables give some of the empirical correlation of the soil properties
with the penetration resistance corrected for depth and for fine saturated sand.
Table (1) Penetraqtion resistance and Empirical correlations for cohesionless soils.
Table (2) : Penetration resistance and empirical correlations for cohesive soils
0 0 - Very soft
8 10 - Stiff
32 40 - Hard
1.6 Static cone penetration test : Static cone penetration test shall be conducted
to know the soil stratification and to estimate the various soil propertie such
advanced by pushing and the static forcr required for unit penetration shall be
determined. The test shall be conducted upto the specified depth or refusal
whichever is earlier. For this test ‘refusal’ means meeting a very hard strata
which can’t be penetrated at the rate of at least 0.3cm/sec even when the
equipment is loaded to its full capacity. The specifications for the equipment
and accessories required for performing the test, test procedure, field
observations and reporting of results shall conform to 1S: 4968, Part 111. Only
ground level, preboring upto 0.5 m depth shall be permitted if the overlying
maintained.
1.7 Dynamic cone penetration test: Dynamic cone penetration test shall be conducted to
predict stratification, density, bearing capacity etc of soils. The test shall be conducted
upto the specified depth or refusal whichever is earlier. Refusal shall be considered when
the blow count exceeds 150 for 300mm penetration. The specification for the equipment
and accessories re- quired for performing this test, test procedure, field observations and
reporting of results shall conform to 18:4968 Part-ll. The driving system shall comprise
of a 650 weight having a free fall of 0.75m. The cone shall be of 65 mm diameter
provided with vents for'continuous flow of bentonite slurry through the cone and rods in
order to avoid friction between the rods & soil. On completion of the test, the result shall
be presented as a continuous record of the number of blows required for every 300mm
penetration of the cone into the soil in a suitable chart supplemented by a graphical plot
1.8 Vane shear test: Field vane shear test shall be performed inside the borehole
and sensitive clays, which are highly susceptible to sampling disturbance. The
vane shear test consist of four thin steel plates called vanes, welded
orthogonally to a steel rod (Fig.3) .The test shall be conducted by advancing
this four winged vane of s~itable size (as per the soil condition) into the soil
upto the desired depth and measuring the torque required to rotate the vane.
worm gear and worm wheel arrangement. The specification for the equipments
and accessories required for conducting the test, the test procedure and field
direct penetration from ground surface. On completion of the test the results
A.
1.9 Plate Load Test: Plate load test shall be conducted to determine the ultimate
shallow depths by loading a plane and leveled steel plate kept at the desired
depth and measuring the settlement under different loads, until a desired
settlement takes place or failure occurs. The specification for the equipment
and accessories required for conducting the test, the test procedure, field
observations and reporting of results shall conform to IS:1888. The test pit
shall be made five times the width of the plate. At the centre of the pit, a small
square hole shall be dug whose size shall be equal to the size of the plate and
the bottom level of which correspond to the level of actual foundation (Fig.4) .
The loading to the test plate shall be applied with the help of a hydraulic jack.
The reaction of the hydraulic jack shall be borne by either of the following two
methods:
vertical column resting on the test plate and the loading shall be done with the
help of sand bags, stones or concrete blocks. The general arrangement of the
If the water table is at a depth higher than the specified test depth, the
groundwater shall be lowered and maintained at the test depth for the entire
1.9.1 A seating load of 70 gm/sq.cm shall be applied and after the dial gauge
readings are stabilized , the load shall be released and the initial readings of
the dial gauges recorded after they indicate constant reading. The load shall be
increased in stages. These stages shall be 20, 40, 70, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300,
400, 500, 600 and 800 KN per sq.m. or as directed by the Engineer. Under
IS: 1888.
The load shall be maintained for a minimum duration of one hour or till the
of settlement rate from periods less than one hour shall be permitted.
1.9.2 Loading shall be carried out in stages as specified above till one of the
a) Failure of the soil under the plate i.e. the settlement of the plate at
more.
of loading. Thereafter the readings shall be taken at hourly intervals upto a further 4
2.0.1 Trial pits shall be of minimum 2mx2m size at the bottom so as to permit easy access
for visual examination of walls of the pit and to facilitate sampling and insitu testing
operations. pits shall be upto 4 m deep or as per the directions of the Engineer.
Precautions shall be taken to ensure the stability of pit walls including provision of
shoring, if necessary, as per IS: 4453: Precautions shall be taken to prevent surface
water draining into the pit. Arrangements shall be made for dewatering if the pit is
extended below water table. Trial pits shall be kept dry and a ladder shall be provided
for easy access to the bottom of the pit. In-situ tests shall be conducted and
remain open.
2.0.2 A note on the visual examination of soil strata shall be prepared. This should include
the nature, colour, consistency and visual classification of the soil, thickness of soil
2.0.3 Undisturbed samples shall be collected at 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 m depth and at the termination
a) Chunk Samples
disturbing the soil inside the marked area, the soil around this marking
that its size reduces to 0.3mx0.3m. Wax paper cut to suitable size shall
be wrapped uniformly covered with two layers of thin cloth over all the
S exposed surfaces of the soil block and sealed properly using molten
(internal dimensions) with the top and bottom open shall be placed
around the soil block and held such that its top edge protrudes just
above the surface of the block. The space between the soil block and
the box shall be filled uniformly and tightly with moist sawdust. The
top surface shall also be covered with saw dust before nailing the
wooden lid to cover the box firmly taking care that the soil block is not
disturbed. The area of contact between the bottom portion of the block
quantities using small rods, so that the block can be separated from the
along with the soil block, the bottom portion shall be trimmed and
covered with wax paper, cloth and sealed with molten wax. A wooden
lid shall be nailed to the box after providing proper saw dust cushion
below it. An arrow mark shall be made on the vertical face of the
wooden box to indicate the top surface along wi th the coordinates and
depth of sampling .
b) Tube Samples
sampler shall be pushed into the soil and while doing so, soil around
2.0.4 In each trial pit the soil in-situ density shall be determined by the sand
the test and test procedure shall be as per IS: 2720, Part- XXVIII. No separate
in bore holes as per IS: 693 5 and as per the lnstructions of the Engineer.
inside the bore hole is found to be stable, the depth of water level
shall be suitable. The bore hole shall be filled with water and then
level shall be made at each depth. The level at which neither a fall nor
2.1.2 In case any variation in the groundwater level is observed in any specific boreholes,
then the water level in these I boreholes shall be recorded daily during the course of
the field investigation. Levels in nearby wells, streams, etc., if any, shall also be noted
conducted within an hour of collection and shall have the prior written
required for designing safety grounding system for the entire switch yard area.
The specifications for the equipments and other accessories required for
performing electrical resistivity test, the test procedure, and reporting of field
along two perpendicular lines parallel to the coordinate axes. On each line a
rock shall be certified by the Engineer. The portion drilled in rock shall
diamond tipped drill bits depending on the type of rock and as per
barrels and core catchers shall be used for breaking off the core and
retaining i t when the rods are withdrawn. Double tube core barrels
shall be used to ensure better core recovery and to pick up cores from
hollow rods and the sludge conveying the rock cuttings to the surface
diamond bit shall require the specific written approval of the Engineer
c) No drilling run shall exceed 1.5m in length. If the core recovery is less
than 80% in any run the length of the subsequent run shall be reduced
recorded.
iv) Special conditions like the depth at which grouting was done
pressure at one end of the core with the barrel held horizontally without
vibration. Friable cores shall be extracted from the barrel directly into
a suitable sized half round plastic channel section. Care shall be taken
e) Immediately after withdrawl from the core barrel, the cores shall be
purpose. The boxes shall be made from seasoned timber or any other
durable material and shall be indexed on top of the lid as per IS : 4078.
rock strata. This test shall be conducted in uncased and ungrouted sections of
the drill hole and the use of bentonite slurry during drilling is strictly
Clear and clean water shall be used for the purpose of both drilling and testing.
The equipments required and the procedure to be followed for conducting the
test shall conform to IS : 5529, Part-II. The length of the test section shall be
either 1.5m or 3.0 m as per field conditions and the directions of the Engineer.
The level of water table, if any, in the drill hole shall be recorded and the drill
hole shall be cleaned before beginning the test. Depending upon the depth of
the test section, single packer or double packer method shall be adopted. Care
shall be taken to see that all joints and connections are watertight during the
test.
This method shall be adopted when the bottom elevation of the test
section is the same as the bottom of the drill hole and where it is
itself. This test shall be useful where the full length of the hoe cannot
stand uncased or ungrouted. The packer shall be fixed at the top level
of test section such that only the test section lies below the packer.
Water shall then be pumped through a pipe into the test section under a
Part-II, Appendix-B.
the top and bottom of the test section such that their spacing is exactly
tests shall be conducted on soil and rock samples collected in the field.
experienced personnel who are thoroughly conversant with the work. Tests
rock samples as per relevant IS: codes. One copy of all the laboratory test
other approved standards for this class of work. It shall be checked that
approved laboratory.
shall be taken out without causing any disturbance to the samples using
breaking. For screw type extruders, the pushing head shall be free from
contact with the pushing head. For soft clay samples, the sample tube
shall be cut by mean of a high speed hacksaw to proper test length and
placed over the mould before pushing the sample into it with a suitable
piston.
e) While extracting a sample from a liner or tube, care shall be taken to
see that its direction of movement is the same as that during sampling
2.4.2 Tests
Tests as indicated in this specification and as called for by the Engineer shall
be conducted. These tests shall include but not be limited to the following.
- Specific Gravity
- Chemical Analysis
i) Unconsolidated undrained,
Water Pressure.
iii) Consolidated Drained.
- Consolidation
- Visual Classification
- Slake durability
field density and moisture content . For conducting CBR test and
triaxial test for dyke and road material the sample shall be remoulded
at sufficient depth so that chances of its rising to the base of the footing
natural moisture content. Each test shall be carried out on a set of three
test specimens from one sample at cell pressures equal to 100, 200 and
test shall be conducted at cell pressure of 100,200 and 300 KN/ sqm.
increased in stages of 50 KN/sqm. ensuring complete consolidation at
each stage.
three normal vertical stresses for each test shall be l00, 200 and 300
percentage ( % ) .
Surphates(both SO3 and SO4), Chlorides, Nitratesm Organic matter and any
2.5 Report
a) On completion of all the field and laboratory work, the Contractor shall
Initially, the Contractor shall submit three copies of the report in draft
after get ting the amended draft report approved, ten copies of the
The report shall also include but not be limited to the following :
a) A plot plan showing the locations and reduced levels of all field tests
e.g. boreholes, trial pits, static cone penetration tests, dynamic cone
penetration tests, plate load tests 1 etc. properly drawn to scale and
b) A true cross section of all individual boreholes and trial pits with
e) Past observations and historical data, if available, for the area or for
other areas with similar soil profile or with similar structures in the
surrounding areas.
g) Results of all laboratory tests summarised (i) for each sample (as per
Table-I) as well as (ii) for each layer along with all the relevant charts,
tables, graphs, figures, supporting calculations, conclusitions and
h) For all triaxial shear tests stress vs strain diagrams as well as Mohr’ s
relevant calculations.
e vs log p
e vs p and
Compression vs log t or
The point showing the initial condition (eo, po) of the soil shall be
j) The procedure adopted for calculating the compression index from the
field curve and settlement of soil strata shall be clearly specified. The time
Field pressure meter, creep and air calibration curves indicating Po' Pf
and Pi.
2.5.3 Recommendations
Recommendations shall be given area wise duly considering the type of soil,
structure and foundation in the area. The recommendations shall include but
calculation.
ii) Net safe allowable bearing pressure for raft foundations of
iv) Net safe bearing capacity for foundation sizes mentioned above,
foundation.
stable slopes for shallow and deep excavations, active and passive
e) Suitability of locally available soils at site for filling and back filling
purposes.
retainment of the same under the foundation etc. shall be given. In the
necessary.
The clauses below shall apply for item rate contracts only. They shall not be
applicable to turn key and lumpsum contracts, except for work beyond the
2.6.1 Rates
a) The item of work in the Schedule of Quantities describes the work very
item in the Schedule of Quantities, the bidder's rates shall include for
the activities covered in the description of the item as well as for all
b) The unit rates quoted shall include minor details which are obviously
and fairly intended, and which may not have been included in these
documents but are essential for the satisfactory completion of the work.
of each borehole, test pit, etc. by carrying levels from one established
bench mark and distances from one set of grid lines furnished by the
approved formats.
for construction drawings differ in any way (e.g .location and depth for
tests, number of tests, etc.) from those shown on the tender drawings.
2.6.2 Measurements
decimals. Areas shall be worked out in square meters (m2) and volume
in cubic meters and which may not have been included in these
documents but are essential for the satisfactory completion of the work.
of each borehole, test pit, etc. by carrying levels from one established
bench mark and distances from one set of grid lines furnished by the
approved formats.
d) No claims shall be entertained if the details are shown on the released
for construction drawings differ in any way (e.g. location and depth for
tests, number of tests, etc.) from those shown on the tender drawings.
