SEISMIC GROUND

MOTION HAZARDS
Learning
g Outcomes
Be able to:
 Develop AASHTO acceleration response
spectrum for rock (type B)
 Adjust AASHTO spectrum for local site
conditions
 Interpret the results of a seismic hazard
deaggregation

5-2
DESIGN GROUND MOTION
PARAMETERS
 Peak ground motion values
 Routinely evaluated for bedrock reference
site condition at the outset of the
investigation
 PGA most common, PGV, PGD also used
 Spectral values
 Most common input for force-based
structural design (usually acceleration)
 Magnitude and distance
 Used in many geotechnical analyses
 Used to develop representative time
histories
SEISMIC RETROFIT DESIGN
GROUND MOTION LEVELS
 Ground Motion Design
g Levels

 Two Levels:
 Lower Level: 50% probability of
exceedance in 75 yrs
 Upper
U L
Level:l 7% probability
b bilit off
exceedance in 75 yrs
 Based on Poisson Probability Model,
PE = 1 – e-vt
where:
h
“PE” is pprobability
y of exceedance of
given amplitude of ground motion
“t”
t is lifetime of the bridge
“v” annual frequency y of exceedance of
that ground motion amplitude
 Equation can be rewritten as:
v = -ln(1 – PE)/t
Seismic Ground Motion Hazard

For small probabilities (< 10%), annual frequency

of exceedance,
exceedance v = PE/t
 e.g., for PE = 7% in 75 years, v = 0.07/75 =
0 0009 i.e.,
0.0009, i approx. = 0.001
0 001
Return period, Rp, is reciprocal of annual
frequency of exceedance: Rp = 1/v
 e.g.,
g for v = 1/0.001, Rp = 1000 yyears
Average Return Period for Ground Motion

1971 San Fernando Earthquake 1994 Northridge Earthquake

SEISMIC RESPONSE
SPECTRUM
 What’s a Response
p Spectrum
p
Max response of linear single degree of
freedom (SDOF) system
s stem to earthquake
earthq ake
ground motion
• Depends upon fundamental period, damping
ratio
• Indicates the maximum response of structure to

the ground motion

Have acceleration, velocity, and (relative)
displacement
p spectra
p
• Acceleration response spectrum most common
• Relative displacement spectra also used
How is Response
p Spectrum
p created?
El Centro (1942)
 Actual Spectra
p vs. Smoothed Spectrum
p

Range one structure may experience

for a variety of ground motions.

Amplification zone
SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS
 Types
yp of Seismic Hazard Analysis
y

Probabilistic (used for AASHTO Maps)

 Ground motion with specified probability of
occurrence for specified exposure period
 Typically composed from many earthquakes of
diff
different
t magnitude
it d and d distance
di t
Deterministic
 Specific design event(s) of well-defined magnitude and
source-to-site distance
 The temporal occurrence of the earthquakes and ground
motions are not accounted for
Seismic Hazard Analyses: Methodology
 Probabilistic Analysis
y Results

Seismic
hazard
curves
Uniform Hazard Spectrum
p ((UHS))
SEISMIC HAZARD MAPS
(PGA,1 sec & 0.2 sec-1000 year)
PGA, 0.2 sec & 1.0 sec (1000 year)

T=1-second

T=0.0 second
T=0.2 second
PGA

rock rock rock

AASHTO Spectrum
p Construction

 Plot (and connect linearly)

 Sa = PGA, T=0
 Sa = SDS, T = 0.2TS
 Sa = SDS, T = TS

 1/T decay
d att T>T
T TS
 Sa = SD1, T = 1 sec
 AASHTO Design
g Spectrum
p
Spectral
Acceleration,
Sa (g)

SDS: Sa @ 0.2
sec

Decays as
1/T
A = PGA SD1: Sa @ 1.0
sec

Spectral Period, T (Sec)

0.2 1.0

0 2 (TS)
0.2 TS = SD1 / SDS
LOCAL SITE CONDITIONS
 Local Site Conditions

Significantly affect strong ground motions

 Effects observed in many
y earthquakes
Observed impacts include:
 Amplitude
 Duration
 F
Frequency content
t t
 Coherence
1957 Daly City Earthquake
PGA Amplification in Mexico City (1985)
Building Damage at the SCT Site
Building Damage at the CAO Site
SA Amplification in Mexico City (1985)
Damage to I-880 in the Loma Prieta EQ
Impact
p of Local Site Conditions

