BENEMERITA UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE PUEBLA

DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERIA INDUSTRIAL

ELECTRICIDAD Y MAGNETISMO
GENERADOR VANDERGRAF
ELECTROSTATICA
PRIMAVERA 2018

NOMBRE: GUTIERREZ ROJAS ESTFEANIA FABIOLA MATRICULA:201648245

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Robert J. Van de Graaff designed in 1929 the electric generator that would take his
name at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in order to perform experiments
in the field of nuclear physics. In these experiments was to draw conclusions about
the nuclei of the atoms from the collisions, for it was necessary to accelerate the
charged particles, which after reaching high speed hit fixed targets.
In 1931, he had already achieved that difference capacity generator of up to 1 MV.
Today we find platoon systems that can reach the 25MV voltages.

WHAT IS THE GENERATOR OF VAN DE GRAAFF?

A Van de Graaff generator is an artifact that creates potential differences or voltages,
thereby producing large voltages. Its name comes from its creator, Robert Jamison
Van der Graaff, who built it in 1929. The system is based on contact electrification
phenomena. For this, you can use an insulating tape in which it can be transported
through the quantities of electrical charge, generated by contact, towards the upper
part where there is a hollow metal sphere that acts as a terminal.The potential
differences that can be reached by a Van de Graaff generator can be up to 5
megavolts.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE
This generator does not need a load accessory from the outside to start its operation.
The motor will rotate the roller of the lower part that comes in contact with the
insulating belt to produce a separation of charges, this is what is known as the
triboelectric effect. Both the roller and the belt will get the same loads as the opposite
sign, this will depend on the materials used in them. The roller induces loads of
different signs in the lower metal mesh, the intense electric field that is formed
between these two elements that the surrounding air.
The charges of the aluminum mesh are not left to the metal, but to the shape of the
plasma conductor
Operation of the Van de Graaff generator
It has been qualitatively studied how static electricity is produced, when two non-
conductive materials are brought into contact. Now we will detail how the tape
acquires the load that it carries to the spherical terminal.

First, the surface of the lower pulley F is electrified because the surface of the pulley
and the belt are made of different materials. The tape and the roller surface acquire
equal and opposite charges.
However, the loading density is much higher on the surface of the pulley than on the
belt, since the loads extend over a much larger area.
First, the surface of the lower pulley F is electrified because the surface of the pulley
and the belt are made of different materials. The tape and the roller surface acquire
equal and opposite charges.
We have to choose the materials of the tape and the surface of the roller so that the
tape acquires a negative charge and the surface of the pulley a positive charge, as
seen in the figure.

If a metal needle is placed near the surface of the tape, at the height of its axis. There
is an intense electric field between the tip of the needle and the surface of the pulley.
The molecules of air in the space between the elements are ionized, creating a
conductive bridge through which the charges move from the metallic tip towards the
tape.
Negative charges are attracted to the surface of the pulley, but in the middle of the
path is the belt, and are deposited on its surface, partially canceling the positive
charge of the pulley. But the tape moves up, and the process begins again. The
upper pulley E acts in the opposite direction to the lower one F. It can not be
positively charged. It will have to have a negative charge or be neutral.
There is the possibility of changing the polarity of the loads carried by the belt by
changing the materials of the lower pulley and the belt. If the belt is made of rubber,
and the lower pulley is made of nylon covered with a plastic layer, a negative charge
is created on the pulley and on the positive rubber. The tape carries the positive
charge upwards. This charge, as already explained, passes to the surface of the
hollow conductor.
If a neutral material is used in the upper pulley E the belt does not carry loads
downwards. If nylon is used in the upper pulley, the belt is transported negative
charge down, this charge comes from the hollow conductor. In this way, the tape
positively charges the hollow conductor both in its upward and downward movement.

APPLICATIONS OF THE VAN DER GRAAFF GENERATOR

Applications of this generator include the production of X-rays, food sterilization and
nuclear physics particle physics experiments. There are other variants of the Van de
Graaff generator, such as the Vivitron or the Pelletron capable of achieving voltages
of 30 Megavolts

ESPERIMENT
The first thing he did, was something that did not work in the
generator, but I got it a little bigger and therefore I had to
assemble it with a piece of wood so we could work well with
it, then we proceeded to cut the bptella, to entangle the
leagues in the pen and place it in the hole that we made in
the bottle, then we build a band of fomi and place it in the
two bases already created in the bottle.
We also assemble the bottle to the wood so we can work
with it.
The next thing we did was to put a button in order to better
manage the engine

later we join a piece of copper wire to the band so

that these will generate friction when the engine is
on.
We put a can for the cable to touch and so the can
is charged electrically, in the tin we put some small
pieces of Chinese paper so that when the can is
loaded, the papers are lifted.
The last thing we did was to present it to our teacher so he could tell us how we
should measure the voltage.

CONCLUSION
As it was seen in the previous development, the Van de Graaff Generator is a device
that generates static electricity based on the contact electrification phenomena. This
generator is very useful in physics, as it is known to have different applications in x-
rays, food sterilization and experiments in particle physics and nuclear physics. It is
also one of the most used instruments to develop new technologies of x-rays, in this
article the parts were presented by which it is composed and how the instrument
works in its entirety, also some notions about the principle of operation of the same
were presented of the construction of the apparatus developing basic concepts in
the development of everything that has to do with this instrument

Referencias
http://teleformacion.edu.aytolacoruna.es/FISICA/document/fisicaInteractiva/sacaleE_M2/Tr
iboelecetricidad/vanderGraff/GeneradorEVG_Trabajo.htm

http://www.i-cpan.es/concurso2/docs/accesit2_experimentos.pdf

http://www.sc.ehu.es/sbweb/fisica/elecmagnet/campo_electrico/graaf/graaf.htm

http://es.scribd.com/doc/101930471/IEEE-Generador-de-Van-Der-Graff