Unit- II LATHE

Lathe: Introduction, type, construction of simple

lathe, mechanism and attachments for various
operations, machine specifications, basis for
selection of cutting speed, feed and depth of cut,
time estimation for turning operations such as
facing, step turning, taper turning, threading,
knurling.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 1
 Introduction
 Lathe is a machine tool which holds the
workpiece between two rigid and strong supports
called centres or in a chuck or in face plate which
revolves. The cutting tool is held and fed against
the revolving work. Cutting tool fed either parallel
or at right angles to the axis of workpiece or may
also at an angle.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 2
Lathe : principle of working
FIGURE : The lathe holds and
rotates work against a cutting
tool to machine cylindrical
components. Movement of the
cutting tool determines the
shape of the cylindrical part.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 3
specification of a lathe :

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 4
Specification of a lathe
1. Distance between centers:

Maximum distance that can be obtained between
the lathe centers
 Represents the maximum length of the work piece
that can be held between centers.
2. Overall length of the bed:
 Maximum length of the bed starting from the head
stock end to tailstock end.
3. Swing diameter over the bed:
 Largest diameter of the work piece that can be
rotated without touching the bed.
4. Swing diameter over a gap in the bed:
 Maximum diameter and the width of a work piece
that can be mounted between the centers.
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE 5
Types of Lathes
 Speed
 Spindle rotates at very high speed . Simple construction of
a head stock and tail stock with a tool post. They have no
gear box ,carriage and lead screw. Used for wood turning,
metal polishing, or metal spinning.1200-3600rpm

 Engine
 Most frequently used lathe
 Heavy duty and provision for multiple speeds.
 power drive for most tool movements
 These lathes are now made to have an individual motor
drive.
 Not production lathe, found in school shops, tool rooms
 Basic to all lathes
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE 6
Types of Lathes
 Tool room
 It is nothing but same engine lathe , but equipped with
some extra attachment for a relatively more accurate and
precision type of work.
 More versatility
 Wider range of speeds and feeds
 Small bed length than usual engine lathe

 Tracer
 Hydraulic attachment used to copy the shape of a part
from a master.
 lathe that has the ability to follow a template to copy a
shape or contour.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 7
Types of Lathes
 Bench Lathe
 It is very small lathe and is mounted on a separately
prepared bench or cabinet . A bench top model usually
of low power used to make precision machine small
work pieces

 Capstan & Turret lathe

 Used when many duplicate parts required
 Semi - Automatic type
 Hexagonal turret replaces tailstock
 Equipped with multisided tool post ( turret ) to which
several different cutting tools mounted which allows for
quick changes in tooling and cutting operations.
 Carry special mechanism for indexing of their tool heads.
 Used in mass production work
 Still may require Asome
B AMALE operator skill
, Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE 8
Types of Lathes

 Automatic
 they are developed in enhancing the quality
as well as the quantity of mass production.
 A lathe in which the work piece is
automatically fed and removed without use of
an operator.
 Cutting operations are automatically
controlled by sequencer of some form

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 9
Types of Lathes
 CNC lathe
 A highly automated lathe, where both cutting,
loading, tool changing, and part unloading are
automatically controlled by computer coding.
 Wide variety of process capability
 multiple axis

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 10
 Engine Lathe :
Head stock

Spindle Spindle
speed Guide ways
selector Tool post Cross slide
Dead center
Feed change Tailstock quill
gearbox
Tailstock

Handle

Compound rest
and slide(swivels)
Bed
Carriage
Apron Feed rod
Lead screw

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 11
Engine Lathe :

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 12
Lathe : Components Description

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 13
Lathe : Components Description

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 14
Lathe

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 15
Major components of a lathe
Bed
Head stock
Tail stock
Carriage assembly

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 16
Major components of a lathe
BED
• It is the foundation part of lathe and supports all its parts.

• Top of bed has a guide way which is machined to precision.

Bed ways

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 17
17
 BED
 The lathe bed forms the
base of the machine.
 On the top of the bed,
there are two guide
ways namely inner and
outer guide ways.
Carriage slides on the
outer guide ways where
as tail stock slides on
the inner ways.