Modification (amplification) of peak and

spectral accelerations

Modification of frequency
q y content ((shape
p of
response spectra)

Increase in duration

Increase in incoherence (spatial variability)

Spectral
p Shape
p and Amplification
p

Spectral shape accounted for since 1980s

New specifications
p account for shape
p and
amplification
Spectral amplification
• Always occurs around natural frequency of site T0
= 4H/VS
• Is greatest when T0 is near predominant period of

earthquake motion
SITE CLASSIFICATION
 Site-Dependent
p Spectrum
p
 Must adjust reference site spectra for local
site conditions
 Based upon (VS)30, shear wave velocity in top 100
ft (30 meters)
 Assumes no sharp transitions (impedance
contrasts)
t t ) in
i site
it profile
fil

 For reference site, (VS)30 = 2500 ft/s

 Referred to as B/C boundary (boundary between
Site Class B and Site Class C)
Site class based upon
p ((VS)30 ((or other
geotechnical characteristics) in top 100 ft (30
m)
Site
(VS)30 SPT Su
Cl
Class
A > 5000 ft/s N.A. N.A.
B 2500 - 5000 ft/s N.A. N.A.
C 1200 - 2500 ft/s > 50 > 2 ksf
D 600 - 1200 ft/s 15 - 50 1 -2 ksf
E < 600 ft/s <15 < 1 ksf
F (Special Study Sites)
 Average
g Shear Wave Velocity
y
Two layer system: h1 h2
Layer 1 travel time: V Layer 2 travel time:
1 V2

Vs avgg  h1  h2 

Average velocity: h1 h2

VS1 VS 2
n

h i
M lti L
Multi-Layer S
System:
t Vs avg  i 1
n
hi

i 1 Vi
AASHTO Site-Dependent
p Modifications

 Spectral accelerations adjusted using site

factors FA, FV, and FPGA
G based upon Site
Class (A-E)
 SDS = ((SDS)Site Class B x FA
 SD1 = (SD1)Site Class B x Fv
 A = (A)Site Class B x FPGA

 Note: TS may also change as (in general) FA

= FV
SITE FACTORS
 PGA Site Factor, FPGA
Mapped Spectral Response Acceleration at Short
e ods
Periods
Site Class
PGA ≤ PGA = PGA = PGA = PGA ≥
0.10 g 0.20 g 0.30 g 0.40 g 0.50 g
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.9
F a a a a a
Use straight line interpolation for intermediate values of
Table notes: PGA, where PGA is the peak ground acceleration obtained
from the ground motion maps
maps.
Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site
a
response analyses shall be performed.
 Short Period Site Factor, FA
Mapped Spectral Response Acceleration at Short
Periods
Si Cl
Site Class
Ss ≤ 0.25 Ss = 0.5 Ss = 0.75 Ss = 1.00 Ss ≥ 1.25
g g g g g
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
D 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.0
E 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.9
F a a a a a
Use straight line interpolation for intermediate values of Ss,
Table notes: where Ss is the spectral acceleration at 0.2 seconds
obtained from the ground motion mapsmaps.
Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site
a
response analyses shall be performed.
 Long
g Period Site Factor, FV
Mapped Spectral Response Acceleration at 1 Second
Site e ods
Periods
Class S1 = 0.2 S1 = 0.3 S1 = 0.4
S1 ≤ 0.1 g S1 ≥ 0.5 g
g g g
A 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
B 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
C 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3
D 2.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5
E 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.4
F a a a a a
Use straight line interpolation for intermediate values of S1,
Table
where S1 is the spectral acceleration at 1.0 seconds obtained
notes:
from the ground motion maps
maps.
Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site
a
response analyses shall be performed.
AASHTO Three Point Response
p Spectrum
p
SDS=SsFa
se Acceleration, Sa

Sa=SD1
T
PGA

SD1=S1Fv
Respons

FPGA P

PGA FPGA

To=0.2Ts 0.2 Ts=SD1 1.0

SDS
Period (seconds)
 100 Year Return Period

 USGS web site does not provide hazard

maps for the 100 year return period
 Need to use USGS hazard map data for 500,
1000 and 2500 year returns and extrapolate for
100 year return period.
 Seismic Hazard Maps
p
S2/50 Ln(S2/50)