2.6.2 Measurements
decimals. Areas shall be worked out in square meters (m2) and volume
c) Certain tests have to be conducted in bore holes, trial pits, etc. Such
boreholes, trial pits, etc., shall be measured only once and not again
The entire soil investigation work shall be carried ~ out in accordance with the
Penetration test at River Crossings and special locations shall be carried out at
the interval of 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 10.0 and thereafter at the rate of 3m intervals
every change of strata and at depths as follows: 1.0m, 4.0m, 7.0m, 11.0m and
thereafter at the rate of 3m intervals up to 38m. The spacing between the top
less than 1.0m. The boreholes shall generally be executed to, specified depth
(i.e. SPT-N Value is greater than 100 continuously for 5m depth) the borehole
O E Y (KN/Cu.m.) A PROPERTIES
R P P T
Bulk Dry GRAVEL SAND SILT CLAY L.L. P.L. P.I. CLA D S
E T E E
SSIF E P
H H R
ICA S E
O O
TIO C C
L ( F C
N– R I
E/ m O
IS I F
T ) S N
P I
RI A T
T C
A M E
I G
L P N
O R
PI L T
N A
T E (
V
N %
I
O. )
T
Notations :
A. Sampling, S.P.T.
i) Tripod
iv) Pump
v) Casing
vi) Chaintong
viii) Pipes
xi) Cathead
xii) Sockets
xiii) Samples
b) Tube Sampler
ii) Dynamic cone (50mm and 65 mm diameter with apex angle 60 Deg.)
iii) Static cone (apex angle 60 Deg. & bore diameter 35.7 mm)
i) Menard Pressuremeter
D. Rock Drilling
a) Casing
b) Drilled
c) Core Barrel
E. Resistivity Test
i) Meggar Test
F. Other Equipments
i) Power Winch
ii) Pulley
iii) Chain
iv) Buckets
G. Transport Requirement
i) Motor Cycle
ii) Jeep
H. Safety Equipments
i) Safety Helmets
iv) Shoes
NOTE :
a) The quantities and capacities of the equipments will depend upon the nos. of
there were doubts about the selection of locations for conducting soil
2. Hard rock in combination with sub-soil water within 1.5 meter depth
4. Hard rock is encountered at the bottom with water and black cotton
soil at top.
6. Predominantly silty sand mixed with clay or other soils (without sub-
soil water).
13. Tower used with 18M/25M extensions for power line crossings.
adopted.
SECTION-II
Tower Foundation
CHAPTER-1
General
___________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER
ONE
___________________________________________________________________________
GENERAL
soil.
check the tower for permissible deflection at the top. Since differential
foundation settlement also causes tower deflection at the top, and if the total
foundation.
1.1.1 Loads
The loads on foundation are determined from an analysis of the tower. The
(i) Uplift
(ii) Downwards
The basic vertical forces are derived from the deadweight of the tower and the
producing not only shear force (lateral load) on the foundation, but also an
uplift on the windward side of the structure and a downthrust on the other. The
design as shown in fig. l. In the case of the heavy angle and terminal
compression and the other pair to uplift, due to the permanent heavy loads
imposed by the deviation of the line. In this case, it is the general practice to
The foundations are generally designed for factor of safety which are 10 percent in excess of
those adopted for towers. Accordingly, the overload factors assumed in the design are 2.2
under normal conditions and 1.65 under broken-wire conditions. However, IS:802-1977 (Part
III), relating to transmission line tower foundations, does not make any distinction with regard
The design of the tower foundation depends on the nature of loading and the
type of soil that supports the foundation. The soils are broadly classified as:
iii) Clayey sand (sandy clays, silty clays, clayey and silty sand), mixed soil.
The following laboratory tests are usually conducted from the soil samples
collected:
Among the field tests, the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is extensively
76 cm to drive a sampling spoon into the ground. The no. of blows required to
push the spoon to a given depth is corelated with a no. of soil properties. The
with those of soil stress and other parameters are not particularly reliable.
In the Standard Core Penetration test, a shaft with a conical tip is slowly
pushed into the ground while electrical transducers measure both tip pressure
and side friction. The SCPT generally gives more accurate measurement than
The SPT value N obtained from the field, is corrected for overburden pressure
in accordance with the chart shown in Fig. 2. The SCPT gives the point
The SPT value N and the SCPT value qc are related as shown in table (1)
below. Table (1) - Correlation between SPT value N and SCPT value qc
Coarse
Sands and sands with little gravel 3-6
Sandy gravels and gravel 8-10
The following soil properties are used in the design of different type of
foundations:
1. Density
2. Relative density Dr
5. Modules of compressibility Es
7. Poisson's Ratio n
8. Compressive strength of rocks s
Table below gives the above properties and classify the soils and rocks.
The following data are usually required for a proper selection of type of
4. General layout of the tower and the loads at the foundation level.
particulars.
b. Outline of banks.
bed-line, banks, ordinary flood level, low water level, the highest
Notes:
footing.
2. The values of safe bearing capacities do not take into effect the shape
capacity.
CHAPTER
TWO
___________________________________________________________________________
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
2.0 Introduction
though footing may have greater depth than the breadth in some
factor of safety and is, therefore, adopted for convenience and ease in
calculations.
satisfactory from design point of view. The knowledge of soil mechanics and
the necessity of erecting towers on a variety of soils have made it possible and
result several types of tower foundations have been derived and successfully
used. Some of the more common types of foundation, mainly for broad based
This is the most common type of footing used in India and some
the size and depth of which are decided either on the basis of bearing
uplift force. The stub angle is taken inside and effectively anchored to
the bottom pad by cleat angle and keying rods; and the muff or the
of steel beam as pad for the tower leg by means of heavier joints or
constituents of the soil, and that the periodical excavation necessary for
purposes of maintenance would loosen the soil and consequently lessen the
There are several types of concrete spread footings which can be designed for
tower foundations. The two most common types of these are shown in
(Fig. 5). In the slopping pedestal type the centroid of the base is in line with
the batter of the tower legs and footing pedestals, reducing the additional
The cast in situ reinforced concrete augured footing has been extensively used
in U.S.A., Canada and many countries in the continent. The primary benefits
derived from this type of foundations are the saving in time and manpower.
Holes can be driven upto one meter diameter and six meter deep. The truck
carrying the power augur is usually a cross country type of all wheel drive.
Usually, stiff clays and dense sands are capable of being drilled and standing
anchor bolts, whereas loose granular material may give trouble during
Grouted rock footings or rock anchors are suitable in the areas with
rock outcrops.
The anchoring strength will depend on the bond between the grout and
cost and (iii) repeated use of formworks and more economical use of
the dead weight of the concrete in piles and pile caps with appropriate
correction for floatation plus the pullout value of the piling. For
certain conditions, can do the job better than any other that could be
steel parts are not corroded. In this case chimneys are generally raised
carried out to ascertain the properties of the soil for the design of the
foundation.
CHAPTER-3
Classification and Stub Setting
___________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER
THREE
___________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Transportation
(iii) Foundations
(v) Stringing
3.2 Transportation
line tower may total several hundred tonnes, while construction sites are
usually scattered over a wide area. Logistic operations thus become a major
facilities are poor and effective temporary construction routes are limited. All
material transport shall be undertaken. in vehicles suitable for the purpose and
free from effect of any chemical substances. Tower members should be loaded
and transported in such a manner that these are not bent in transit and sharp
3.3 Foundation
This will be conducted to make a check on detailed survey and to locate the
peg marks and the tower positions on ground conforming to the survey charts.
In the process it is necessary to have the pit centres marked according to the
excavation marking charts. The levels, up or down, of each pit centre with
respect to the centre of the tower location shall be noted and recorded for
If the levels of the pit centres be in sharp contrast with the level of the tower
centre (say beyond a slope of 1:4), suitable "leg extension" may be deployed as
required.
3.4.1 After tower spotting is done during check survey, it is often the case that the
area within the base of the tower is found uneven in level. Minor variation in
level can be ignored but variations in level of more than 60 cms are to be dealt
with benching the area to the reference level of centre peg. The foundation
shall be placed at the design depth with reference to the centre peg level. The
area below the centre peg shall be back filled to get a leveled surface. If the
level of back filling is considerably high, the filled area shall be enclosed by a
3.4.2 In Hilly areas the difference of levels in the four legs is generally very high
3.5.1 The following standard types of foundation are approved in Powergrid for
i) Normal dry
ii) Wet
3.5.2 The above foundations are designed for the corresponding predominantly
prevalent soils in the pits. However, there will be cases where a combination
of soils in the pits may be observed and correct classification of the standard
3.5.3 Type of foundations to be adopted with reference to the soils and sub-soils
sub-soil waters (items 6(b) and 7(b) of Table-1, items 1(b) and 2(c) of table 2
and items 1,2 & 3 of Table 3) standard foundations cannot straight away be
adopted.
3.5.4 If the soil conditions differ with the four legs of the same tower necessitating
adopting of different types of approved foundation for the different legs of the
3.5.5 If site feels that soil encountered at any of the locations do not tally with the
locations fall in the back water of any river, tank or reservoir, the depth of the
back water at those locations and the duration of the stagnation of water at
Note : To facilitate foundation classification a check format has been developed and
3.6.1 The relevant drgs., Profile duly approved should be available at site with each
working gang.
3.6.2 The following tools and plants (T&P) should be available with each working
gang:-
iv) One second theodolite and stadia method with calibrated levelling
stares.
The reference level is the level at the centre peg of the foundation location.
The depth of all the four pits are to be measured from this reference point. The
reduced level of the centre peg to be measured correctly and to be verified with
3.6.4 Pit marking shall be carried out according to the pit marking chart.
The design office will furnish the site with an excavation pit marking chart or
excavation plan which gives the distance of pit centres, sides and corners with
reference to centre point of tower. The distances are measured and each pit
boundaries are marked in the field by means of spade or pick axe along the
3.6.5 In case of open cut foundation the pit sizes shall be determined after allowing
The depth of excavation at the pit centre shall be measured with respect to
3.6.6 While excavating care should be taken that earth is cut vertically/Tapered/In
steps as per the site requirement to avoid any mishap during excavation. A
both sides of the centre of location shall be measured correctly and verified in
order to ensure the exact location of the centre peg. For tangent towers pits are
to be marked along the centre line through previous location and next location.
3.6.7 For angle towers pit marking is done along the bisection of angle of deviation.
While carrying out this work the angle of deviation and type of tower is to be
tallied with the profile. The bottom of the excavated pit shall match with
3.6.8 The land mark and topography around the location should be carefully
observed and tallied with the approved profile. The distinct feature shown in
the profile drg. should normally match with prevailing site conditions.
3.6.9 On a slopy ground, care should be taken to take only horizontal distances
from-centre to centre as per the pit marking charts. Excavation of the pits upto
the desired level shall be done with respect to centre level of the pit.
3.6.10 The excavated earth shall be dumped on the outer edges of the pits away from
the base of the tower to a minimum distance equal to the depth of the pit to
avoid collapse of the free standing sides of the pit during excavation or
concreting.
3.6.11 For the sake of reference the pits of the towers shall be designated as shown in
3.7.1 Shoring and shuttering shall be done keeping in view the requirements given
in IS 3764:1966
3.7.2 In pits excavated in sandy soil or water bearing strata and particularly black
cotton soil where there is every likelihood of pits collapsing, shoring and
3.8 Dewatering
3.8.2 In areas where sub-soil water recoupment is heavy and where water cannot be
controlled even by use of power driven pumps well point system is used for
controlling water. In this system a grid of pipes are laid around the area where
the pits are excavated and the system is very effective in pumping operation.
The pit can be excavated avoiding risk of collapse of earth. This will ensure
3.8.3 Another method is by drilling bore holes of a deeper pit much below
For excavation in hard rock, blasting can be resorted to. Reference shall be
made to statutory rules for blasting and use of explosives for this purpose. No
made that pits are excavated as near to the designed dimensions as practicable.
3.9.1 The work of blasting in rock is carried out in three separate operations.
ii) The equipment for hand drilling is simple but requires more man hours
iii) The jumpers are 1m, 1.25m and 1.5m long and are suitably shaped.
striking the jumper, which is given a slight rotation after each blow.
used as per the requirement. Detonator is normally pressed into the gelatine
after making a hole in the gelatine with stick. Detonator is to be pressed into
the gelatine till it is completely embedded in the gelatine. Then this assembly
The detonator leads are first interconnected to form a circuit and later the ends
of this circuit are connected to the exploder with separate wires. The exploder
is kept in a sheltered spot. To fire the shot the exploder handle is rotated at a
high speed.
(ii) One should not approach a misfired shot until atleast 15 minutes have
elapsed and all connections and' handle removed from the exploder.
(iii) A second hole is to be drilled at a safe distance from the first in such a
To protect the persons and animals from injuries from flying debris depending
on situation the numbers of holes to be drilled should be less deep and the pit
the transmission line is kept away from villages and inhabited areas.
concrete at the same angle as that of superstructure main leg slope. To achieve
this, there are three methods of setting the stubs in the pits for correct slope
and alignment.
For setting the stubs of towers' having hill side extensions or very broad base it
becomes unwidely and uneconomical to use the combined template. The stubs
are set separately using individual stub templates to maintain the slope. A
steel channel or beam section of sufficient length to pass over the sides of the
pits is used. A cleat .is welded to this to maintain the leg slope.
After roughly aligning the individual templates with reference to centre peg,
the stubs are fixed to the welded cleats. The stubs are aligned diagonally with
the help of a theodolite stationed at from centre peg and adjusted by measuring
diagonals. They are finally levelled precisely with the help of dumpy level.
If the bottom section of tower (for broad based towers of special extensions) is
stubs. Two sides of the section are assembled on opposite faces along with
stubs horizontally on the ground adjacent to the foundation pits. The sides are
lifted and stubs are lowered into the pits and both sections are joined together
with bracings. The assembly is aligned and the stubs are levelled by holding
the frame with cross bars under the bracing joints. Since alignment is difficult
by dropping plumb, it is done with theodolite placed at centre peg. All bolts &
nuts connecting the bottom section shall be fully tightened before concreting.
The Stubs are set with the help of the stub setting Templates which are
supplied loose, ready to be assembled at site. All four excavated pits are to be
lean concreted to correct level, sighted through and the stubs are to be placed
on the lean concrete pad. Correct alignment is carried out by 0.90 kg plumb
1. Assemble the Template as per the drawing sent alongwith the supply.
4. Align Template, alongwith the line and centre it over the centre peg of
the location.