 The bed should be very strong to resist the cutting forces and
vibrations.
 The guide ways are very accurate for getting accuracy in jobs. The bed
is made of single piece casting of cast iron alloyed with nickel and
chromium.
 The guide ways of the bed may be flat and inverted ‘V’ having an
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
included angle of 90°. YCCE 18
 HEAD STOCK
Head stock is that part of the lathe which serves as a housing for the driving

Pulleys and back gears, provides bearing for the machines spindle.

Headstock

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 19
 HEAD STOCK

The headstock is the powered end and is mounted on

the inner ways at the left end of the bed.
In a lathe ,it is necessary to vary the speed of the work to suit
different machining conditions.
The usual methods to vary the speed of a lathe spindles are:
(1) By belt drive on cone pulley with or without a back gear
arrangement,
(2) By all gear drive using sliding gears and
(3) By variable speed motor.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 20
HEAD STOCK Back gear mechanism

Back gears are used for effecting

reduction in spindle speeds, thereby
facilitating wider range of speeds

Back Gear arrangement

Back Gear

Headstock belt drive

connected to motor shaft

Cone Pulley driven by

motor through the belt
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE 21
Tailstock:  Movable part of the lathe that carries dead centre.
Main function is to support the free end of the work piece.
 Also used to clamp tools like twist drill and reamers
for making holes.
 Tailstock is mounted loosely on guide ways can be
moved and locked in position.

Tailstock

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 22
 TAIL STOCK

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 23
 CARRIAGE

Carriage

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 24
Carriage :

lathe carriage serves the purpose of supporting , guiding and

feeding the tool against the job during operation on the lathe
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
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Lathe Carriage

Saddle

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 26
Lathe Carriage

 Tool post
 Itis the topmost part
of carriage used for
holding the tool or tool
holder in position.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 27
Lathe Carriage
 Compound rest
 Mounted on top of cross slide and supports the tool post.
 It can be swiveled at an angle to perform taper turning
operation. It has graduated circular base in degrees.

 Cross slide
 It is mounted on the top of the saddle and always moves in
a direction normal to the axis of the main spindle.
 It is operated by hand , by means of cross feed screw.
 Saddle
 It is that part of carriage which slides along the bed ways
and supports cross slide , compound rest and tool post.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 28
Lathe Carriage
 Apron
 It is the hanging part in front of the carriage, facing
operator.
 It serves as a housing for a number of gear trains
through which power feed can be given to the
carriage which travels along bedways and to the
cross slide which travels along saddle guide ways
 it carries clutch mechanism ,which is used to
transmit motion from the feed rod. Feed rod is
powered by a set of gears from the headstock
 Also it carries Split half nut in conjunction with the
lead screw , which moves whole carriage along bed
ways, specially in thread cutting
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE 29
Feed Rod and Lead Screw

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 30
Feed Rod and Lead Screw

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 31
Operations on
Lathe
 Turning
 Facing
 knurling
 Grooving
 Parting
 Chamfering
 Taper turning
 Drilling
 Threading
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE 32
 Lathe Operations
Turning: produce straight, conical, curved, or grooved work pieces

Facing: to produce a flat surface at the end of the part or for making face
grooves.

Boring: to enlarge a hole or cylindrical cavity made by a previous

process or to produce circular internal grooves.

Drilling: to produce a hole by fixing a drill in the tailstock

Threading: to produce external or internal threads

Knurling: to produce a regularly shaped roughness on cylindrical

surfaces

Cutting off : to cut off a work piece

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE 33
 Note that all parts are circular – a
Lathe Operations: property known as axisymmetric.

Contour Form
Facing Taper turning turning turning

Chamfering Cutoff Threading

Boring Drilling Knurling

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE 34
Different form of cutting tools for performing various operation on Lathe

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

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35
 Turning ...

 Types:
 Straight turning / Plain turning
 Plain turning operation is performed in
two steps.
 Rough turning (Roughing)

 Finish turning (Finishing)

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 36
Turning ...

Shoulder turning(Step turning) :

Job having different diameters, so it
forms the step from one diameter to
other.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 37
Machining Calculations: Turning
 Spindle Speed - N v (rpm)
N
 v = cutting speed
π Do
 Do = outer diameter

 Feed Rate - fr fr  N f (mm/min )

 f = feed per rev

 Depth of Cut - d Do  Df (mm )

 Do = outer diameter
d
2
 Df = final diameter
L
 Machining Time - Tm Tm  n (min)
 L = length of cut
fr
 n = no. of passes or total no. of cuts taken for obtaining the required
diameter

 Material Removal Rate – MRR

(mm3/min )
MRR  v f d
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
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38
 Taper Turning
 Taper: Defined as a uniform increase or decrease in
diameter of a piece of work measured along its length.
 Taper Turning: To produce a conical surface by gradual
reduction in diameter from a cylindrical work-piece.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 39
 Elements of
Taper Turning 90°
D1  D2

B  C

A L

Total Taper = D1- D2 D1  D2

tan  
Taper per unit length = D1 – D2 2L
--------------- α = half taper angle
L

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE
40
 Taper Turning

 Methods:
 Using a form or Broad nose tool
 Setting over a tail stock centre
 Swiveling the compound rest
 Taper Turning attachment
 Combining longitudinal & cross feed

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE
41
 1.Taper Turning by Form Tool
Workpiece Taper


Form Direction
Straight of feed
cutting edge tool perpendicular

 Very short tapers ( up to 20 mm length ) can be easily turned

with a broad nose form tool
 Cutting edge of the tool is ground ( machined ) to contain the
half taper angle.
 Limited to short taper and short length
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
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42
2. Taper Turning by Swiveling the Compound Tool Rest :
Taper angle: Angle at which the
compound rest to be
rotated is calculated as below.

tan α = Dd
2L
2 tan α = k = D  d
Dog
L Mandrel Tail stock quill

α = half taper angle

D = larger diameter of the taper Tail stock
d = smaller diameter of the
Face plate Direction of feed
taper in mm.
Tool post & Compound rest
L = length of the taper Tool holder Slide
Compound rest
K = conicity / taper per unit length
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,  Hand crank
Cross slide
YCCE 43
43
Taper Turning by Swiveling the Compound Tool Rest :

 In this method the job is rotated coaxial with lathe axis,

 The graduation on swivel plate help in setting the compound rest ,

through the required angle and locked / screwed in position to the

cross slide.

 The carriage is also locked at that position.

 For taper turning , the compound tool rest is moved linearly at an angle

so that the cutting tool produces the tapered surface on the workpiece.

 Limited to short and steep external tapers.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE
44
 3. Taper turning by Tailstock set over method
Amount of off-set or Set
over( x ) =
(D  d )L
Where 2l
D= larger diameter,
d= smaller diameter
L= length of work,
l= length of taper.
In Case job is to be tapered
over its full length,
then l= L & formula changes.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE
45
 Taper turning by Tailstock set over method

Principle of this method: To shift the axis of rotation of the

work piece at an angle to lathe spindle axis & feeding tool
parallel to lathe spindle axis
Method is suitable only for smaller taper angle on longer jobs
Angle at which axis of rotation of work piece is equal to half
taper angle
This is obtained by sliding body of tail stock towards or away
from operator by a set over screw
Amount of set over is limited and centers are not equally
stressed
Required amount of set over can be calculated as shown
above.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE
46
 Taper turning methods

Swiveling the Compound Tool Rest Tailstock set over method

 In this method the job is rotated axis of rotation of the work

piece ( Job ) is shifted at an
coaxial with lathe axis, angle to lathe spindle axis

 Feeding cutting tool inclined at feeding the tool parallel to

lathe spindle axis
an angle ( half taper angle ) to

lathe spindle axis

 Limited to short and steep smaller taper angle on

longer jobs
external tapers.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

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47
 4. Taper Turning attachment

 It is very suitable method of taper turning which provide very wide range
of tapers.

 As the attachments travels along with the saddle , it is possible to turn

anywhere along the length of the job

 Its setting is very easy can be done very quickly.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE
48
 5. Taper Turning by combining
longitudinal and cross feed

Longitudinal feed : Tool moves parallel to the axis of the work; such as
plain turning , step turning , threading etc.

Cross feed : Tool moves normal to the axis of the work; such as facing,
parting-off

Angular feed : Tool moves at an inclination to the axis of the work;

such as taper turning by swiveling the compound rest

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE
49
 Workpiece
Facing Chuck
d
Machined
Flat Surface / Reduce length
Face
Cutting
speed Depth of
cut
Tool Feed
Tool is fed
radially inward

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE
50
 Facing ..

 Machining at the end of job  Flat surface

or to reduce Length of Job
 Turning Tool
 Feed: in direction perpendicular to workpiece axis using the
cross slide
 Length of Tool Travel = radius of workpiece
 Depth of Cut: in direction parallel
A B AMALE to workpiece
, Deptt. of Mechanical , axis
YCCE 51
 Knurling TV of Process

Knurled surface
 A knurling tool is
used to press a Cutting
pattern onto a round speed
section.
 The pattern is Feed Movement
normally used as a for depth
Knurling tool
grip for a handle.
 This provide a grip Tool post
for the round part
e.g. Screwdriver

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

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52
 Knurling

• Diamond knurling
• Straight knurling
• Cross/ Diagonal knurling

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE
53
 Knurling
Special tool (knurling tool) is used for operation.

Tool consists of straight shank fitted with 1 or 2 knurling wheels

(hardened steel & contains teeth on its outer surface) at its front.

Job is rotated , held in chuck and tool is fed across axis of job
pressing against its surface.

Knurling tool with

one set of rolls in
self-centering head

Knurling tool with

three sets of rolls
in revolving head A B AMALE , Deptt.
YCCE
of Mechanical ,

54
 Knurling

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

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55
 Parting / Cut off

Feed
Parting tool

Also know as cutting off operation, useful in cutting away

the required length from the bar stock.
Tool used is parting off tool (HSS) which is fed radially into
rotating work at some location to cut off end of part
Job is held in chuck & rotated at relatively high speed
Tool is fed in a direction normal to axis of
rotation of job.
High feed rate is given
Abundant supply of A Bcoolant should
AMALE , Deptt. be used
of Mechanical ,
YCCE
56
 Chamfering Chamfer

Feed
Chamfering tool
Cutting edge cuts an angle on the
corner of the cylinder, forming a
chamfer
Process of beveling the extreme
sharp end of job.
Provided - avoid sharp edges &
to make the edge blunt
- to enable free movement
of nut on threaded job
- to removeA burrs
B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE
57
 Drilling
Drill bit – cutting tool – held in Tailstock – feed from
Tailstock
Quill
Drill clamp moving
quill
Tail stock
Feed
Tail stock clamp
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE
58
 Drilling

 Tailstock
 moves along
guideways
 Can be clamped
in any location
 Inside tapered
to hold drill chuck

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE
59
 Boring
Boring: Involves
enlarging a hole
in a part which is
held in a chuck or
faceplate

Ensures hole
is concentric
and in proper
location
Can be a
straight hole or
tapered hole

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE
60
 Grooving / Form Turning

Tool has the desired

geometry, and is fed
directly into work piece

 Produces a Groove on workpiece

 Shape of tool  shape of groove
 Carried out using Grooving Tool  A form tool
 Also called Form Turning
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE
61
 Contour Turning

Instead of feeding
the tool parallel to
the axis of rotation,
tool follows a
contour that is other
than straight, to
create a contoured
form

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

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62
 Threading

Pointed form tool is fed linearly across

surface of rotating workpart parallel to axis
of rotation at a large feed rate to create
threads
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE
63
lathe - accessories

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 64
Lathe Accessories  Equipment used to
hold
 Work piece – fixtures
 Tool – jigs

 Divided into two categories

 Work-holding, -supporting, and –driving devices
 Lathe centers, chucks, faceplates
 Mandrels, steady and follower rests

 Lathe dogs, drive plates

 Cutting-tool-holding devices
 Straight and offset toolholders
 Threading toolholders, boring bars

 Turret-type toolposts
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE
65
 Lathe Centers
 Work to be turned between centers Headstock center Tailstock center
(Live Centre) (Dead Centre)
must have center hole drilled
in each end which
 Provides bearing surface
 Support during cutting
Workpiece

 Shank of the centre are machined to have

standard taper to fit in the corresponding
taper holes in the rotating spindle or
tail stock sleeve.
 Tip of the centre is usually made to have an
included angel of 60º , Asometimes with carbide tip.
B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE
66
 Revolving
Tailstock
Centers

 Sometimes dead centre due to high friction,

proves to be inefficient at high speeds and for
heavy jobs as a lot of wear takes place. In such
cases solid dead centers are replaced by built in
ball / roller bearings centres.
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE 67
67
Chucks

 Most commonly used lathe chucks

 Three-jaw universal
 Four-jaw independent
 Collet chuck
 Magnetic Chuck

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 68
Chucks
Three jaw Four Jaw

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 69
Three jaw chuck

• