Lecture Note Ch-5 GVF

Lecture Note for Open Channel Hydraulics

CAPTER FIVE
GRADUALLY-VARIED FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS
Gradually-varied flow (GVF)
 The flow is a steady non-uniform flow
 constant hydraulics characteristics with time interval
 The depth varies along the length of the channel
 The streamlines are parallel
 Hydrostatic pressure distribution prevails over the channel section
 The velocity varies along the channel
 The bed slope, water surface slope, and energy line slope will differ each other.
 The fiction loss over the bed has significance
 Examples of GVF
 The backwater produced by a dam or weir across a river
 Drawdown produced at a sudden drop in a channel
Basic Assumptions
There are two basic assumptions of GVF, which include the following 6 major issues
 Slowly changing of bottom slope
 Slowly changing of water depth (No hydraulic jump)
 Slowly changing in cross section
 One-dimensional velocity distribution
 Pressure distribution is approximately hydrostatic
 The flow resistance possible compute with uniform flow equations (for instance
manning’s )with the consideration with energy slope not bed slope
Thus,
 if a GVF the depth of at any section is y, the energy line slope Se is given by
----------------------------------------------------- (5.1)
 The flow satisfies the continuity and the energy equations with bottom friction losses included
 The two varied and unknown variables are velocity V(x) and Depth y(x), where x is distance
along the channel.
By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 1 of 27


Basic Differential Equation of GVF
Horizontal
Se
EGL Sedx
2
V /2g
y V2/2g + d (V2/2g) Consider the total energy H of gradually

varied flow in a channel of small slope
HGL
V and  =1.0 as
V2
H  zE Z y --------- (5.2)
2g
w Y +dy
S0dx If we differentiate eqn.(5.2) with
V +dV
S0 respect to x
dH dZ dE dZ dy d  V 2  -- (5.3)
dx       
x x+dx dx dx dx dx dx dx  2 g 
In equation (5.3) each term has its own meanings and described as follows
dH
1. represents the energy slope. Since the total energy of the flow always decreases in the
dx
direction of motion, it is common to consider the slope of the decreasing energy line as positive
and denoting it by Se.
dH
  S e --------------------------------------------------------- (5.4)
dx
dZ
2. denotes the bottom slope. Similarly consider as positive and denoting with S0
dx
dZ
  S 0 ----------------------------------------------------------- (5.5)
dx
dy
3. represents the water surface slope to the bottom of the channel
dx


So the energy equation of the two cross-sections can be rewrite as
V2 V2 V2
 y  S 0 dx  S e dx  d  y  dy
2g 2g 2g
 
2
 S 0  S e dx  dy  d  V 
 2g 
d V 2 
 S 0  S e   dy    ----------------------------------------------- (5.6)
dx dx  2 g 
To eliminate the velocity derivative, differentiate the continuity equation

dQ dV dA
0 A V ---------------------------------------------------------------- (5.7)
dx dx dx
But dA= Tdy, where T is the channel width at the surface, So Equation (5.7) become
dV VT dy

dx A dx
So if we substituting the value dV/dx in equation (5.6) we obtain
dy  V 2T 
1    S 0  S e 
dx  gA 
From the equation of Froude number we can see that V2T/gA is the square of the Froude number of
the local channel flow. The final desired form of the gradually varied flow equation is
dy  S 0  S e 
  --------------------------------------------------- (5.8)
dx  1  Fr 2 
It is also possible to express the basic differential equation of GVF with given Q as
dy S 0  S f ------------------------------------------------------------- (5.9)

dx Q 2T
1
gA3
The basic equation of GVF changes its sign according as the Froude number is subcritical or
supercritical. The numerator also changes the sign according as S0 is grater or less than Se, which
become the base for the flow surface profile classification.
From eqn.(5.3) we can to drive another relation for the basic GVF equation, which is called
differential –energy equation of GVF. And it is very important for numerical techniques for GVF
dE
profile computation.  S 0  S e ---------------------------------------------------------------------- (5.10)
dx


Classification of Flow Surface Profiles
For a given channel with a known Q = Discharge, n = Manning coefficient, and S0 = Channel bed
slope, yc = critical water depth and y0 = Uniform flow depth can be computed. There are three possible
relations between y0 and yc as
1) y0 > yc , 2) y0 < yc , 3) y0 = yc .
For horizontal (S0 = 0), and adverse slope ( S0 < 0) channels, uniform flow depth y0 does not exist.
Since
 Horizontal channel, S0 = 0→ Q = 0,
 Adverse channel , S0 < 0 , Q cannot be computed,
Based on the information given above, the channels are classified into five categories as indicated in
Table (5.1).
Table 5.1 classification of channels
For each of the five categories of channels, lines representing the critical depth (yc ) and normal depth
(y0 ) (if it exists) can be drawn in the longitudinal section. These would divide the whole flow space
into three regions as:
Region 1: Space above the topmost line,
Region 2: Space between top line and the next lower line,
Region 3: Space between the second line and the bed.


