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7th Semester Dissertation PDF
7th Semester Dissertation PDF
Construction Management
7sem. Dissertation
© Longhu Li [124446]
© Longhu Li [124446]
Signature: ____________________
Abstract
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Contents
1. Introduction 4
1.1 Background Information 4
1.2 Rationalization of choice of subject 4
1.3 Problem statement 4
1.4 Summary of working process – Methodology 4
6. Conclusion 21
List of Illustration 23
List of References 24
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1. Introduction
This dissertation was written mainly with the help of articles and
internet web-pages. I made problem statement and structure
according which I followed up during my dissertation in writing
process.
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1. Advantage
(1) Easy to find the raw material: sand, stone are generally local
material; industrial material (such as slag, cinder) can be used to
make artificial material for concrete.
(2) High fire resistance and durability: it’s not easy to corrode
reinforcement when it wrapped by concrete, less cost for
maintenance. The concrete is fire resistance material, when there
is fire, concrete act as insulation.
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2. Disadvantage
(1) Big self-weight: it’s difficult to have big span on the high
building.
Building crack especially means concrete slab crack and concrete wall
crack; it becomes universal problem of current buildings. Many
concrete constructions have different forms of crack in process of
construct and use. Carbon dioxide penetrates into the concrete
through the cracks and speed up carbonation speed around the cracks,
thus shortening the structure usage. The cracks in the concrete wall
would cause the leakage of the building; it reduces the stiffness,
durability and seismic performance of buildings, if the cracks in the
wall expend, it might be a big threat to human life and property safety.
For example:
There are two kinds of issues cause the cracks on the wall, they are
external loads and non-load issue (i.e. Temperature, shrinkage,
differential settlement, etc)
According to the research data, accounts for about 80% of cracks are
caused by non-load issue; other 20% are caused by load issue.
There are micro or macro cracks, and harmful or harmless cracks. The
crack width of the building is less than 0.05 mm is micro-cracks,
bigger than 0.05 mm are macro-cracks. The differences between
harmful and harmless cracks are depends on the uses, properties,
environment of building and crack position, width. Normally the
cracks bring following consequences called harmful cracks, such as:
damage to the building function, reduce the structural stiffness, affect
to the integrity of the building damage to the surface function of the
structure and so on. If the cracks need to be fixed or not, should be
based on cracks’ properties, width, environment, structure category
and so on. The temperature shrinkage deformation cracks in normal
indoor environment have the lower control requirements.
According to the time of the cracks on the wall, cracks can be divided
into early cracks and late cracks. Early cracks means cast concrete
appears cracks during dry, early cracks normally are mostly horizontal
cracks and vertical cracks. Late cracks means cracks appear after cast
concrete dry, normally horizontal cracks appear in the middle of the
concrete wall, diagonal cracks appear around window, door openings
and vertical cracks appear at connection between beam and wall in
late cracks.
The causes of concrete wall cracks are very complex, the wall
shrinkage from drying, durability reducing, changing of temperature
and humidity, the quality of construction fails, and unreasonable
construction measures factors may have an impact on the concrete
wall deformation and cracking.
The thermal stress may exceed the tensile strength and bond
strength of the concrete, it will cause cracks on the concrete wall,
and concrete will quickly dehydrate in high temperature, it
exacerbated the shrinkage of concrete, and increase dehydration
of mortar that reduce bond strength. And the stress caused by
seasonal temperature can also cause the concrete wall cracks.
Because of the exterior temperature cannot be controlled, should
avoid working on concrete at hot season.
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Construction cracks
The cracks in the concrete walls mainly occur as: vertical cracks,
horizontal cracks and other cracks and cracks normally occur on the
surface layer, sometimes it causes entire wall surface crack, even
cracks through the wall. The position and characteristics of the cracks
in the concrete wall:
1. There are horizontal and diagonal cracks around door and window
openings, below lintel. And around the hole drilled for buried
electrical equipment, fire hydrants and other equipment often
appear extended upward cracks along the top corner of hole.
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4. If the wall longer than 5m, should set load bearing column in the
wall, and set around 100mm reinforcement concrete beams
under windows.
6. Should not erect concrete elements more than 1.8m high every
day, if the wall is higher than 3m, leave the top 2 layers of
concrete element for next day in order to finish settlement on
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bottom layer.
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1. Vertical cracks
Figure 16 vertical cracks under window Figure 17 vertical cracks under cornice
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2. Horizontal cracks
3. Diagonal cracks
Vertical cracks
Horizontal cracks
“/ \” or “\ /” Shape Cracks
Diagonal cracks
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5. Reduce the scale between length and height. The scale should
be lower or equal to 2.5 at soft ground.
If the cracks happened, don’t rush to deal with it, should carefully
observe. There are few ways to check the cracks: (1) paste a paper on
the cracks, after a while, if the paper is fractured, means the cracks
are expanding; (2) or use calcium plaster instead of paper. If the
cracks are expanding, it should be carried out by professional person.
2. Change the bricks around cracks: if the cracks are irregular and the
width is different, remove bricks from both sides of cracks, spray
mortar into the wall, and then replace new bricks into the wall.
3. Spray mortar: if the crack are not severe, and doesn’t need to
replace the bricks, spray mortar into wall and rendering on the
wall.
4. Demolish and rebuild part of crack wall: if the cracks harmful to the
structural safety, should replace the cracked wall. Add some
supports in new wall and use reinforcement bar to connect
between new wall and old wall.
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2. For the small cracks (the width small than 1.0mm), scrape
rendering on the surface, and then use high strength flexible
putty to fill in the cracks, later use paper strip mixed lime mortar
cover the cracks.
6. Conclusion
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Settlement is also one of the main reasons which cause cracks. Check
ground soil carefully, if it is necessary should replace soil, and
reinforce foundation on soft ground.
There are a lot of reasons cause cracks, most of them can be prevent
before crack happens, and some of them can’t be avoid but still
possible to be renovated.
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List of Illustrations
Figure 1 Joseph Aspdin & Portland Cement 5
Figure 3 aggregate 6
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List of References
Internetsider:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/johnnyg1955/3598082511/ 2012 10
24
http://www.stmarysouthperth.com/ph_restorat.htm 2012 10 25
http://www.buildingresearch.com.np/services/srr/srr2.php 2012 10
25
http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-28811647/stock-photo-crack-on-a
-concrete-wall.html 2012 10 25
http://info.seepage.com/chicago-basement-waterproofing-blog/
2012 10 25
https://byg-erfa.dk/revner-udbedring 2012 10 28
https://byg-erfa.dk/revner-udbedring#afsnit4 2012 10 28
http://gomixcoat.en.made-in-china.com/productimage/cMWEYnQlvv
po-2f0j00bMotZGrybSgz/China-Flexible-Wall-Putty-R4-.html 2012
10 28
http://www.bombayharbor.com/products/1610/Non_Woven_Cloth.h
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tml 2012 10 28
http://www.dollarpaisa.com/company/profile/1128/Guru_Exports.ht
m 2012 11 10
http://www.concretenetwork.com/anne_balogh/fritz.htm 2012 11 10
https://www.eeri.org/1988/11/saguenay-quebec/02-6/ 2012 11 10
https://www.eeri.org/2012/09/hojancha-costa-rica/shear-cracks-in-
beam-near-main-stairways/ 2012 11 10
http://www.ashireporter.org/HomeInspection/Articles/Basement-Cra
cks-and-Leaks/1130 2012 11 10
Articles:
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