5. Fix up the stub to the Template and with the help of a dumpy level,
6. Ensure that all the four stubs are at the same level.
levels.
lowering the screw jacks and the stubs can be perfectly levelled. This
ensures accurate verticality of the tower. For ensuring all towers in one
line and cross-armd at right angle to it, four plumb bobs should
correspond to the cross pegs and alignment pegs given during the line
CHAPTER
FOUR
___________________________________________________________________________
FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION
For reasons of economy and progress it is normal practice to use coarse and
fine aggregates available along with line route and/or nearest locations of the
route. As such, it is not practicable to design the concrete mix and use
4.1 Mixes
For main foundation, M 150 or 1:2:4 (Volume) mix cement concrete generally
used. For lean concrete sub-bases or pads, M 100 or 1:3:6 mix cement
concrete may be used. The properties of concrete and mix proportions shall be
3 liters 1 liters
Note: For concreting the bored foundations by displac-ing the drilling muds,
cement.
ordinary plain cement concrete for RCC, the aggregates shall preferably be of
particle size of 4.75 mm. Zone II Grade of fine aggregates may also be used.
In case the foundation happens to be over fine sand, 80 mm chick gravel sub-
minimum concrete cover of 50 mm. The bars shall, however, be placed clear
of stubs and cleats where interfering. For binding iron wire of not less than 0.9
mm shall be employed and the bars may be bound at alternate crossing points.
The work shall conform to IS 2502 : 1963 wherever applicable. For bored
4.5.1 General
The form work shall conform to the shape, lines and dimensions as shown on
the design drawings, and be so constructed as to be regid during the placing &
liquid from concrete. It shall be of light design & easily removable without
surface coming in contact with concrete shall be smooth and free form
facilitate concreting in the lower parts which shall be fixed after concrete in
the bottom part is placed. In bored footings form work may be needed only
The form work for slabs and pyramids shall be made symmetrical about the
concrete, if any, shall be removed form the interior of the forms before the
concrete is placed. The surface in contact with the concrete shall be wetted and
sprayed with fine sand, or treated with an approved composition before use,
every time. Concreting to be done for cold weather shall be as per IS 7861(Part
2) : 1981
4.5.3 Stripping Time under fair weather conditions (generally where average daily
temperature is 20"C or above) , and where ordinary cement is used, forms may
4.6.1 Mixing
use) such as failure of the mixers, or where it is not practicable to haul the
mixers up to the location, and also for lean concrete sub-base, hand mixing
such as 1.8 mm galvanized iron plain sheets properly overlapped and placed
upon level ground. The coarse aggregates shall first be evenly spread out in
required quantity over the sheets. The fine aggregates shall be evenly spread
out over coarse aggregates. The aggregates shall then be thoroughly mixed
together and levelled. The required amount of cement shall be spread evenly
over the mixed aggregates and wet mixing shall start from one end with
required amount of water suing showels. The whole lot shall not be wetted,
washed, cement shall not be spread out, but shall be put in progressively.
For mixing in the mechanical mixers, the same order of placing ingredients in
the drum shall be adopted, that is, coarse aggregates shall be put in first
the mass is unform in colour and consistency but in no case shall mixing be
If the aggregates are wet, the amount of water shall be reduced suitably.
4.6.2 Transporting
Normally mixing shall be done right at the foundation. In places where it is not
possible, concrete may be mixed at the nearest convenient place. The concrete
shall be handled from the place of mixing to the place of final desposit as
the deep containers, on account of their lower ratio of surface area to mass,
reduce the rate of loss of water by evaporation during hot weather and loss o'f
The concrete shall be placed and compacted before settling commences and
300 mm depth. Over compaction causes the liquid to flow out upward causing
If, after the form work has been struck, the concrete surface is found to have
defects, all the damaged surfaces shall be repaired with mortar application
composed of cement and sand in the same proportion as the cement and sand
in the concrete mix. Such repairs shall be carried out well before the
Field tests on workability of concrete and consistency may be carried out in the
Following opening of form work and removal of shoring and strutting, if any,
back filling shall be started after repair, if any, to the foundation concrete.
Back filling shall normally be done -with the excavated soil, unless it consists
maximum size of 80 mm. The back filling materials should be clean and free
maximum 200 mm layers, levelled and wetted and tamped properly before
another layer is deposited. Care shall be taken that the back filling is started
from the foundation ends of the pits, towards the outer ends. After pits have
been back filled to full depth, the stub template may be removed.
The back filling and grading shall be carried to an elevation of about 75 mm
above the finished ground level to drain out water. After back filling 50mm
high earthen embankment (bandh) will be made along the sides of excavated
pits and sufficient water will be poured in the back filled earth for at least 24
hours.
4.8 Curing
The concrete after setting for 24 hours old shall be cured by keeping the
concrete wet continuously for a period of 10 days after laying. The pit may be
back filled with selected earth sprinkled with necessary amount of water and
after a minimum period of 24 hours and thereafter both the back filled earth
and exposed chimney top shall be kept wet for the remainder of the prescribed
time of 10 days. The uncovered concrete chimney above the back filled earth
shall be kept wet by providing empty cement bags dipped in water fully
wrapped around concrete chimney for curing and ensuring that the bags are
CHAPTER
FIVE
___________________________________________________________________________
PROTECTION OF FOUNDATIONS
The transmission line foundations are designed to withstand both down thrust
and uplift forces. The resistance of the soil in compression in reasonably well.
However, the resistance to uplift is uncertain and there are many theories
reported for uplift resistance in literature. These theories are generally based
on a slip surface rising vertically from the edge of the footing or a surface
rising at an angle of friction from the vertical, thus forming a frustum (Fig.13).
Under the vertical surface theory the shear resistance along the sides of the
plane or cylinder is calculated and added to the dead weight of the soil and
footing. Under the angle of friction theory, the dead weight within the frustum
is considered to provide resistance against uplift. Test results have shown that
neither of these methods provide reliable results. The cone method is usually
tower leg.
The foundations are also required to be protected from landslide, earth slip.,
erosions of the hills due to flood etc. The Revetment or Benching also protects
5.2 Revetment
repose intersects the ground at a difference of about 1.0m below the centre peg
around the complete foundation enclosing all the four tower legs. Revetment is
made around the complete foundation in case the tower base dimensions are
smaller i.e. within 10.0m. However, in case the tower base dimensions are
very very large, construction of Revetment around the individual Cower leg
considering the revetment around the individual leg or all the four legs.
The Revetment wall can be constructed by random rubble masonry wall with
1 1/2 times the exposed portion of wall above ground level. A Random Rubble
masonry, wall of Trapezoidal cross section (Fig. 14) may be constructed for
In case tower is located in hill slope i.e. where the difference in elevations is
very large. Revetments may not be economical. In such cases leg extensions of
made for the purpose of stub setting. Revetments should not be done for
levelling the-area under the tower base for the purpose of stub setting. The
payment for the levelling the area and Trench excavations along the sides as
well as diagonals of the tower legs is included in the unit rate of stub setting.
5.3 Benching
When the line passes -through .the hilly/undulated terrain, levelling of the
ground may be required for casting of the tower foundation as to protect the
stub from corrosion. All such activities shall be termed as benching and shall
include the cutting of excess earth above the centre peg level and filling the
wall since the excavation will infringe with the filled soil of the benching work
incasing to be done upto 200mm above the chemical water level. The bracing
5.5.1 General
There are three methods generally adopted for measuring the volume. They are
The first two methods are commonly used for the calculation of each work
while the third method is generally adopted for the calculation of of depressed
area.
5.5.2 Measurement from Cross-Sections
This is the most widely used method. The total volume is divided into a series
measurement is based are the prism, wedge and prismoid. The spacing of the
sections depends upon the character of the ground and the accuracy required in
the measurement. The area of the cross-section taken along the line are first
w1 and w2 = the side widths, or half breadths, i.e., the horizontal distances
from the centre to the intersection of the side slopes with original ground level.
h1 and h2 = the side heights, i.e., the vertical distances from formation level to
h1 = h2 = h
w1 = w2 = w = b/2 + nh
A = {b/2 + (b/2+nh)} h
= (b+n) h
Let O be the point on the centre line at which the two sides slopes intersect.
Hence BH : HO : : N : 1
OR ho = b/2n
The above formula has been derived in terms of w1 and w2 and does not
contain the term m. The formula is, therefore, equally applicable even if DC
and CE have different slopes, provided w1 and w2 are known. The formula can
Also, w1 = (h1 – h) m
Or h1 (m-n) = mh+b/2
Or h1 = (m/m-n) (h+b/2m)
Similarly, substituting the values of w1, w2, h1 and h2 in the equation (5.3),
we get
In this case, the ground slope crosses the formation level so that one portion of
Now BJ = nh1
Also, BJ = HJ – HB = w1-b/2
IA = nh2
Also IA = IH – AH=w2-b/2
Also w2 = (h+h2) m
Let 1 in m1 be the transverse slope of the ground to one side and 1 in m2 be the
slope to the other side of the centre line of the cross section (Fig. 19).
The expressions for w1, w2, h1 and h2 can be derived in the similar way as for
case (b)
In the multi-level sections the co-ordinate system provides the most general
method of calculating the area. The cross-section does provide with x and y
co-ordinates for each vertex of the section, the origin being at the central point
(H). The x co-ordinates are measured positive to the right and negatives to the
left of H. Similarly, the y co-ordinates (i.e. the heights) are measured positive
for cuts and negative for fills. In usual form, the notes are recorded as below :
If the co-ordinates are given proper sign and if the co-ordinates of formation
points A and B are also included (one at extreme left and other at extreme
There are several methods to calculate the area. In one of the methods, the
opposite algebric sign is placed on the opposite side of each lower term. The
The area can now be computed by multiplying each upper term by the
algebraic sum of the two adjacent lower terms, using the signs facing the upper
term. The algebraic sum of these products will be double the area of the cross-
section.
Thus, we get
consist of any two polygons, not necessarily of the same number of sides, the
Let d = length of the prismoid measured perpendicular to the two end parallel
planes.
M = the mid-area = the area of the plane midway between the end planes and
parallel to them.
In fig. 21, let A1B1C1D1 be one end plane and A2B2C2D2 be another end
plane parallel to the previous one. Let PQRST represent a plane midway
between the end faces and parallel to them. Let Am be the area of mid-section.
Select any point O in the plane of mid-section and joint it to the vertices of
both the end planes. The prismoid is thus divided into a number of pyramids,
having the apex at A and bases on end and side faces. The total volume of the
prismoid will therefore be equal to the sum of the volume of the pyramids.
To find the volumes of pyramids on side faces, consider any pyramid such as
OA1B1B2A2.
from O
= 1/3 (d x PT) h
= (1/6)A1d+(1/6)A2d + (2/3) d. Am
V = d/6 (A1+A2+4Am) …………………………………………..……. (5.21)
Let us now calculate the volume of earth work between a number of sections
Considering the prismoid between first three sections, its volume will be, from
equation (5.21).
= (2d/6) (A2+4A4+A5),
= 2d/6 (An-2+4An-1+An)
This is also known as Simpson’s rule for volumes. Here also, it is necessary to
have an odd number of cross-sections. If there are even number of sections, the
end strip must be treated separately, and the volume between the remaining
This method is based on the assumption that the mid area is the mean of the
end areas. In that case, the volume of the prismoid of Fig. 21 is given by
V = (d/2) (A1+A2)
This is true only if the prismoid is composed of prisms and wedges only and
not of pyramids. The mid area of pyramid is half the average area of the ends;
hence the volume of the prismoid (having pyramids also) is over estimated.
However, the method of end area may not be accepted with sufficient accuracy
since the actual earth solid may not be exactly a prismoid. In some cases, the
equal to the difference between the volume as calculated and that which could
be obtained by the use of the prismoid formula. The correction is known as the
prismoidal correction.
Let us now calculate the volume of earth work between a number of sections
the volumes as calculated by the end-area formula and the prismoidal formula.
Let us calculate the prismoidal correction for the case when the end sections
are level sections. Let A, w1, w2, h1, h2 etc., refer to the cross-sections at one
end and A, w1, w2, h1, h2, etc., to the cross section at the other end.
And A = h (b+nh)
V=d/6 [3bh+3bh’+2+nh2+2nh’2+2nhh’]
Similarly, the prismoidal correction for other sections can also be drived. The
The prismoidal and the trapezoidal formulae were derived on the assumption
that the end sections are in parallel planes. When the centre line of cutting or
volume as if the end sections were in parallel planes, and then apply the
correction for curvature. The standard expression for various sections are
given below. In some cases, the correction for curvature is applied to the areas
of cross-sections thus getting equivalent areas and then to use the prismoidal
formula.
Where e= the eccentricity, i.e., horizontal distance from the centre line to the
The correction is positive if the centroid and the centre of the curvature are to
the opposite side of the centre line while it is negative if the centroid and the
centre of the curvature are to the same side of the centre line.
In this method, the field work consists in dividing the area into a number of
squares, rectangles or triangles and measuring the levels of their corners before
and after the construction. Thus, the depth of excavation or height of filling at
every corner is known. Let us assume that the four corners of any one square
of rectangle are at different elevations but lie in the same inclined plane.
with vertical edges at a, b, c and d [Fig. 22]. If ha, hb, hc and hd represent the
depth of excavation of the four corners, the volume of the right truncated
Similarly, let us consider the triangle abc of Fig. 22. If ha, hb and hc are the
in Fig. 22. It will be seen by inspection that some of the heights are used once
only, some heights are common to two rectangles (such as at b), some heights
are common to three rectangles (such as at e), and some heights are common
to four rectangles (such as at f). Thus, in Fig. 22, each corner height will be
used as many times as there are rectangles joining at the corner (indicated on
If the ground is very much undulating, the area may be divided into a number
of triangles having equal area. In this case, some corner heights will be used
once [such as point a of Fig. 22], some twice (such as at d), six times (such as
at f), and seven times (such as at j). The maximum number of times a corner
height will be used as many times as there are triangles joining at the corner
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
The amount of earth work or volume can be calculated by the contour plan
area. There are four distinct methods, depending upon the type of the work.
a) By Cross-Sections
It was indicated, that with the help of the contour plan, cross-section of
the grade line of the proposed work can be drawn and the area of the
a planimeter.
Thus, in Fig. 23, the irregular line represents the origin ground while
the straight line ab is obtained after grading. The area of cut and of fill
can be found from the cross-section. The volumes of earth work
In this method, the contours of the finished or graded surface are drawn
contour of the existing surface the cut or fill can be found by simply
(represented by thick lines in Fig. 24). These lines are the horizontal
the finished surface. The irregular area bounded by each of these lines
The sum of the volume of all the layers is the total volume required.
Thus, in Fig. 24, the ground contours (shown by this continuous lines)
are at the interval of 1.0 meter. On this a series of straight, parallel and
surface are drawn at the interval of 1.0 meter. At each point in which
these two sets of lines meet, the amount of cutting is written. The thick
continuous lines are then drawn through the points of equal cut thus
curved in plan.
Let A1, A2, A3 …………. Etc. be the areas enclosed in each of the
thick lines (known as the equal depth contours). This will be the whole
area lying within an equal depth contour line and not that of the strip
h = contour interval
V = Total volume
Thus, in fig. 25, the thin continuous lines represent the ground contours
broken lines) are drawn to represent the finished plane surface at the
same interval. The point ‘P’ represent the points in which the ground
contours and the grade contours of equal value intersect. By joining the
p-points the line in which the proposed surface cuts the ground is
obtained. These lines have been shown by thick lines. Along thin line
necessary and outside this line filling is necessary. Thus, the extent of
cutting between 17m ground contour and the corresponding 17m grade
between the 16m ground contour and the corresponding 16m grade
and grade contours and the areas enclosed in these extents can be
CHAPTER
SIX
___________________________________________________________________________
CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
6.1 Introduction
Cement concrete is the most widely used structural material in the world for
it very useful. It consists of cement, water, and aggregate which have been
mixed together, placed, consolidated, and allowed to solidify and harden. The
cement and water form a paste, which acts as the glue, or binder. When fine
aggregate is added the resulting mixture is termed mortar. Then when coarse
consists of water-cement ratios between 0.4 and 0.7 by weight. Admixtures are
microscopic air bubbles, impart colour, retard the initial set of the concrete,
concrete will vary with the type of end use for the concrete, but, in general, the
b) Mixing
c) Transporting
d) Placing
e) Consolidating
f) Finishing
g) Curing
6.2 Proportioning Concrete Mixtures
First, although it takes water to initiate the hydraulic reaction, the higher the
water-cement ratio, the lower the resulting strength and durabilicy. Second,
the more water that is used the higher will be the slump. Third, the more
aggregate that is used, the lower the cost of the concrete. Fourth, the larger the
maximum size of coarse aggregate, the less the amount of cement paste that
will be needed to coat all the particles and provide necessary workability.
Fifth, the more that concrete is consolidated, the better it becomes. Sixth, The
use of properly entrained air enhances almost all concrete properties with little,
or no, decrease in strength if the mix proportions are adjusted for the air. And
fill the forms, will not segregate, and will finish properly.
The major property of importance to the constructor is the workability, which
is difficult to define in precise terms. Like the terms warm and cold,
Table (1) below gives the recommended slump for various types of Concrete
Construction.
the ingredients, are ultimately controlled in the batching process on the basis
of weight.
Bag cement must be stored in a dry place on pallets and should be left
in the original bags until used for concrete. If the batching of concrete
requires one or more whole bags of cement, the use of bag cement
(coarse and fine) and up to six ranges. (Fig. 27) illustrates the proper
admixtures (if used) are introduced into a concrete mixer and mixed for
blended together.
batch plant and transported to the job site in ready-mixed concrete trucks. Fig.
28 shows a portable concrete batch plant, and Fig. 29 shows, a large central
batch plant of the type in general use. A concrete batch required four different
sizes of coarse aggregate, plus sand, two types of cement and water. The water
and liquid admixtures are normally measured by volume, while the cement and
are maintained. Table (2) gives the permissible tolerances. Batch plants
automatic. Manual batching is generally used for small jobs or low output
20 cu. yd per hr). In semiautomatic plants the charging and discharging of the
automatic batch plant, a single starter switch activates the batching sequence,
the weights and volumes of which have been previously programmed into the
system.
concrete in each batch (although plants have been built with mixers capable of
cu yd of concrete per hour. The mixer either tilts to discharge the concrete into
a truck or a chute is inserted into the mixer to catch and discharge the concrete.
series. The back mixer premixes the aggregates and cement, which reduces the
time necessary for the front mixer to completely mix the batch.
Although the figures and discussion herein cover drum mixing of concrete, there are two
other types of mixers in use-the pan mixer and the continuous mixer.
In determining the quantities needed and the output for a given plant, any
included.
batching batching
Cement and other 1% or 0.3% of scale Not less than required weight or
weight), %
Aggregates, % 2 1 2 0.3% of scale
capacity or 3% of
required cumulative
weight, whichever is
less
Admixtures (by volume 3 Not recommended 3 Not recommended
or weight), %
fresh state, mixed at the plant or enroute. This type of concrete is termed ready
reasonable distance from the project. On remote sites and sites requiring large
b) Shrink-mixer concrete
c) Truck-mixer concrete
during transit usually results a stiffening the mixture, and the addition
remixing. This has caused problem and raised questions concerning the
concrete batch
Weight per cu ft calculated to an air-free 1.0 lb/cu. Ft.
basis
Air content, volume percent of concrete 1.0%
Slump :
If average slump is 4 in. or less 1.0 in.
If average slump is 4 to 6 in. 1.5 in.
Coarse aggregate content, portion by weight 6.0%
a) Recipe batch
content, and the admixtures required. The purchaser may also specify the
strength and durability of the mixture, providing the stipulated amounts are
furnished as specified.
b) Performance batch
The purchaser specifies the requirements for the strength of the concrete, and
the manufacturer assumes full responsibility for the proportions of the various
Today, most purchasers of concrete use the third approach, part performance
and part recipe, as it ensures a minimum durability while still allowing the
mixture.
Once the concrete arrives at the project site, it must be moved to its final
position without segregation and before it has achieved an initial set. This
hoppers, chutes and drop pipes, belt conveyors and concrete pumps.
a) Buckets or hoppers
Normally designed bottom dump buckets permit concrete placement at the
concrete from segregating as a result of discharging from too high above the
surface or allowing the fresh concrete to fall past obstructions. Gates should be
designed so that they can be opened and closed at any time discharge of the
concrete.
ft of concrete, and thus are suitable on many projects, provided there are
smooth and rigid runways upon, which to operate. Hand buggies are safer than
wheelbarrows because they have two wheels rather than one. Hand buggers
and wheelbarrows are recommended for distances less than 200 ft. while
Chutes are often used to transfer concrete from a higher elevation to a lower
elevation. They should have a round bottom, and the slope should be steep
pipes are circular pipes used to transfer the concrete vertically. The pipe
should have a diameter at least eight times the maximum aggregate size at the
top 6 to 8 ft, and may be tapered to approximately six times the maximum
aggregate size. Drop pipes are usually used when concrete is placed in a wall
d) Belt conveyors
conveyors. All types must have the proper belt size and speed to achieve the
desired rate of placement. Fig.33 shows the use of several portable conveyors
to place concrete for a floor slab. This type of conveyor is capable of moving
where the concrete leaves one conveyor and either continues on another
(Fig.35). The major disadvantage is the time necessary to set them up and to
change them. The optimum concrete slump for conveyors is from 2.5 to 3
inches.
e) Concrete pumps
The placement of concrete through rigid or flexible lines is not new. The pump
concrete in a pipe, it can be moved through the pipe if a lubricating outer layer
to work properly, the pump must be fed with concrete of uniform workability
vertically, although occasionally pumps have moved concrete more than 5,000
there are three types of pumps being manufactured: piston pumps, pneumatic
pumps, and squeeze pressure pumps. They are shown diagrammatically in Fig.
36 (a), (b) and (c) , respectively. Most piston pumps today contain two pistons,
with one retracting during the forward stroke of the other to give a more
discharge box at the discharge end to bleed off the air and to prevent
rollers rotate on the flexible hose within the drum and squeeze the concrete out
at the top. The vacuum keeps a steady supply of concrete in the tube from the
receiving hopper.
Pumps may be mounted on trucks, trailers, or skids. The truck-mounted pump
labour and eliminating the need for pipelines to carry the concrete.
more (Fig.36).
that any good placeable concrete will pump successfully. The basic principle
ii) Use a combined gradation of coarse and fine aggregate that ensures no
gaps in sizes that will allow paste to be squeezed through the coarser
important for the fine aggregate to have at lease 5 percent passing the
No.100 sieve and about 3 percent passing the No. 200 sieve. Line
pressures of 300 psi are common, and they can reach as high as 1,000
iv) Always lubricate the line with cement paste or mortar before beginning
vi) Always presoak the aggregates before mixing them in the concrete to
prevent their soaking up mix water under the imposed pressure. This is
vii) Avoid the use of reducers in the conduit line. One common problem is
the use of a 5-in to 4-in reducer at the discharge end so that workers
will have only a 4 in, flexible hose to move around. This creates a
concrete.
viii) Never use aluminum lines. Aluminium particles will be scraped from
the inside of the pipe as the concrete moves through and will become
hydrogen gas, which can rupture the concrete - with disastrous results.
condition, will normally contain a large quantity, of voids when placed into the
entrapped air can render the concrete totally unstable. Entrapped air, can be
reduced two ways - use more water or consolidate the concrete. Fig. 37 shows
concrete.
Consolidation is normally achieved through the use of mechanical vibrators.
There are three general types : internal, surface and form vibrators. Internal or
spud vibrators as they are often called, have a vibrating casing or head which
is immersed into the concrete and vibrates at a high frequency (often as high as
10,000 to 15,000 vibrations per min) against the concrete. Currently these
vibrators are the rotary type and come in sizes from 3/4 in. to 7 in. (Fig. 38).
Surface vibrators exert their effects at the top surface of the concrete and
consolidate the concrete from the top down. They are used mainly in slab
construction, and there are four general types: the vibrating screed, the pan-
type vibrator, the plate or grid vibratory tamper, and the vibratory rolling
Form vibrators are external vibrators attached to the outside of the form or
mold. They vibrate the form, which in turn vibrates the concrete. These types
the section is large enough for the vibrator to be manipulated. As each vibrator
1.5 times the radius of action. The vibrator should never be used to move
rapidly inserted to the bottom of the layer (usually 12 to 18 in. maximum lift
thickness) and at least 6 in. into the previous layer. It should then be held
The vibrator should then be withdrawn slowly. Where several layers are being
placed, each layer should be placed while the preceding layer is still plastic.
Vibration accomplishes two actions. First, it "slumps" the concrete, removing
a large portion of air that is entrapped when the concrete is deposited. Then,
entrapped air. Generally, it will not remove entrained air. The question
concerning over vibration is often raised: When does it occur and how harmful
is it? The fact is that on low-slump concrete (concrete with less than 3 in
some more. The same cannot be said of concrete whose slump is 3 in. or more.
coarse aggregate moving away from the vibrating head. Here the operator
should note the pressure of air bubbles escaping to the concrete surface as the
surface vibrators. They too can overvibrate the concrete at the surface,
between the reinforcing steel and the concrete/and thus is desirable. The
Finally, revibration is the process whereby the concrete is vibrated again after
it has been allowed to remain undisturbed for some time. Such revibration can
be accomplished at any time. The running vibrator will sink of its own weight
into the concrete and liquefy it momentarily. Such revibration will i.-nprove
It cannot be stated too strongly that any work you do to a concrete surface after
it has been consolidated will weaken the surface. All too often, concrete
technicians overlook this fact and manipulate the surface of the concrete to
surface may be desirable and the surface strength may not be too important,
important. On the latter types of'surfaces only the absolute minimum finishing
necessary to impart the desired texture should be permitted, and the use of
"jitterbugging" (the forcing of coarse aggregate down into the concrete with a
steel grate tool) should not be permitted, as the surface can be weakened
and still permit the desired grade and surface smoothness to be obtained. In no
case should neat cement or mixtures of sand and cement be worked into such
concrete is assured of adequate time, temperature, and supply of water for the
with sufficient water for hydration, the only problem is to ensure that the
concrete does not become dried out. This may be accomplished by ponding
with water (for slabs), covering with burlap or polyethylene sheets or spraying
operations in the production of quality concrete, and one that is all too
frequently overlooked. Concrete, if allowed to dry out during the curing stage,
will attempt to shrink. The developing bonds from the cementitious reaction
will attempt to restrain the shrinkage from taking place. But the end result is
always the same: the shrinkage wins out and a crack forms as the shrinkage
stress are always higher than the tensile strength of the concrete. Proper curing
does reduce the detrimental effects of cracking and develops the intended
keep the concrete above freezing during the first few days after it has been
placed. Specifications generally require that the concrete be kept at not less
than 700F for 3 days or not less than 500F for 5 days after placement.
Preheating the water is generally the most effective method of providing the
When the temperatures of the ingredients are known, the chart in Fig. 3 9 may be used to
determine the temperature of concrete. A straight line across all three scales,
passing through any two known tempera-tures, will permit the determination
of the third temperature. If the sand is surface-dry, the solid lines of the scales
When the temperature of, fresh concrete exceeds" around 85 to 900F, the
900F. When concrete is placed in hot weather, the ingredients should be cooled
before mixing. Methods of cooling include using ice instead of water in the
CHAPTER
SEVEN
___________________________________________________________________________
MECHANISED CONSTRUCTION
7.0 Introduction
a) Investment Subsidy
D. Safety Programme.
to construction sites.
3. Crane Lifting in field or shop
4. Tractor Dozer Bulldozer is the best equipment for excavation
excavation.
saturated material.
6. Rock drill, Pneumatic Used to bore holes for explosives and to shatter
aggregate.
8. Concrete spreader Spreads concrete into a continuous slab of
finisher.
9. Concrete finisher Follows spreader, consolidated and striking off
construction material.
12. Tower cranes Very versatile for high rise construction
a) Luffing jib
b) Trolley jib
13. Truck mixers Used for transportation of concrete from mixing
a) Air driven
c) Electric driven
16. Bar benders and croppers Used for bending of various steel sections into
economise in “STEMP”.
S = Space
T = Time
E = Effort
M = Materials
P = Power
7.2.2 Time and motion study on the use of construction equipment at each
7.2.3 In due course, a library of production outputs with various types of plant and
machineries for different applications can be worked cut, which can then be
plant versus plant hire at various sites of work. Needless to mention, for large
to buy the equipment but for jobs involving short term use, plant hire is more
connection.
U.K., the Government gives subsidy to extent of 45% of the cost of the plant
in underdeveloped areas and 25% of the cost of the plant elsewhere as out
quality of work.
The concept of plant hire companies on a large scale has still not caught up in
few contracts’ Plant and Machinery and give them on hire to prospective
small country like Cyprus, there are three private parties owning and running
ready mix concrete plants and they are in business of selling RMC to
contracting companies/builders. There is tremendous scope for plant hire
like NBCC, NPCC etc. owing their own construction plant and equipment can
open a plant hire cell so as to rent out the equipment during lean period and
7.4.1 Accidents just do not happen. There are caused. One must remender that
7.4.2 In case of mechanized construction, there is all the more need for following
b) When tractor dozer is parked, the blade should not be left in raised
c) During movement of dozers, the blade should be carried low for better
visibility.
out deligently.
10 tippers
CHAPTER
EIGHT
Sl. No. Component/Operation & Sampling Ref. Document & Testing Remarks Check
Description of Test Plan with acceptance norm Agency
basis
1. DETAILED SURVEY &
ALIGNMENT
a) Field Survey 100% Route map & measurement Contractor Approval by B
schedules POWERGRI
D
b) Plotting of Route 100% Field book, POWERGRID Contractor Approval by B
Technical Specification & POWERGRI
Geographical maps. D
c) Profile Plotting 100% Approved Sag template & Contractor Approval by B
approved profile drawings. POWERGRI
D
d) Tower Spotting 100% Tower Spotting Data & Contractor Approval by B
POWERGRID technical POWERGRI
specification D
e) Tower Schedule 100% Approved profile drawings & Contractor Approval by B
route alignment POWERGRI
D
2. CHECK SURVEY
a) Bisection of Angle/Accuracy 100% Approved profile drawings & Contractor Approval by B
of alignment route alignment POWERGRI
D
b) Check for profile levels and 100% Approved profile drawings Contractor Approval by B
electrical & other clearances POWERGRI
D
c) Check for span marking and 100% Approved profile drawings & Contractor Approval by B
lengths POWERGRID technical POWERGRI
specification D
d) Check for tower type and 100% Approved profile drawings & Contractor Approval by B
position as per site POWERGRID technical POWERGRI
conditions specification D
e) Estimation of benching & 100% Approved profile drawings & Contractor Approval by B
Revetment volumes (As per POWERGRID technical POWERGRI
site conditions) specification D
f) Final profile & Tower 100% Approved profile drawings & Contractor Approval by B
Schedule POWERGRID technical POWERGRI
specification D
3. SOIL INVESTIGATION
A) AT NORMAL LOCATIONS
i) Borelog/Trial pit All other than POWERGRID technical Contractor/ Approval by B
angle, river specification & relevant IS POWERGRID POWERGRI
crossing & approved lab. D.
special POWERGRI
locations D to witness
for a min.
25% of
locations
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : SURVEY & SOIL INVESTIGATION
Sl. Component/Operation & Sampling Ref. Document & Testing Remarks Check
No. Description of Test Plan with acceptance norm Agency
basis
ii) Ground Water level All other than POWERGRID technical Contractor Approval by B
angle, river specificatin & relevant IS POWERGRID.
crossing & POWERGRID to
special witness for a
locations min. 25% of
locations.
iii) Classification of foundations All other than POWERGRID technical Contractor Approval by B
(based on soil classification, angle, river specification & relevant POWERGRID
liquid limit, swell index & crossing & IS
ground water level) special
locations
B) AT ANGLE TOWER
LOCATIONS
(Min. one location in 4 kms.
Stretch)
i) Borelog All angle POWERGRID technical Contractor/P Approval by B
tower specification & relevant OWERGRID POWERGRID
locations IS approved lab
ii) Standard Penetration Test All angle POWERGRID technical Contractor Approval by B
tower specification & relevant POWERGRID
locations IS
iii) Gradation All angle POWERGRID technical Contractor/ Approval by B
tower specification & relevant POWERGRI POWERGRID
locations IS D approved
lab.
iv) Rock drilling wherever All angle POWERGRID technical Contractor/ Approval by B
applicable tower specification & relevant POWERGRI POWERGRID
locations IS D approved
lab
v) Chemical Analysis of sub- All angle POWERGRID technical Contractor/ Approval by B
soil tower specification & relevant POWERGRI POWERGRID
locations IS D approved
lab
vi) Bearing Capacity All angle POWERGRID technical Contractor Approval by B
tower specification & relevant POWERGRID
locations IS
vii) Classification of foundation All angle POWERGRID technical Contractor Approval by B
tower specification & relevant POWERGRID
locations IS
C) AT RIVER CROSSING AND
SPECIAL LOCATIONS
i) Borelog At River POWERGRID technical Contractor/ Approval by B
Crossing & specification & relevant POWERGRI POWERGRID
Special IS D approved
Locations lab
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : SURVEY & SOIL INVESTIGATION
Sl. Component/Operatio Sampling Plan Ref. Document & Testing Remarks Check
No. n & Description of with basis acceptance norm Agency
Test
ii) Standard Penetration At River Crossing POWERGRID technical Contractor/ Approval by B
Test & Special specification & relevant IS POWERGRID POWERGRID
Locations approved lab
iii) Gradation At River Crossing POWERGRID technical Contractor/ Approval by B
& Special specification & relevant IS POWERGRID POWERGRID
Locations approved lab
iv) Rock drilling wherever At River Crossing POWERGRID technical Contractor/ Approval by B
applicable & Special specification & relevant IS POWERGRID POWERGRID
Locations approved lab
v) Ground Water Level At River Crossing POWERGRID technical Contractor/ Approval by B
& Special specification & relevant IS POWERGRID POWERGRID
Locations approved lab
vi) Chemical Analysis of At River Crossing POWERGRID technical Contractor/ Approval by B
sub-soil & Special specification & relevant IS POWERGRID POWERGRID
Locations approved lab
vii) Dynamic Cone At River Crossing POWERGRID technical Contractor/ Approval by B
Penetration Test & Special specification & relevant IS POWERGRID POWERGRID
Locations approved lab
viii) Vane Shear Test At River Crossing POWERGRID technical Contractor/ Approval by B
(Where UDS is not & Special specification & relevant IS POWERGRID POWERGRID
possible) Locations approved lab
ix) Bearing Capacity At River Crossing POWERGRID technical Contractor/ Approval by B
& Special specification & relevant IS POWERGRID POWERGRID
Locations approved lab
x) Souring depth & At mid stream POWERGRID technical Contractor Approval by B
velocity of river locations specification & relevant IS POWERGRID
xi) Highest flood level At mid stream POWERGRID technical Contractor Approval by B
locations specification & relevant IS POWERGRID
xii) Classification of At River Crossing POWERGRID technical Contractor/ Approval by B
foundations & Special specification & relevant IS POWERGRID POWERGRID
Locations approved lab
D. SOIL RESISTIVITY All locations IS : 2131, IS : 2720 and Contractor/ Approval by B
POWERGRID POWERGRID POWERGRID
specifications approved lab
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : SURVEY & SOIL INVESTIGATION
Sl. Component/Operation & Sampling Plan with Ref. Document Testing Agency Remarks Check
No. Description of Test basis & acceptance
norm
E. TEST ON SOIL AND
ROCK SAMPLES
a) Tests on undisturbed and All angle tower IS : 2131, IS : Contractor/ Approval by B
disturbed samples locations, river crossing 2720 & POWERGRID POWERGRID
and special locations POWERGRID approved lab
specifications
i) Visual and Engineering
Classifications
ii) Sieve Analysis and
Hydrometer Analysis
iii) Liquid, Plastic and
Shrinkage limits
iv) Specific gravity
v) Chemical analysis
vi) Swell pressure and free
swell Index Determination
vii) Proctor compaction test
b) Tests on undisturbed and All angle tower IS : 2131, IS : Contractor/ Approval by B
disturbed samples locations, river crossing 2720 & POWERGRID POWERGRID
and special locations POWERGRID approved lab
Specifications
i) Bulk density & moisture
content
ii) Relative density (for sand)
iii) Unconfined compression
Test
iv) Box shear test (in case of
sand)
v) Triaxial shear Test
a) Unconsolidated
undrained
b) Consolidated drained
test
c) Consolidation
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : SURVEY & SOIL INVESTIGATION
Sl. Component/Operation & Sampling Plan Ref. Document & Testing Agency Remarks Check
No. Description of Test with basis acceptance norm
c) Tests on Rock All angle tower IS : 2131, IS : 2720 & Contractor/ Approval by B
locations, river POWERGRID POWERGRID POWERGRI
crossing and specifications approved lab. D
special locations
i) Visual Classification
ii) Moisture Content,
Porosity and density
iii) Specific Gravity
iv) Hardness
v) Slake durability
vi) Unconfined compression
test
vii) Point Load strength index
viii) Deformability test
d) Chemical analysis of sub- All angle tower IS : 2131, IS : 2720 & Contractor/ Approval by B
soil water locations, river POWERGRID POWERGRID POWERGRI
crossing and Specifications approved lab D
special Locations
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : FOUNDATION MATERIALS
Sl. No. Component/Operation Sampling Plan Ref. Document & Testing Remarks Check
& Description of Test with basis acceptance norm Agency
4. CHECKING OF
FOUNDATION
MATERIALS
A) CEMENT
i) Fineness One sample per lot IS : 456, IS : 4031, Manufacturer/ Review of B
Compressive Strength of 100 MT or part IS : 269, IS : 8112, POWERGRID manufactu-rers
ii)
thereof from each IS : 12269, IS : 1489 approved lab test certificates
iii) Initial & final setting time source for MTCs & POWERGRID (MTCs) and
iv) Soundness and one sample Specification. laboratory test
per lot of 200 MT or results by
v) Heat of Hydration for part thereof from POWERGRID
low heat cement (Not each source for
Applicable for OPC & site testing
PPC)
vi) Chemical Composition One sample per lot IS : 456, IS : 4031, Manufacturer Review of B
of Cement of 100 MT or part IS : 269, IS : 8112, manufactu-rers
thereof from each IS : 12269, IS : 1489 test certificates
source for MTCs. & POWERGRID by
specification POWERGRID
B) COARSE
AGGREGATES
i) Determination of One sample per lot IS : 383, IS : 2386 POWERGRID Each source to B
Particle size (Sieve of 200 cubic meter and POWERGRID approved lab be approved by
ii) Analysis) or part thereof from specification POWERGRID.
Flakiness Index each source for Review and
iii) each size acceptance of
iv) Crushing Value test result by
Specific Gravity* POWERGRID.
v)
vi) Bulk Density*
ix) Soundness of
Aggregate**
Presence of deterious
materials
* Applicable to design mix concretes only. ** Applicable to concrete work subject to frost action.
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : FOUNDATION MATERIALS
Sl. No. Component/Operatio Sampling Plan Ref. Document & Testing Remarks Check
n & Description of with basis acceptance norm Agency
Test
C) FINE AGGREGATE
i) Gradation/Determinatio One sample per IS : 383, IS : 2386, IS : POWERGRI Each source to B
n of Particle size lot of 200 cubic 4031, IS : 236, IS : 456 D approved be approved by
ii) (Sieve Analysis) meter or part and POWERGRID lab POWERGRID.
Specific Gravity and thereof from Specification Review and
iii) each source acceptance of
density*
iv) test result by
Moisture Content* POWERGRID
v)
Absorption Value*
vi)
Builking*
vi)
Silt Content Test
Presence of
deleterious materials
D) WATER
i) Cleanliness (Visual 100% IS : 456, IS : 3205 and Contractor Each source to C
Check) POWERGRID be approved by
specification. The water POWERGRID
used for mixing concrete
shall be fresh, clean and
free from oil, acids and
alkalies, organic
materials, or other
deleterious materials
ii) Suitability of water for One sample per POWERGRID Contractor Certification B
RCC work source specification. Potable regarding
water is generally potability of
suitable for concreting. water by
contractor and
approval by
POWERGRID
iii) P.H. Value One sample per IS : 456, IS : 3025 and POWERGRI Approval by
source POWERGRID D approved POWERGRID
specification. lab/Contracto
Min. 6. r
Max. 8.
E) REINFORCEMENT
STEEL
i) Identification & size Random IS : 432, IS : 1139, IS : Contractor Approval by B
1786 & POWERGRID POWERGRID
specification
* Applicable to design mix concretes only. ** Applicable to concrete work subject to frost action.
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : FOUNDATION MATERIALS
Sl. No. Component/Opera Sampling Plan with basis Ref. Document & Testing Agency Remarks Check
tion & Description acceptance norm
of Test
ii) Chemical Analysis One sample per heat IS : 432, IS : Manufacturer Review of B
Test 1139, IS : 1786 & Manufacturers
POWERGRID test certificates
specification by
POWERGRID
iii) Tensile Test One sample per lot of 40 MT IS : 432, IS : Manufacturers/ Review of B
iv) Yield Stress/proof or part thereof for each size 1139, IS : 1786 & POWERGRID manufacturers
stress of steel conforming to IS : POWERGRID approved lab test certificates
v) 1139 and 5 MT or part specification as well as lab
Percentage thereof for HDS wire for test result by
Elongation each size of steel as per IS : POWERGRID
432. For steel as per IS :
1786 under 10 mm 1
sample for each 25 MT or
part thereof. 10 mm – 16
mm 1 sample for each 35
MT or part thereof. Over 16
mm 1 sample for each 45
MT or part thereof.
vii) Reverse Bend Test One sample per lot of 5 MT IS : 432 Manufactu- Review of B
for HDS wire or part thereof for each size POWERGRID rer/POWER- manufactu-rers
specification GRID appro-ved test certificates
lab as well as lab
test result by
POWERGRID
F) EARTHING
MATERIALS
i) Identification, 100% POWERGRID Contractor Approval by C
cleanliness & approved drawing POWERGRID
Galvanising defects & specification
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : FOUNDATION
Sl. Component/Operation & Sampling Plan Ref. Document & Testing Remarks Check
No. Description of Test with basis acceptance norm Agency
5. TOWER FOUNDATION
A) BEFORE EXCAVATION
i) Checking of pegs condition 100% on each IS : 4019, IS : 5613 & Contractor Approval by C
as per line and alignment location POWERGRID approved POWERGRID
drawings/specification.
ii) Checking of pit making as 100% on each IS : 4019, IS : 5613 & Contractor Approval by C
per drawings & RL location POWERGRID approved POWERGRID
drawings/specification.
B) EXCAVATION
i) Dimensional conformity Each location IS : 4019, IS : 5613 & Contractor Approval by B
POWERGRID approved POWERGRID
drawings/specification.
ii) Verticality & Squareness of Each location IS : 4019, IS : 5613 & Joint Approval by B
each pit POWERGRID approved Inspection by POWERGRID
drawings/specification. POWERGRID
and contractor
iii) Verification of classification Each location IS : 4019, IS : 5613 & Joint Approval by B
of foundation POWERGRID approved Inspection by POWERGRID
drawings/specification. POWERGRID
and contractor
C) STUB & TEMPLATE
i) Identification & Assembly 100% on each POWERGRID approved Joint Approval/ C
location drawings/specification. Inspection by clearance by
POWERGRID POWERGRID
and contractor
ii) Template level, width & 100% on each POWERGRID approved Joint Approval/ B
diagonal location drawings/specifications Inspection by clearance by
POWERGRID POWERGRID
and contractor
iii) Tightening of all bolts & 100% on each POWERGRID approved Joint Approval/ C
nuts of template, stubs & location drawings/specification. Inspection by clearance by
cleats POWERGRID POWERGRID
and contractor
iv) Stub setting 100% on each POWERGRID approved Joint Approval/ B
location drawings/specification Inspection by clearance by
POWERGRID POWERGRID
and contractor
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : FOUNDATION
Sl. No. Component/Operatio Sampling Ref. Document & Testing Agency Remarks Check
n & Description of Plan with acceptance norm
Test basis
D) P.C.C. Padding For all IS : 456 and Joint Inspection by Approval by B
locations POWERGRID POWERGRID and POWERGRID
approved contractor
foundation
drawings &
specification
E) STAGING FOR
RAISED CHIMNEY
i) Check durability, 100% POWERGRID Joint Inspection by Approval by B
strength & soundness Specification POWERGRID and POWERGRID
of staging, joints contractor
adequacy of its joints &
specific levels
F) SHUTTERING
(Formwork)
i) Check for materials, 100% POWERGRID Joint Inspection by Approval by C
breakage or damage Specification/appr POWERGRID and POWERGRID
oved drawings contractor
ii) Check for plumb 100% before POWERGRID Joint Inspection by Approval by B
alignment, parallelism, casting Specification/appr POWERGRID and POWERGRID
squareness and oved drawings contractor
equidistance from
stub.
iii) Dimensional check 100% before POWERGRID Joint Inspection by Approval by B
casting Specification/appr POWERGRID and POWERGRID
oved drawings contractor
iv) Check for level & 100% before POWERGRID Joint Inspection by Approval by B
height casting Specification/appr POWERGRID and POWERGRID
oved drawings contractor
v) Check for rigidity of 100% POWERGRID Joint Inspection by Approval by C
frame/tightness Specification/appr POWERGRID and POWERGRID
oved drawings contractor
vi) Cleaning and oiling 100% POWERGRID Joint Inspection by Approval by C
Specification/appr POWERGRID and POWERGRID
oved drawings contractor
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : FOUNDATION
Sl. No. Component/Operation & Sampling Ref. Document & Testing Agency Remarks Check
Description of Test Plan with acceptance norm
basis
vii) Diagonal bracing if required 100% POWERGRID Joint Inspection by Approval by C
as per drawings/site Specification/approv POWERGRID and POWERGRID
conditions ed drawings contractor
viii) Checking of joints to avoid 100% POWERGRID Joint Inspection by Approval by C
undue loss of cement slurry Specification/approv POWERGRID and POWERGRID
ed drawings contractor
G) PLACEMENT OF
REINFORCEMENT STEEL
i) Check the steel bars for rust, 100% IS : 456 and Joint Inspection by Approval by C
cracks, surface flaws, POWERGRID POWERGRID and POWERGRID
laminate etc. (Visual check) Specification/approv contractor
ed drawings
ii) Check as per the bar bending For all IS : 456 and Joint Inspection by Approval by B
schedule before placement of locations POWERGRID POWERGRID and POWERGRID
concrete Specification/approv contractor
ed drawings
iii) Check cutting tolerance for For all IS : 456 and Joint Inspection by Approval by B
bars as per check locations POWERGRID POWERGRID and POWERGRID
list/drawings. Specification/approv contractor
Check whether all the bent ed drawings
bars and lap lengths are as
per approved bar bending
schedule
iv) Check whether all joints & 100% IS : 456 and Joint Inspection by Approval by C
crossing of bars are tied POWERGRID POWERGRID and POWERGRID
properly with right guage & Specification/approv contractor
annealed wire as per ed drawings
specification
v) Check for proper cover 100% IS : 456 and Joint Inspection by Approval by C
distance, spacing of bars, POWERGRID POWERGRID and POWERGRID
spacers & chairs after the Specification/approv contractor
reinforcement cage has been ed drawings
put inside the formwork
vi) Check whether lapping of 100% IS : 456 and Joint Inspection by Approval by B
bars are tied properly with POWERGRID POWERGRID and POWERGRID
right guage and annealed Specification/approv contractor
wire as per specification ed drawings
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : FOUNDATION
Sl. Component/Operation & Sampling Ref. Document & Testing Agency Remarks Check
No. Description of Test Plan with acceptance norm
basis
H. PILE FOUNDATION
(additional Tests)
(For normal tower foundations)
i) Checking of centre line of pile Each pile IS : 2911 & Joint Inspection Checklist to be B
group group POWERGRID by POWERGRID prepared and
approved pile and contractor signed jointly
foundation
drawings/specificatio
n.
ii) Check pile location Each pile IS : 2911 & Joint Inspection Checklist to be B
POWERGRID by POWERGRID prepared and
approved pile and contractor signed jointly
foundation
drawings/specificatio
n.
iii) Temporary casing tube & Each pile IS : 2911 & Joint Inspection Verticality of the B
permanent liner also check POWERGRID by POWERGRID tube to be
thickness of liner material approved pile and contractor checked
(if applicable) foundation
drawings/specificatio
n.
iv) Bentonite slurry (if applicable) Each pile IS : 2911 & Joint Inspection Records to be B
POWERGRID by POWERGRID kept by
approved pile and contractor POWERGRID
foundation for specific
drawings/specificatio gravity of slurry
n.
v) Pile depth, level, size and Each pile IS : 2911 & Joint Inspection Approval by A
alignment POWERGRID by POWERGRID POWERGRID
approved pile and contractor
foundation
drawings/specificatio
n.
vi) Chipping of pile head Each pile IS : 2911 & Joint Inspection Before B
POWERGRID by POWERGRID concreting pile
approved pile and contractor cap, pile head
foundation to be chipped
drawings/specificatio off for
n. concreting
Vii) Standard Penetration Test As per IS : 2911 & Joint Inspection Records to be B
POWERG POWERGRID by POWERGRID kept by
RID BOQ/ approved pile and contractor POWERGRID.
Specificatio foundation Approval by
n drawings/specificatio POWERGRID.
n.
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : FOUNDATION
Sl. No. Component/Operation & Sampling Ref. Document & Testing Agency Remarks Check
Description of Test Plan with acceptance norm
basis
Viii) Pile load testing As per IS : 2911 & Joint Inspection Records to be B
POWERGRI POWERGRID by POWERGRID kept by
D approved pile and contractor POWER-GRID.
BOQ/Specifi- foundation Approval by
cation drawings/specification. POWER-GRID.
ix) Anchor bolts if applicable
a) Level, centre to centre 100% on POWERGRID Joint Inspection Checklist to be B
distance of bolts each location approved pile by POWERGRID prepared and
foundation and contractor signed jointly
drawings/specification
b) Visual check for galvanising 100% on POWERGRID Joint Inspection Checklist to be B
each location approved pile by POWERGRID prepared and
foundation and contractor signed jointly
drawings/specification
6. CONCRETING
A) BATCHING, MIXING 100% IS : 456 and Joint Inspection Approval by B
& PLACING OF POWERGRID by POWERGRID POWERGRID
approved drawings and contractor
CONCRETE AND and specifications.
COMPACTING
B) FIXING OF 100% IS : 456 and Joint Inspection Approval by C
CHIMNEY COLUMN POWERGRID by POWERGRID POWERGRID
approved drawings and contractor
Check for and specifications.
Width/length,
squareness, parallelism
& equidistance from
stub
C) PLACING 100% IS : 456 and Joint Inspection Min. gap C
CONCRETE, POKING POWERGRID by POWERGRID between boxes
approved drawings and contractor and
AND COMPACTING and specifications. reinforcement
bars should be
maintained.
Approval by
POWERGRID
D) CONCRETE TESTING
i) Slump Test One sample IS : 456, IS : 516, Contractor Approval by B
per location IS : 1199 and POWERGRID
POWERGRID
specifications.
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : FOUNDATION
Sl. Component/Operation & Sampling Ref. Document & Testing Remarks Check
No. Description of Test Plan with acceptance norm Agency
basis
ii) Check for quantities 100% on all IS : 456, IS : 516, Contractor Checklist to be B
for cement, fine locations IS : 1199 and prepared and
POWERGRID signed jointly
aggregate, coarse specifications.
aggregate and water
while batching
E) CHECK FINISHING, 100% IS : 456, IS : 516, Contractor Checklist to be B
DIMENSIONAL IS : 1199 and prepared and
POWERGRID signed jointly
CONFORMITY AND specifications.
WORKMANSHIP
BEFORE & AFTER
BOX REMOVAL
F) BACKFILLING 100% POWERGRID Contractor Approval by C
Specification POWERGRID
i) Check for thickness of 100% POWERGRID Contractor Approval by C
layer & watering Specification POWERGRID
ii) Check for
compaction/ramming
G) REVETMENT
i) Size of stone for 100% POWERGRID Contractor Approval by C
Revetment (Stones specification & approved POWERGRID
drawings.
with round surface
shall not be used)
ii) Moisture content for One sample IS : 1124 Max. 5% POWERGRI Approval by B
Revetment stone per source D approved POWERGRID
lab
iii) Check for Weep holes 100% POWERGRID Contractor Approval by C
and Bond stones in Specification/approved POWERGRID
drawings/IS : 1597
Revetment
H) COPING 100% on all POWERGRID Contractor Approval by B
location Specification POWERGRID
I) CURING 100% on all POWERGRID Contractor Approval by C
location Specification POWERGRID
J) EARTHING (Pipe or 100% IS : 5613 and Contractor Approval by B
counter poise type) POWERGRID POWERGRID
Specification
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : FOUNDATION
Sl. No. Component/Operati Sampling Plan with Ref. Document & Testing Remarks Check
on & Description of basis acceptance norm Agency
Test
K) CONCRETE
CUBE TESTING
i) Compressive a) One sample IS : 1199, IS : 456, POWERGRID Approval by A
Strength locations (One IS : 516 and approved lab POWERGRID
sample consists of POWERGRID Cubes must be
min. 3 test cubes for Specification tested within a
28 days strength) week after 28
b) For pile days curing
foundation one period and test
sample for each pile results should
be approved
before tower
erection
ii) Compressive One sample for IS : 1199, IS : 456, POWERGRID -do- A
Strength for every 20 Cum of IS : 516 and approved lab
concrete or part POWERGRID
concrete of pile thereof for each Specification
cap, beams, days of concreting
chimney etc.
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : ERECTION
Sl. No. Component/Operation & Sampling Ref. Document & Testing Agency Remarks Check
Description of Test Plan with acceptance norm
basis
7. TOWER ERECTION
A) MATERIAL CHECKING
i) Visual checking of tower 100% IS : 5613 and Joint Inspection Check list to be C
members for damage, POWERGRID by POWERGRID prepared and
approved and contractor signed jointly
cleanliness, galvanising and drawings/specification
stacking
ii) Visual checking of 100% IS : 5613 and Joint Inspection Check list to be C
galvanised bolts and nuts, POWERGRID by POWERGRID prepared and
approved and contractor signed jointly
step bolts, D-shackles, U- drawings/specification
bolts, spring washers &
enamelled plates
B) ERECTION OF SUPER
STRUCTURE
i) Tightness of bolts, 100% on POWERGRID Joint Inspection Check list to be C
identification, cleanliness & each location approved by POWERGRID prepared and
drawings/specification and contractor signed jointly
galvanising
ii) Punching of tightned bolts 100% on POWERGRID Joint Inspection Check list to be C
each location approved by POWERGRID prepared and
drawings/specification and contractor signed jointly
iii) Checking of assembly and 100% on POWERGRID Joint Inspection Check list to be B
verticality each location approved by POWERGRID prepared and
drawings/specification and contractor signed jointly
iv) Tack welding 100% on POWERGRID Joint Inspection Check list to be B
each location approved by POWERGRID prepared and
drawings/specification and contractor signed jointly
v) Tower footing resistance 100% on POWERGRID Joint Inspection Record to be B
each location approved by POWERGRID kept for tower
drawings/specification and contractor footing
resistance
before and after
earthing
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : ERECTION
Sl. Component/Operation & Sampling Ref. Document & Testing Agency Remarks Check
No. Description of Test Plan with acceptance norm
basis
vi) Fixing of danger plate, 100% on POWERGRID Joint Inspection Check list to be C
number plate, phase plates each approved by POWERGRID prepared and
location drawings/specification and contractor signed jointly
& circuit plate as applicable
8. LINE STRINGING
A) Insulator Checking
i) Visual checking of 100% IS : 5613 & Joint Inspection Approval by C
Insulators (Indentification, POWERGRID by POWERGRID POWERGRID
approved and contractor
cleanliness, glazing, cracks drawings/specification
& white spots) s
ii) IR Measurement 100% POWERGRID -do- -do- B
specification
B) Visual Checking of 100% IS : 5613 & Joint Inspection Approval by C
Conductor and Earthwire POWERGRID by POWERGRID POWERGRID
approved and contractor
drawings/specification
s
C) Visual checking of 100% IS : 5613 & Joint Inspection Approval by C
hardware fittings POWERGRID by POWERGRID POWERGRID
approved and contractor
(identification, cleanliness, drawings/specification
galvanising and mechanical s
damages)
i) Identification, cleanliness &
packing
ii) Damage of Conductor &
Earthwire
iii) Drum rubbing against
ground or any metal part
D) Conductor & Earthwire
Stringing
i) Initial conductor position Entire IS : 5613 & Joint Inspection Approval by B
route POWERGRID by POWERGRID POWERGRID
approved SAG & and contractor
Tension Charts and
Specifications
ii) Check for temperature Entire IS : 5613 & Joint Inspection Approval by B
route POWERGRID by POWERGRID POWERGRID
approved SAG & and contractor
Tension Charts and
Specifications
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : ERECTION
Sl. Component/Operation & Sampling Ref. Document & Testing Agency Remarks Check
No. Description of Test Plan with acceptance norm
basis
iii) Final Conductor & Entire route IS : 5613 & POWERGRID Joint Inspection Records to be B
Earthwire Position approved SAG & Tension by POWERGRID kept duly signed
Charts and Specifications and contractor by POWERGRID
and contractor
a) Electrical Clearances
b) Sag/Tension for
conductor & earthwire
c) Joints in conductor and
earthwire
iv) Jumpering Entire route IS : 5613 & POWERGRID Joint Inspection Check list to be B
approved SAG & Tension by POWERGRID prepared and
Charts and Specifications and contractor signed jointly
v) Fixing of pilot insulator Entire route IS : 5613 & POWERGRID Joint Inspection Check list to be B
string approved SAG & Tension by POWERGRID prepared and
Charts and Specifications and contractor signed jointly
(if any)
9. FINAL CHECKING
a) Check for the 100% IS : 5613 & POWERGRID Joint Inspection Check list to be B
completion of back- approved by POWERGRID prepared and
drawings/specifications and contractor signed jointly
filling & leftover
materials
b) Fixing of ACD & all Entire route IS : 5613 & POWERGRID Joint Inspection Check list to be B
tower accessories approved by POWERGRID prepared and
drawings/Specifications and contractor signed jointly
c) Tightening, punching
and tack welding of
bolts
d) Final ground and
electrical clearances
e) Earthing
STANDARD FIELD QUALITY PLAN
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE PACKAGES
Section : FINAL TESTING & PRE-COMMISSIONING
Sl. No. Component/Operation & Sampling Ref. Document & Testing Agency Remarks Check
Description of Test Plan with acceptance norm
basis
10. MEGGAR TEST 100% POWERGRID latest Pre- Joint Inspection Records to be A
Commissioning procedures by POWERGRID kept duly signed
(Doc. No. D-2-01-70-01-00) and contractor by POWERGRID
and contractor
11. FINAL 100% POWERGRID latest Pre- Joint Inspection Records to be A
TESTING & Commissioning by POWERGRID kept duly signed
Procedures (Doc. No. D-2- and contractor by POWERGRID
PRE- 01-70-0-00) and contractor
COMMISSIONI
NG ON LINE
8. All the testing & measuring equipments used by the contractor for
testing are required to be calibrated. A copy of valid calibration report
shall be retained by POWERGRID as records.
11. Zone-IV fine aggregate shall not be used for concreting work.
Section : GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION
13. CEMENT
13.1 In case supply of cement is in the scope of the contractor, the same
shall be procured from sources approved by POWERGRID site and
got tested at site on sample basis for specified acceptance tests as
specified in this FQP at a reputed Third Party Lab approved by
POWERGRID site.
13.2 The samples of cement for site testing shall be taken within three
weeks of the delivery and all the tests shall be commenced within one
week of sampling.
14.2 The results of the testing of cement and reinforcement steel referred to in
13.1 and 14.1 above shall be got approved from POWERGRID site before
cement and reinforcement steel are put to use. However, in exceptional
cases due to exigencies of work., POWERGRID site may authorise the
contractor to use Cement and Reinforcement Steel even before the test
results are received. However, in all such cases, if the test results
subsequently received are found to be not complying with the specified
acceptance criteria, the contractor shall have to dismantle and recast all such
foundations cast with such non-conforming materials at his own cost.
Confirmation to this effect shall be obtained from the contractor by the Project
authorities beforehand in all such cases.
ANNEXURE-I
PAGE 1 OF 1
A) CEMENT
Description of the 33 Grade OPC 43 Grade PPC as per Low Heat Cement
tests as per IS : 269 cement as
per IS : 8112 IS : 1489
(i) Fineness (min.) 225 m2/kg 225 m2/kg 300 m2/kg 225 m2/kg
(ii) Compressive
Strength (min.)
721 hours 160 kgf/cm2 23 MPa 16 MPa 100 kgf/cm2
1682 hours 220 kgf/cm2 33 MPa 22 MPa 160 kgf/cm2
6724 hours - 43 MPa 33 MPa 350 kgf/cm2
(iii) Initial Setting Time 30 Minutes 30 Minutes 30 Minutes 30 Minutes
(Minimum)
(iv) Final Setting Time 600 Minutes 600 Minutes 600 Minutes 600 Minutes
(Maximum)
(v) Soundness Maximum 10 Maximum 10 Maximum Maximum
(Le chatelier Method) mm expansion mm expansion 10 mm 10 mm expansion
expansion
(vi) Heat of hydration - - - Max. 65 cal/gm for
(Max.)
7 days & max. 75
cal/gm for
28 days
(vii) Chemical Composition As per IS As per IS As per IS As per IS
B) COARSE AGGREGATE :
C) FINE AGGREGATE
(ii) For guidance of adjusting the quantity in mix of concrete, the following table may be
used.
(iv) Deleterious Materials : Total deleterious material shall not be more than 5% by
weight.
ANNEXURE-II
PAGE 3 OF 3
CHAPTER
NINE
___________________________________________________________________________
GUIDELINES
(i) It should be ensured that approved drawings are available for execution of the
work.
(ii) It shall be checked that reference level has been measured correctly and recorded.
(iii) Alignment of location shall be checked with respect to previous and next location.
(iv) Location of centre peg / position of various land marks shall be matched as per
profile.
(v) The possibility of realignment / shifting of location shall be checked due to any
(vi) The proceeding span as well as succeeding span shall be measured and compared
(vii) The actual angle of deviation and bisection of the angle tower shall be measured
(xii) In case of benching, the volume of cutting and filling shall be calculated and
(i) It should be ensured that the drgs. are approved for the stub setting.
(ii)
a) The depths of all four pits (A, B, C, D) shall be measured and tabulated from Ground
c) Excavated soil should be stacked at least 2m away from pit edge to avoid collapse of the
foundation pit.
d) Undercutting of foundation shall be checked as per the drg. in case of fissured rocks.
(iii)
a) Tangent Tower
The alignment of the template in the direction of the line shall be checked in case of
tangent Tower.
b) Angle Tower
(iv) Diagonals of template shall be measured with respect to the approved drgs.
(vii) The clearance (not less than 15 cm or as specified in the drg.) between lowest part
of all the four stubs and base of the pit shall be checked.
(viii) Positioning of the template support shall be checked with regard to any danger to
(ix) Tightening and erection of the template should be checked as per drg.
(a) The dimensions of the stubs shall be checked as per type of tower.
(b) The proper erection of the plates / cleats with regd. nos of properly tightened bolts
i) The availability of required quantity of approved quality sand should be checked as per
ii) The availability of required quantity & approved quality of both 20nmi and 40mm metal
iii) The dimensions of the measuring box (30cm x 30cm x 39cm height) shall be checked.
iv) The proportions of nominal mix should be checked as per the table given below:
(v) The required quantity and quality of water shall be checked as per specifications.
(a) The diameter wise qty. & quality of the reinforcement steel shall be checked as per
apprd. drgs.
(a) The dimensions of the form boxes should be checked as per apprd. drgs.
(viii) The availability of T&P and man power shall be checked as per annexure IA & IB.
(a) The cleanliness of the pits from all foreign materials shall be checked.
(b) Proper dewatering of the pits shall be checked.
(c) Mix ratio of 1:3:6 concrete with 40mm metal shall be checked.
(f) The specified area and level of lean concrete in all the four pits shall be checked.
(g) The actual consumption of the cement bag as per approved drawing shall be
checked.
(x.b) The volume of excess lean concrete shall be measured and recorded.
9.3 Installation of Reinforcement Steel & Form Boxes
i) It should be ensured that the approved drgs. are available for the execution of the work.
(a) The quality and quantity of the reinforcement steel shall be checked as per the
(b) Bending / Placing shall be checked as per apprd. drgs. and specification.
(c) The diameter (Min. Dia. - 12mm) and spacings (Max. Spacing - 500mm) of the
(e) Any undue development of stress due to improper bending of steel bars shall be
checked.
(f) Cleanliness of the Reinforcement steel from any foreign materials or loose rust
shall be checked.
(v) Fixing of the Earth strip shall be checked as per apprd. drg.
9.4 Mixing, Placing and Compacting of Concrete
(i) It should be ensured that the approved drgs. are available for the execution of the
work.
(a) Mix ratio of 1:2:4 Concrete for Pyramid / base with 20mm metal shall be checked.
(b) Mix ratio of 1:2:4 Concrete for chimney with 20mm metal shall be checked.
(b) Hand mixing (with 10 extra cement or as specified in LOA) of concrete shall be
checked.
(c) It should be ensured that the hand mixing of concrete is done on GI sheet platform
(iv) The proper compaction of concrete with the help of Vibrator should be ensured.
(vi) The levels and diagonals of the template shall be checked at regular intervals.
(viii) Actual consumption of the cement bags shall be checked as per the drg. and
specification.
(ix) Construction of the coping shall be checked as per the appd. drg.
(x) It should be ensured that the cubes have been collected and recorded as per the table
given below:
Twr. Leg. Pyramid (Date) Chimney (Date) No. of cubes
(xi) The curing of the foundation should be started after 24 hrs of construction and the
bags.
(xii) The removal of form boxes after 24 hrs of casting shall be checked.
(xiii) Availability of sufficient qty. of water near the loc. for the backfilling shall be
checked.
(xiv) The soil for the backfilling of the foundation should be free from all foreign
(xv) Proper compaction of the backfilling with adequate sprinkling of water shall be
checked.
(xvi) The level of backfilling upto 75 mm above ground level or as specified in specn.
Shall be checked.
(xvii) It should be ensured that the height of earth embankment of 50mm (or as per
specn.) has been made along the side of back filled earth.
(xviii) Proper curing of the chimney by wet gunny bags shall be checked.
(xix) Careful removal of template after complete back filling shall be checked.
(xx) Curing period of foundation and chimney checked as per specn. (Minimum period
(a) The date of start of curing and date of completion of curing shall be recorded.
(xxi) The arrangement for testing of the cubes as per approved FQP shall be checked.
(xxii) The removal of all the surplus materials from site shall be ensured.
Note : Foundn. Is cleared for tower erection subject to fulfillment of part (I) before tower
CHAPTER
Check Format TEN
___________________________________________________________________________
CHECK FORMAT
App
(ii) Reference level ……………………………………
(iii) Alignment of loc. W.r.t. previous and next. O.K./NOT O.K.
Loc.
(iv) Loc. Of center peg/position of various land O.K./NOT O.K.
(Mtrs. (Mtrs.)
a) Preceding span (loc. No. )
b) Succeeding span (loc. No. )
(vii) Angle of deviation and bisection in case of As per profile Actual
And safe
(x) Dimensions of pits are as per drgs. O.K./NOT O.K.
(xi) Whether Benching/Revetment reqd. if yes, Yes/No
then
a) If countour maps/revetment drgs. prepared Yes/No
b) Possibly calculate vol. ……….. cu.m.
FOR POWERGRID
Signature ………………………..
Name ……………………………
(Jr. Engr./E1/E2/E3)
Date ………………………..
Invest.
Remarks/Reasons :-
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
FOR
POWERGRID
Signature
………………..………
Name ……
……………………...
(E1/E2/E3)
Date ……
……………………….
Approval
Site visited on ………………… and details verified.
The classifn. of fndn. Is approved as …………………
FOR
POWERGRID
Signature
………………..………
Name ……
……………………...
(Line
Inch./Grp. Head)
Date ……
……………………….
3.0 Check format for Stub Setting
App
(ii) Pit Dimensions ……………………………………
(a) Depth of pits From Ref. level Ground level
Pit A
Pit B
Pit C
Pit D
(b) Pit dimensions are as per apprd. Foundn. Classifn. Yes/No
(c) Excavated soil is kept 2m away from pit edge Yes/No
(d) Under cutting done in case of fissured rocks Yes/No
(iii) Alignment of template
(a) Tangent Tower
(a.a) In the direction of line Yes/No
(b) Angle Tower
(b.a) Angle of deviation …………. Degrees
(iv) Diagonals of template
AC ……………….. m
BD ……………. M
= Angle of Deviation.
PQ = Line of Bisection.
perpendicular to PQ)
App
(vi) Ht. Of template above grnd. Level O.K./Not O.K.
(vii) Clearance between lowest part of stub and
in the drg.)
Leg A ………………. Cm
Leg B ……………… Cm
Leg C ……………… Cm
Leg D …………….. Cm
(viii) Template support positioning is causing any O.K./NOT O.K.
FOR
POWERGRID
Signature
………………..………
Name ……
……………………...
(Line
Inch./Grp. Head)
Date ……
……………………….
4.0 Check format for Construction Materials
and specns.
(OK/NOT OK)
(OK/NOT OK)
20 mm
40 mm
1 Litre
M-150 4 Boxes 2 Boxes 1 Bag 1 Box less
3 Litres
(v) Quality & Qty. of water as per specns. O.K./NOT
O.K.
O.K.
Pumps/Buckets) YES/NO
(c) Mix ratio 1:3:6 with 40 mm metal YES/NO
OK/NOT OK
REQUIRED
CERTIFICATE : Pits are cleared for installation of reinforcement and form boxes.
FOR
POWERGRID
Signature
………………..………
Name ……
……………………...
(E1/E2/E3)
Date ……
……………………….
5.0 Check format for Installation
of Reinforcement Steel & Form Boxes
Back to contents page
CERTIFICATE : Foundn. Is cleared for tower erection subject to fulfillment of part (I)
before tower erection and part (II) in due course as per planning.
FOR
POWERGRID
Signature
………………..………
Name ……
……………………...
(E1/E2/E3)
Date ……
……………………….
ANNEXURE-IA
Back to contents page
TOOLS & PLANTS
FOR
Excavation, Stub Setting and Concreting
A. Tools & Plants reqd. : Tools & Plants reqd. for excavation, stub setting and
concreting gang shall be as follows :
(1) Stub setting templates - 2 Nos./as per reqt.
(2) Stub setting jacks - Min. 20 Nos./as per reqt.
(3) Form Boxes/chimneys - Min. 4 Nos./as per reqt.
(4) Mixer machine
Diesel Engine driven - 2 Nos.
Hand driven - 1 No.
(5) Needle vibrator for compacting - 2 Nos.
(6) De-watering pumps - 2 Nos.
(7) Air compressor for drilling holes in rock - As per reqt.
(8) High carbon drilling rods. For drilling
holes in rock - As per reqt.
(9) Exploder - As per reqt.
(10) Water tanker trailer - 2 Nos.
(11) Theodolite with stand - 1 No.
(12) Ranging rods with flag - 12 Nos.
(13) Dumpy level with stand - 1 No.
(14) Levelling staff - 1 No.
(15) Survey Umbrella - 1 No.
(16) Concrete cube moulds - 6 Nos.
(17) Wooden shuttering & Poles - As per reqt.
(18) Mixing sheets - 12 Nos.
(19) Measuring boxes - 6 Nos.
(20) Sand screen 4.75 mm - 2 Nos.
(21) Empty Barrel (200 L capacity) - 6 Nos.
(22) Ladder, 3.5 meter length - 5 Nos.
(23) Steel Tape (30 mts.) - 2 Nos.
(24) Engineer’s spirit level - 2 Nos.
(25) Steel Piano wire/Thread - 50 m
(26) Crow Bar - 12 nos.
(27) Pick Axe - 12 Nos.
(28) Spade - 15 Nos.
(29) Shovels - 8 Nos.
(30) Cane Basket - 20 Nos.
(31) Sledge Iron Hammer (0.9 kg) - 4 Nos.
Iron Hammer (4.5 kg) - 4 Nos.
(32) Manila Rope 12 mm dia - 30 m
38 mm dia - 150 m
(33) Pocking rod (16 mm dia)
3.5 m long - 2 Nos.
1.5 m long - 2 Nos.
(34) Blasting mats. - As per reqt.
(35) Tommy Bars, plumb BOB (0.45 kg)
Spanners (Both ring & flat) - As per reqt.
(36) Buckets - 12 Nos.
(37) Tents, water drums, camping, cots, tables,
chairs & petromax etc. - As per reqt.
B. Transport reqt. for stub setting/concreting gang
1. Truck - 1 No.
2. Tractor with trailer - 1 No.
3. Motor cycle - 2 Nos.
4. Jeep - 1 No.
C. Safety Equipments
1. Safety helmets - 16 Nos.
2. First Aid Box - 1 No.
3. Hand gloves - 16 Pairs
4. Shoes - 16 Pairs
5. Welding goggles - 4 Sets
ANNEXURE-IB
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MANPOWER REQUIREMENT
FOR
EXCAVATION, STUBSETTING & CONCRETING GANG
(1) Engineer (Part time) 1 No.
(2) Jr. Engineer 4 Nos.
(3) Skilled Manpower :
(a) Fitter 8 Nos.
(b) Mixer m/c operator 2 nos.
(c) Water pump/vibrator operator 2 Nos.
reqt.
40 Nos.
reqt.
be increased from 65 to 85 depending upon Soil parameters and other site conditions. Also
engaged.
ANNEXURE-IC
cantilevering slab called the stem and a base slab (fig. 40). This type of wall may
Heel slab. The heel slab is that part of the base slab, under the retained
earth. The toe slab is the projection of the base slab on the front side of the
retaining wall.
b = 0.5 H to 0.6 H
H b
Toe projection = _______ or ____
6 3
The bottom width of the stem should be determined from bending moment
considerations. Usually the thickness of the base slab is made equal to the bottom
resistance of Qbo the effective depth is determined. The cover the reinforcement
in the stem is usually 3 to 4 cm. Hence assuming the diameter of the reinforcement
the overall width of the stem at the bottom is determined. The base slab thickness
(c) The stability of the structure is studied. The maximum and minimum
pressures at the base are worked out. The maximum pressure at the base shall not
(d) The reinforcement required for the stem is computed. This is given by
(e) Calculate the maximum bending moment for the toe slab. The toe slab
(f) Calculate the maximum bending moment for the heel slab. The heel
consisting of its own weight, the weight of the soil above it and super
load and any loading due to the surcharge, and upward soil reactions.
(g) The tendency for the wall to slide forward due to the lateral earth
(also called rib or cut off wall) would be designed to prevent the lateral
The above figures must obviously give an idea as to where the reinforcements
are required. Fro the stem, reinforcement is required near the earth side. For
the toe slab the reinforcement is required at the bottom of the slab. For the heel
slab the reinforcement is required at the top of the slab. For the key the
(see Figs. 42 and 43). Fig. 43 shows a section of an R.C. retaining wall
alternate bars of toe slab may be continued and bent down to form the
reinforcement for the key. The key may alternatively be provided under the
walls. The resistance of the concrete itself must be sufficient to resist the
stem and the base slab. This reinforcement shall not be less than 0.15% of the
Retaining walls over 5.5 metres in height are usually made of the counterfort type. The
(i) Upright slab. The upright slab will be designed as a continuous slab
spanning on the counterforts and subjected to lateral earth pressure. Let the
per sq. metre. Consider the bottom 1 metre deep strip of the upright slab. If
being moment for theupright slab = pI2/12. The thickness required to suit
this bending moment may now be computed. The slab is usually built of
calculated. This steel runs horizontally, its requirement being away from
the earth side at sections mid-way between the counterforts and near the
The slab shall also be provided with distribution steel at not less
than 0.15% of the gross area of the section. The distribution steel is placed
vertically near both the faces, since the upright slab is considerably thick.
These bars should form a mesh with the horizontal bars. Hence these bars
where main horizontal bars are not forming a mesh with them.
(ii) The base slab. The width of the base slab may be made 0.6 H to
0.7 H where H is the overall height of the retaining wall. The base slab
consists of the toe slab and the heel slab. The toe projection is usually one-
horizontal slab with the counterforts as the supports. The slab is designed
Each stip is uniformly loaded; but the loading on the various strips
varies from a maximum at the heel edge to a minimum near the wall.
= angle of repose.
(d) Superload intensity acting on the retained soil if any
It will be seen that the net load on the heel slab will be a downward
load. If the net load be Q per unit area near the heel end, then consider a
one metre wide strip near the heel end. The maximum bending moment for
the strip
Thickness of the base slab. The author suggests that this may be
taken not less than the following, in order it may not be found unsafe from
D = 4.17I (H)1/2
D = 2 IH
Where
This spacing may also be taken from one third the height of the wall to half the
The spacing may also be computed as the spacing for which the maximum
bending moment for the upright slab requires an overall thickness of 30 cm.
Let the spacing be 1 metres. Let the height of upright slab be h metre.
In S.I. units,
1438.25.8
t= --------------- metr for M 150 concrete
(wh)1/2
Toe slab. The design of the toe slab depends upon whether the toe slab is
providing front counterforts. When the front counterforts are not provided the
reaction. But if a front counterfort be provided then, the toe slab shall be
such a case at section midway between the front counterforts the bending
moment for the toe slab will be of a hogging type, while at the section on the
supports, the bending moment for the toe slab will be of the sagging type.
(iii) Counterforts. As mentioned already the retaining wall may have main
by the base slab. The loading on these counterforts is due to the lateral earth
L = spacing of counterforts
=surcharge angle
wh2
Ph = Cp --------- I cos acting at a height of
2
h/3 above the base
= M = Ph (h/3)
M = Cp (wh3)/6 I cos
calculated.
At = (M/at) sec
Where = inclination of the reinforment with the normal to the horizontal section of
At (h3/h)
At h2
If At1 and At2 are the areas of steel required at depths h1 and h2
Then we have
and so on.
determined.
on these will be due to the upward soil reaction on the toe slab. It is quite
likely that the front counterfort will be subjected to considerable shear force.
The main reinforcement of the main counterfort and also that of the front
counterfort should be embedded into the base slab for sufficient length to
develop the necessary bond strength. The bars of the main counterfort should
be securely anchored at the bottom by bending them back into the base slab.
In the case of a wall provided with main as front counterforts the critical
section for the max. bending moment for the main counterforts shall be taken
Horizontal links of two legs are provided connecting the main counterfort and
the upright slab to tie the wall to the counterfort and also to resist diagonal
tension in the counterfort. These links must be looped around the main
reinforcement of the counterfort. Fig. 47 shows the horizontal links and Figs.
48 and 49 show two alternative ways in which the horizontal links may be
provided.
Vertical ties connecting the counterforts and the Heel slab. We know that the heel slab
will transfer its load to the counterforts which are supporting them. In order
that the heel slab may transfer its load to the counterfort, it is necessary to
provide vertical ties which are in the form of vertical links of two legs.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) “Transmission Line Structure” by S.S. Murthy and A.R. Santhakumar.
(2) “Manual on Transmission Line Towers” – CBI&P – Technical Report No. 9.
(3) “Workshop on Transmission Line” – CBI&P-Vadodara (29th Nov. –2nd Dec. 94).
(4) “Symposium on Design & Protection of 400 KV Transmission Lines” – CBI&P –
Publication No. 131.
(5) “Code of Practice for Design and Construction of Pile Foundation” – IS 2911 (Part-I
to Part-IV).
(6) “Pile Design and Construction Practice” – M.J. Tomlinson.
(7) “Manual on Transmission Line Towers” – Central Board of Irrigation and Power.
(8) “Handbook on under-reamed and Bored compaction Pile Foundation” – Central
Building research institute, Roorkee.
(9) “Construction Manual, Part-II, Transmission Line Construction” SRTS – Power Grid
Corporation of India Ltd.
(10) “Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering” by K.R. Arora.
(11) “Modern Geotechnical Engineering” by Alam Singh.
(12) “Foundation Design” by Wayne C. Teng.
(13) “Construction Planning equipment & Methods” by Robert L. Peurifoy and William B.
Ledbetter.