Depending upon the channel category and region of flow, the water surface profiles will have
characteristics shapes. Whether a given GVF profile will have an increasing or decreasing water depth
in the direction of flow will depend upon the term dy/dx in Equ. (5.8) being positive or negative.
For a given Q, n, and S0 at a channel,

y0 = Uniform flow depth,
yc = Critical flow depth,
y = Non-uniform flow depth.
The depth y is measured vertically from the channel bottom; the slope of the water surface dy/dx is
relative to this channel bottom. The Fig. below is basic to the prediction of surface profiles from
analysis of Equ. (5.8).


To assist in the determination of flow profiles in various regions, the behavior of dy/dx at certain key
depths is noted by studying Equ. (5.8) as follows:
1. The water surface approaches the normal depth asymptotically.

As y → y0 , V →V0 , Se = S0
2. The water surface meets the critical depth line vertically.
3. The water surface meets a very large depth as a horizontal asymptote
Based on this information, the various possible gradually varied flow profiles are grouped into twelve
types (Table 5.2).


Table 5.2 Gradually varied flow profiles
Example 5.1: A rectangular channel with a bottom width of 4.0 m and a bottom slope of 0.0008 has a
discharge of 1.50 m3/sec. In a gradually varied flow in this channel, the depth at a certain
location is found to be 0.30 m. assuming n = 0.016, determine the type of GVF profile.
Solution Normal depth Critical depth yc,
Given
B= 4-0m
S0 = 0.0008
Q= 1.5m3/sec
n= 0.016
GVF profile?
By trial and error, y0 = 0.43 m.
y0 = 0.43 m > yc = 0.24 m (Mild slope channel, M profile)
y = 0.30 m
y0 > y > yc (Region 2)


Features of Water Surface Profiles
M – Curves
M1 – Curve
The most common of all GVF profiles is the M1 type, which is a sub-critical flow condition.
Obstructions to flow, such as weirs, dams, control structures and natural features, or bends, produce
M1 backwater curves. These extend to several kilometers upstream before merging with the normal
depth.
Water surface will be in Region 1 for a mild slope channel and the flow is obviously Sub-critical.
 Sub critical flow with y > y0 > yc and Fr < 1  (1 – Fr2) > 0
 Mild slope channel with Se < S0  S0 - Se > 0
→  Water depth will increase in the flow direction
 The Water depth can be between (∞ > y > y0) for Region 1. The asymptotic behaviors of the
water surface for the limit values (∞, y0) are;
The water surface meets a very large depth as a horizontal asymptote.


The water surface approaches the normal depth asymptotically.
b) M2 – Curve
The M2 profiles occur at a sudden drop of the channel, at constriction type of transitions and at the
canal outlet into pools
Water surface will be in Region 2 for a mild slope channel and the flow is obviously sub-critical.
Sub critical y0 > y > yc
 Sub critical with y0 > y > yc and Fr < 1  (1 – Fr2) > 0
 Mild slope channel but in this case Se > S0  (S0 –Se) < 0
Water depth decrease in the flow direction
Asymptotic behavior of the water surface is;
The water surface approaches the normal depth asymptotically
The water surface meets the critical depth line vertically.

M3 – Curve
Where a supercritical stream enters a mild slope channel, M3 type of profile occurs. The flow leading
from a spillway or a sluice gate to a mild slope forms a typical example. The beginning of the M3
curve is usually followed by a small stretch of rapidly varied flow and the downstream is generally


terminated by a hydraulic jump. Compared to M1 and M2 profiles, M3 curves are of relatively short
length.
 Supercritical flow with y0 > yc > y and Fr > 1  (1 – Fr2) < 0

 Mild slope channel but in this case Se > S0  (S0 –Se) < 0
Water depth will increase in the flow direction
Asymptotic behavior of the water surface is;
The angle of the water surface with the channel bed may be taken as
S – Curves


S1 – Curve
The S1 profile is produced when the flow from a steep channel is terminated by a deep pool created by
an obstruction, such as a weir or dam. At the beginning of the curve, the flow changes from the normal
depth (supercritical flow) to sub-critical flow through a hydraulic jump. The profiles extend
downstream with a positive water slope to reach a horizontal asymptote at the pool elevation.
Water surface will be in Region 1 for a steep slope channel and the flow is obviously supercritical.
 supercritical with y > yc > y0 and Fr > 1  (1 – Fr2) < 0
 step slope channel but in this case Se > S0  (S0 –Se) < 0

Asymptotic behavior of the water surface is; ∞ > y > yc
The water surface meets a very large depth as a horizontal asymptote.


S2 – Curve
Profiles of the S2 type occur at the entrance region of a steep channel leading from a reservoir and at a
brake of grade from mild slopes to steep slope. Generally S2 profiles are short of length.
Water surface will be in Region 2 for a steep slope channel and the flow is supercritical.
 supercritical with yc >y > y0 and Fr > 1  (1 – Fr2) < 0

 step slope channel but in this case S0>Se  (S0 –Se) > 0
Water depth will decrease in the flow direction
Asymptotic behavior of the water surface is; y0 < y < yc
The water surface approaches the normal depth asymptotically.
S3 – Curve
S3 curve results when free flow from a sluice gate with a steep slope on its downstream or a flow exists
from a steeper slope to a less steep slope
Water surface will be in Region 3 for a steep slope channel and the flow is supercritical.


 supercritical with yc > y0 > y and Fr > 1  (1 – Fr2) < 0
 step slope channel but in this case Se>S0  (S0 –Se) < 0
Asymptotic behavior of the water surface is; 0 < y < y0
The angle of the water surface with the channel bed may be taken as
C – Curves
General shapes of C curves are given in Fig. below. Asymptotic behaviors of each curve will be
examined mathematically. Since the flow is at critical stage, y0 = yc, there is no Region 2.
C1 and C3 profiles are very rare and highly unstable
H – Curves
General shapes of H curves are given in Fig. For horizontal slope channels, uniform flow depth y0
does not exist. Critical water depth can be computed for a given discharge Q and therefore critical
water depth line can be drawn. Since there is no uniform water depth y0, Region 1 does not exist.
Control Sections


A control section is defined as a section in which a fixed relationship exists between the discharge and
depth of flow.
 Weirs, spillways, sluice gates are some typical examples of structures which give rise to
control sections.
 The critical depth is also a control point. However, it is effective in a flow profile which
changes from subcritical to supercritical flow.
 In the reverse case of transition from supercritical flow to subcritical flow, a hydraulic jump is
usually formed bypassing the critical depth as a control point.
Any GVF profile will have at least one control section.


Analysis of Flow Profile
A channel carrying a gradually varied flow can in general contain different prismoidal channel cross-
sections of varying hydraulic properties. There can be a number of control sections at various
locations. To determine the resulting water surface profile in a given case, one should be in a position
to analyze the effects of various channel sections and controls connected in series. Simple cases are
illustrated to provide information and experience to handle more complex cases.
Break in Grades
Simple situations of a series combination of two channel sections with differing bed slopes are
considered.
 A break in grade from a mild channel to a milder channel
o It is necessary to first draw the critical-depth line (CDL) and the normal-depth line
(NDL) for both slopes.
o Since yc does not depend upon the slope for a taken Q = discharge, the CDL is at a
constant height above the channel bed in both slopes.
o The normal depth y01 for the mild slope is lower than that of the milder slope (y02).
In this case, y02 acts as a control, similar to the weir or spillway case and an M1 backwater curve is
produced in the mild slope channel.
Various combinations of slopes and the resulting GVF profiles are presented in hand out
Serial Combination of Channel Sections
To analyze the Serial Combination of Channel Sections, the following steps are to be applied.
1. Draw the longitudinal section of the system.
2. Calculate the critical depth and normal depths of various reaches and draw the CDL and NDL
in all reaches.
3. Mark all the controls, both the imposed as well as natural controls.
4. Identify the possible profiles.


Computation of GVF
 The major activities of hydraulic engineers in free-surface flow involve in the
computation of GVF profiles
i. Determination of the effect of a hydraulic structure on the flow pattern in the
channels
ii. Inundation of lands due to a dam or weir construction
iii. Estimation of flood zone
 Historically it is a topic for the last 150 years
 The various available procedures for computing GVF profiles can be classified as
i. Direct integration (mainly use for academic interest)
ii. Numerical method (only to solve practical problems in natural channels)
iii. Graphical method (obsolete)
Direct Integration
 We know the basic differential equation of GVF S  Se
 0 2 --------------------- (5.9)
dy
dx Q T
1
gA 3
 If K= conveyance at any depth y and K0 = conveyance to the normal depth y0, then
K  Q/ Sf and K 0  Q / S0 so S f / S 0  K 02 / K 2 --------- (5.11)
 Similarly , if Z= section factor at depth y and Zc= section factor at critical depth yc, then
2
2 3 Z
Z  A /T
2 3
and Z c  Ac / Tc  Q / g hence
2
Q T / gA  c2 ------ (5.12)
2 3
Z
By substituting eqn (5.11) and (5.12) to equation (5.9) we can get
 Se    K0  
2
 1  1    
dy
 S0
S 0  = S0  K   = F(y) --------------------------------------------- (5.13)
dx  Q 2T    Zc  
2
1   1   
 gA 3    Z  
Let it be required to find y = f(x) in the depth range y1 to y2. The following two assumptions are
made
1. The conveyance at any depth y is given by K 2  C 2 y N and at depth y0 by K 2  C 2 y 0N
2. The section factor Z at any depth y is given by Z 2  C1 y M and Z c2  C1 y c

M


Substituting the relationships eqn (5.13)
dy 1  ( y0 / y) N
 S0 ----------------------------------------------- (5.14)
dx 1  ( yc / y) M
Putting u = y/y0  dy =y0du and simplifies to
   u N M 
M
S0  11/u N   dx  S 0 1  y 
du
  
1    c   du
y 0 1  ( y M / y M ) 1  y0  1 u N
 y0  1 uN 
dx
0

 
c M
u
Integrating
S  
M
u du  y  u u N M
x  0 u 
y0  
0 1 u N
  c 
 y0 
0 1 uN
du   Const . ------------------------ (5.15)


u du
Calling  0 1 u N
 F (u , N )
The second integral can be simplified as follows
N N
Put v  u N /J
where J  we get dv  N u J
1
du  ( N  M  1 ) u N M
du
( N  M  1) J
u u N M 1 v dv J
 0 1 uN
du 
( N  M  1)  0 1 vJ

N
F ( v , J ) ---------------------- (5.16)
F(v,J) is the same function with F(u,N) with a replace of u and N by the value of v and J
respectively.
Now Eqn 5.15 can be written as
S0  
M
 yc  J
x   u  F ( u , N )    F ( v , J )  ---------------------------------------------- (5.17)
y0   y0  N 

If we using Eqn 5.17 between two sections (x1,y1) and (x2, y2) , it gives as
y0  
M
 y 
 u 2  u 1   F u 2 , N  F ( u 1 , N )    c  F ( v 2 , J )  F ( v 1 , J )  -(5.18)
J
x 2  x1 
S0   y0  M 

The function F(u,N) is known as the varied-flow function


Example 5.3: A trapezoidal channel has a bed width B=5.0m, S0= 0.0004, side slope m=2H:1V and
n=0.02. The normal depth of flow y0=3.0m. If the channel empties into a pool at
downstream end and the pool elevation is 1.25m higher than the channel bed at the
downstream end,
a). calculate and plot the resulting GVF profile, assume  =1.0
b). find the depth at a distance of 1300m upstream of this section
Solution
Given For critical depth
y0=3.0m Q2/g = Ac3/Tc = (B+myc)3yc3/(B+2myc)
B=5.0m,  (48.72)/9.81 = (5+2yc)3 yc3/(5+2*2*yc)
S0= 0.0004  241.76 = (5+2yc)3 yc3/(5+4yc)
m=2  yc = 1.69m
pool height =1.25m We have y0> yc  the condition is mild
2
A0= (B+my0)y0 = (5+2*3)*3 = 33.0m If mild feed to pool, we have 4 case
2 2
P0 = B+2y0(1+m ) = 5 +2*3*(1+2 )  Ep> y0  M1 as control
=18. 41m
 yo>Ep>yc  M2 as control
R0= A0/P0 = 33.0/18.41 = 1.793m
 Ep = yc  pool elevation as control
Q = Q0= 1/n*A*(R02/3)*(S01/2)
 Ep< yc  critical depth as control
= ( 1/0.02 )*(33.0)*(1.7932/3)*(0.00041/2) =
48.7m3/sec
log( Z 2 / Z 1 ) and
M  2
log( y 2 / y 1 )
log( K 1 / K 2 )
N  2
log( y 1 / y 2 )
we have y0 > yc which refer for mild profile and also Ep < yc which show that the water depth at any
section not below yc, therefore our profile is M2 and y0> y>yc  3.0 > y > 1.69
y/B ranges 0.6 -0.338, N ranges 4.17 to 3.88, M ranges 3.94 to 3.60
for computation purpose we take the average constant values as
N= 4.0 M = 3.75


M 3 .75
  J  1 .69  3 .2
So J = N/(N-M+1) = 4/1.25 = 3.2 y0/S0 = 3/0.0004 = 7500,  y c     0 .093
 y0  N  3 .00  4 .0
u= y/y0 = y/3
v= uN/J = u1.25 and the GVF equation can be rewrite as
x= 7555[u- F(u,4) + 0.093F(v, 3.2) +const.

The calculations perform in the range of yc=1.69 to y=2.97 1% below y0.
N= 4.0 M= 3.75 J= 3.2 u=y/3.0 v=u1.25
y(m) u v F(u, 4) F(v. 3.2) x(m) x (m) L(m)
1.69 0.563 0.488 0.575 0.501 259 0 0
1.8 0.600 0.528 0.617 0.547 254 5 5
1.89 0.630 0.561 0.652 0.585 243 11 16
2.01 0.670 0.606 0.701 0.639 213 30 46
2.13 0.710 0.652 0.752 0.699 173 41 86
2.25 0.750 0.698 0.808 0.763 97 75 162
2.37 0.790 0.745 0.870 0.836 ‐17 114 276
2.49 0.830 0.792 0.940 0.918 ‐185 168 444
2.61 0.870 0.840 1.025 1.019 ‐452 267 711
2.73 0.910 0.889 1.133 1.152 ‐869 417 1128
2.82 0.940 0.926 1.246 1.293 ‐1393 524 1652
2.91 0.970 0.963 1.431 1.562 ‐2368 975 2627
2.94 0.980 0.975 1.536 1.649 ‐3020 652 3279
2.97 0.990 0.988 1.714 1.889 ‐4112 1093 4371
b). the depth at 1300m use interpolating from the profile table between (2.73, 1128) and (2.82, 1652)
y= (1300 -1128)*(2.82-2.73)/(1652-1128) + 2.73 = 2.76


Numerical Analysis
 Simple Numerical Methods
o Direct step method
o Standard step method
 Advanced Numerical Methods
Direct Step Method
 Characterized by dividing the channel into equal section
 distance is calculated from the depth
 It is limited to prismatic channels so that the velocity depend on depth only
dE
We remember that our basic GVF equation write in the form of  S 0  S e (5.10). If we
dx
write it in finite difference form
E
 S 0  S e ------------------------------------------------- (5.19)
x
Where S e = average friction slope in the reach x
And if we solve it for x
E
x  ------------------------------------------------------ (5.20)
S0  Se
So between two section 1 and 2
E 2  E1
x 2  x1  --------------------------------------------- (5.21)
1
S 0  S e 2  S e1 
2
We have to remind
Procedure for direct Step method
 identify type profile and flow
 choose y and thus yn+1 , then fix the depth y at each end of the reach up to yn+1
 calculate hydraulic radius, velocity, friction slope for each depth ( yn and yn+1 )
 calculate x and the then cumulative x which is the distance of the assumed depth from control
section



Note
 if the flow is subcritical the step computation should be upstream, but for supercritical it is
downstream
 If one of the depth is uniform depth for the section under consideration, then 1% off value of normal
depth y0 must be taken.
o for profiles M1 and S2, where normal depth is approached asymptotically from above 1.01 y0,
o for profiles M2 and S3, where normal depth is approached asymptotically from below 0.99 y0
 Start from a control section.

Example 5.4: A trapezoidal channel has a bed width B=5.0m, S0= 0.0004, side slope m=2H:1V and
n=0.02. The normal depth of flow y0=3.0m. If the channel empties into a pool at
downstream end and the pool elevation is 1.25m higher than the channel bed at the
downstream end,
a) calculate the GVF profile from section having critical depth up to a section having a
depth of 2.96m by direct step method
b) calculate the distance between two sections having depths of 2.30m and 2.80m
respectively
Solution
Given For critical depth
y0=3.0m Q2/g = Ac3/Tc = (B+myc)3yc3/(B+2myc)
B=5.0m,  (48.72)/9.81 = (5+2yc)3 yc3/(5+2*2*yc)
S0= 0.0004  241.76 = (5+2yc)3 yc3/(5+4yc)
m=2  yc = 1.69m
pool height =1.25m We have y0> yc  the condition is mild
2
A0= (B+my0)y0 = (5+2*3)*3 = 33.0m If mild feed to pool, we have 4 case
2 2
P0 = B+2y0(1+m ) = 5 +2*3*(1+2 )  Ep> y0  M1 as control
=18. 41m
 yo>Ep>yc  M2 as control
R0= A0/P0 = 33.0/18.41 = 1.793m
 Ep = yc  pool elevation as control
Q = Q0= 1/n*A*(R02/3)*(S01/2)
 Ep< yc  critical depth as control
= ( 1/0.02 )*(33.0)*(1.7932/3)*(0.00041/2) =
48.7m3/sec


B=5.0m m=2.0 S0 = 0.0004 Q= 48.7m3/sec n=0.02

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
S.No y(m) A(m2) P(m) R(m) V(m2/sec) E(m) ∆E(m) Se Se S0  Se ∆x(m) x(m)
1 1.69 14.162 12.558 1.128 3.439 2.293 0.00403 0

2 1.79 15.358 13.005 1.181 3.171 2.302 0.0098 0.00322 0.00363 -0.00323 -3.034 3.03
3 1.89 16.594 13.452 1.234 2.935 2.329 0.0265 0.00260 0.00291 -0.00251 -10.545 13.58
4 1.99 17.870 13.900 1.286 2.725 2.369 0.0395 0.00212 0.00236 -0.00196 -20.131 33.71
5 2.09 19.186 14.347 1.337 2.538 2.418 0.0499 0.00175 0.00194 -0.00154 -32.434 66.14
6 2.19 20.542 14.794 1.389 2.371 2.476 0.0581 0.00145 0.00160 -0.00120 -48.390 114.53
7 2.29 21.938 15.241 1.439 2.220 2.541 0.0647 0.00121 0.00133 -0.00093 -69.420 183.95
8 2.39 23.374 15.688 1.490 2.083 2.611 0.0701 0.00102 0.00112 -0.00072 -97.803 281.76
9 2.49 24.850 16.136 1.540 1.960 2.686 0.0745 0.00086 0.00094 -0.00054 -137.429 419.19
10 2.59 26.366 16.583 1.590 1.847 2.764 0.0781 0.00074 0.00080 -0.00040 -195.553 614.74
11 2.69 27.922 17.030 1.640 1.744 2.845 0.0812 0.00063 0.00068 -0.00028 -287.425 902.16
12 2.79 29.518 17.477 1.689 1.650 2.929 0.0837 0.00054 0.00059 -0.00019 -451.526 1353.69
13 2.89 31.154 17.924 1.738 1.563 3.015 0.0858 0.00047 0.00050 -0.00010 -821.011 2174.70
14 2.99 32.830 18.372 1.787 1.483 3.102 0.0876 0.00041 0.00044 -0.00004 -2380.26 4554.97
b). to compute the distance between the two sections having 2.30 and 2.80
for the depth 2.30 interpolate the distances having depth 2.29 and 2.39
x1= (281.76- 183.95)*(2.30-2.29)/(2.39-2.29) + 183.95 = 193.73
for the depth 2.80 interpolate the distance having depth 2.79 and 2.89
x2= (2174.70- 1353.69)*(2.80-2.79)/(2.89-2.79) + 1353.69 = 1435.79
Therefore the change in distance be x2- x1 = 1435.79 – 193.73 = 1242.1m
Standard Step Method

 Since it is assumed the prismatic channel, difficult to apply the direct step method for natural
channel
 In natural channel the cross sectional channel unlikely the artificial one it is vary section to
section
 The problem of GVF in the natural channel is done through given the cross-section of two
adjacent sections and stage of one then compute the stage the other.
 The sequential computation of it will give the GVF profile of the stream or the river
 In this method, the depth is calculated from distance and procede in trial and error process


The procedure
 Given a depth at one location, determine the depth at a second location
 Step size (x) must be small enough so that changes in water depth aren’t very large. Otherwise
estimates of the friction slope and the velocity head are inaccurate
 Can solve in upstream or downstream direction
o upstream for subcritical
o downstream for supercritical
 Find a depth that satisfies the energy equation