Si Ln(Si)

S10/50 Ln(S10/50)

475 P 2475 Ln(475) Ln(P) Ln(2475)

Return Period Natural Log (Return Period)

Linear Interpolation (ASCE 41-06)

Ln( S 2 / 50)  Ln( S 10 / 50)

Ln( Si )   ( Ln( P  1))
Ln(2475)  Ln(475)
AASHTO GROUND MOTION
CD
 AASHTO funded
f d d USGS to
t develop
d l 1000 yr
Rp implementation CD
 Existing USGS maps were for 500 and 2500 yr
 CD provides PGA, SA at T = 0.2 and 1 sec
from UHS for reference site condition, plots
spectrum
 Reference site condition, Site Class B, is rock at
surface
 Values provided by latitude and longitude or zip
code

5-48
AASHTO Ground Motion CD

5-49
Ground Motion CD – 2nd Screen

5-50
Ground Motion CD – 3rd Screen

5-51
Ground Motion CD – 4rd Screen

5-52
AASHTO Ground Motion – 5th
Screen

5-53
UHS and AASHTO Spectra Comparison

5-54
 The AASHTO CD also corrects the design
spectrum for the designated site class
class.

5-55
Ground Motion CD – 3rd Screen

5-56
Ground Motion CD - 4th Screen

5-57
Ground Motion CD – 5th Screen

5-58
Ground Motion CD – 6th Screen

5-59
AASHTO Ground Motions
 AASHTO
S O CDC does not ot p
provide
o de hazard
a a d maps
aps
for the 100 year return period
 AASHTO CD also does not provide
deaggregation
 Use USGS d
U deaggregation
i at
http://eqint.cr.usgs.gov/deaggint/
 Use 1996 or 1998 for continental US,
 Use 1998 for Alaska and Hawaii (defaults to 1996
page)

5-60
SEISMIC HAZARD
DEAGGREGATION
 Deaggregation
gg g of UHS
Primary Goal:
p
Break specified hazard p
parameter into
contributions by magnitude and distance
Important Issue to Note:
Distribution
Di t ib ti may d dependd upon h
hazard
d
parameter,, spectral
p p p
period
 Deaggregation Table
Deaggregated Seismic Hazard PE = 2% in 50 years pga
Bakersfield CA 35.373 deg N 119.018 deg W PGA=0.42440 g
M<= 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0
d<= 25. 0.000 18.239 18.339 32.288 18.484 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
50. 0.000 0.019 0.024 0.086 4.200 7.059 0.000 0.000 0.000
75. 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.006 0.033 0.019 1.154 0.000 0.000
100. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.015 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.000
125
125. 0.000
0 000 0.000
0 000 0.000
0 000 0.000
0 000 0.009
0 009 0.002
0 002 0
0.000
000 0
0.000
000 0
0.000
000
150. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000
175. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
200. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000

Deaggregated Seismic Hazard PE = 2% in 50 years 1hz

Bakersfield CA 35.373 deg N 119.018 deg W SA= 0.38360 g
M<= 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0
d<= 25. 0.000 0.957 2.329 17.096 16.216 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
50. 0.000 0.004 0.019 0.272 12.374 23.708 0.000 0.000 0.000
75. 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.019 0.254 0.208 26.228 0.000 0.000
100. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.074 0.097 0.000 0.000 0.000
125. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.037 0.016 0.000 0.000 0.000
150. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.029 0.008 0.000 0.000
175. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000
200
200. 0.000
0 000 0.000
0 000 0.000
0 000 0.000
0 000 0.015
0 015 0.025
0 025 0
0.000
000 0
0.000
000 0
0.000
000
Deaggregation of PSHA
Geographic
g p Deaggregation
gg g
 Consistency
y Check
Step 1:
 Select a predominant event (magnitude and distance)
from deaggregated PSHA data

Step 2:
 Plot response spectrum for representative event against
UHS

Step 3:
 Compare plots. They should be in general agreement.
Learning
g Outcomes
Be able to:
 Develop AASHTO acceleration response
spectrum for rock (type B)
 Adjust AASHTO spectrum for local site
conditions
 Interpret the results of a seismic hazard
deaggregation
 What questions do you have?