2 2
y1  V1  S o x  y 2  V2  S e x
hf = Sex 2g 2g

Where hf = frictional loss and he= eddy loss
then given by
1
h f  S e x  S e1  S e 2 x
2

 1V12   2V22
he  C e
2g

n 2V 2 n 2Q 2
Se  
R4/3 A2 R 4 / 3
Nature of Transition Value of the Coff. (Ce)
Expansion contraction
No transition (Prismatic) 0.0 0.0
Gradual transition 0.3 0.1
Abrupt transition 0.8 0.6
Denoting the stage = Z+y= h and the total energy by H then we can using the suffixes 1 and 2 to refer the
sections.
2
H  h   V And
2g

H 2  H 1  h f  he



 
H E  H 2  H 1  h f  he  in the initial, but our objective is to vanish HE by changing the depth y2.
Hence
d  V22 V12  1   1V12  2V22 

   x S e1  S e 2   C e 
dH E
  y2  Z 2   2  y1  Z 1   1  
dy 2 dy 2  2g 2g  2  2g 2g 

dH E d   2V 2 1
2

  y 2  1  C e    xS f 2 
dy 2 dy 2  2g 2 

 1 dS f 2 
1 
   e
1 C Fr 2 
2
 x 
 2 dy 2  Where
 2 Q 2 T2
Fr  2
2
gA23

Example 5.5: A small stream has a cross section which can be approximated by a trapezoidal. The
cross-section properties at three sections are as follows:
Section Distance up the River (km) Bed elevation (m) Bed width (m) Side slope (H:V)
A 100.0 100.0 14.0 1.5:1
B 102.0 100.8 12.5 1.5:1
C 103.5 101.4 10.0 1.5:1
At the most downstream section (section A) discharge is 100.0m3/sec and water surface elevation is
104.5m. Estimate the water-surface elevation at the upstream section B and C. Assume n=0.02 and
α=1.0 at all section
Refer the GVF Table below we get :

 Water-surface elevation at B = 104.866m
 Water-surface elevation at C = 105.290m


Q(m3/sec) 100 n 0.02

1a 1b 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
bed E bed ∆x Total Head HE

Se
S.No Trial (m) W(m) y(m) h(m) A(m2) V2/2g H(m) R(m) Se L(m) hf(m) he(m) (m) (m) ∆y2(m)
A 0 100.0 14 4.500 104.500 93.375 0.058 104.558 3.089 0.00010196
B 1 100.8 12.5 4.400 105.200 84.040 0.072 105.272 2.963 0.00013309 0.0001175 2000 0.235 0.004 104.798 0.475 -0.413
2 100.8 12.5 3.987 104.787 73.678 0.094 104.881 2.742 0.00019204 0.0001470 2000 0.294 0.011 104.863 0.018 -0.014
3 100.8 12.5 3.973 104.773 73.328 0.095 104.867 2.734 0.00019462 0.0001483 2000 0.297 0.011 104.866 0.001 -0.001
4 100.8 12.5 3.971 104.771 73.301 0.095 104.866 2.733 0.00019482 0.0001484 2000 0.297 0.011 104.866 0.000 0.000
-
C 1 101.4 10 3.500 104.900 53.375 0.179 105.079 2.360 0.00044693 0.0003209 1500 0.481 0.025 105.373 0.294 0.201
-
2 101.4 10 3.701 105.101 57.560 0.154 105.255 2.466 0.00036245 0.0002786 1500 0.418 0.018 105.302 0.047 0.035
-
3 101.4 10 3.736 105.136 58.290 0.150 105.286 2.484 0.00035001 0.0002724 1500 0.409 0.017 105.291 0.006 0.004
-
4 101.4 10 3.740 105.140 58.380 0.150 105.289 2.486 0.00034851 0.0002717 1500 0.407 0.016 105.290 0.001 0.000
4 101.4 10 3.740 105.140 58.391 0.149 105.290 2.486 0.00034833 0.0002716 1500 0.407 0.016 105.290 0.000 0.000


Standard-Step Method for Compound Sections
Consideration
 The energy lines corresponding to various sub-areas will be at different elevation above the
water surface, but for handling the situation we have to consider a mean velocity V for the
V2
entire section and assume the energy line to be at a height  above the water surface.
2g
 A common friction slope S f is assumed
 V A   Q 
N N
3 3
N i i i / Ai2
A   Ai  1
 1
V 3  Ai
3
 N 
  Qi  /  Ai 
i 1 2
 1 
Since we assume a common slope S f and if K i is the conveyance of the ith sub area
N
 N  Q2
Qi  K i S f and Q   Qi    K i  S f  S f  N again replacing Qi by K i S f in
 1 
1
 Ki 1
the above energy coefficient equation for partial area Ai
  K 
N
3
i i / Ai2
 1
 n 
  K i  / A2
 1 
 To calculate geometric parametric of the sub areas, the interface between two sub-areas either
vertical or diagonal should be considered


 Recognized the existing of more than one critical depth in the compound sections and using
them as control section
Q2 dE Q 2 dA Q 2 d
E  y  at a local minima or maxima  1   0 we know
2 gA 2 dy gA 2 dy 2 gA 2 dy
that dA/dy = T
Q 2 T Q 2 d Q 2  A d 
3
  1 or   2T dy   1 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐(5.30)
gA 2 gA 2 dy gA 3  

The Froude number Fc for the compound channel section is now defined as
1/ 2
 Q 2 T Q 2 d 
Fc   3
 
 gA 2 gA 2 dy 
Summary of GVF Computation

 It is mainly/ practically use in Backwater effect of a dam
 Remember the basic assumptions of GVF Computation
o Steady flow
o Gradually Varied water surface (Hydrostatic pressure distribution)
o One-dimensional analysis
o Small channel slope
o Rigid boundary Constant (averaged) friction slope between adjacent sections
 Basic Data requirement
o Complete cross-sectional properties
o Discharge that selected for 5-year, 25-year, or 100-year flood analysis obtained from
the hydrological analysis
o Channel roughness coefficient
o The termination depth of the computations
 Major sections of the procedure
o Set up the model with existing condition
o Calibrate and validate

Lecture Note Ch-5 GVF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture Note Ch-5 GVF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture Note for Open Channel Hydraulics

y V2/2g + d (V2/2g) Consider the total energy H of gradually

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 2 of 27

To eliminate the velocity derivative, differentiate the continuity equation

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 3 of 27

Table 5.1 classification of channels

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 4 of 27

For a given Q, n, and S0 at a channel,

1. The water surface approaches the normal depth asymptotically.

2. The water surface meets the critical depth line vertically.

3. The water surface meets a very large depth as a horizontal asymptote

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 6 of 27

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 7 of 27

The water surface meets a very large depth as a horizontal asymptote.

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 8 of 27

The water surface approaches the normal depth asymptotically.

Water depth decrease in the flow direction

Asymptotic behavior of the water surface is;

The water surface approaches the normal depth asymptotically

The water surface meets the critical depth line vertically.

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 9 of 27

 Supercritical flow with y0 > yc > y and Fr > 1  (1 – Fr2) < 0

Water depth will increase in the flow direction

Asymptotic behavior of the water surface is;

The water surface meets the critical depth line vertically.

Water depth will increase in the flow direction

The water surface meets a very large depth as a horizontal asymptote.

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 11 of 27

The water surface meets the critical depth line vertically.

 supercritical with yc >y > y0 and Fr > 1  (1 – Fr2) < 0

Water depth will decrease in the flow direction

Asymptotic behavior of the water surface is; y0 < y < yc

The water surface meets the critical depth line vertically.

The water surface approaches the normal depth asymptotically.

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 12 of 27

Water depth will increase in the flow direction

Asymptotic behavior of the water surface is; 0 < y < y0

C1 and C3 profiles are very rare and highly unstable

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 14 of 27

2. The section factor Z at any depth y is given by Z 2  C1 y M and Z c2  C1 y c

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 16 of 27

The second integral can be simplified as follows

Now Eqn 5.15 can be written as

The function F(u,N) is known as the varied-flow function

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 17 of 27

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 18 of 27

x= 7555[u- F(u,4) + 0.093F(v, 3.2) +const.

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 19 of 27

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 20 of 27

B=5.0m m=2.0 S0 = 0.0004 Q= 48.7m3/sec n=0.02

1 1.69 14.162 12.558 1.128 3.439 2.293 0.00403 0

Standard Step Method

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 22 of 27

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 23 of 27

d  V22 V12  1   1V12  2V22 

Refer the GVF Table below we get :

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 24 of 27

Q(m3/sec) 100 n 0.02

bed E bed ∆x Total Head HE

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 25 of 27

Summary of GVF Computation

By Belete B. AAiT Department of Civil Engineering 12/15/2010 Page 27 of 27

You might also like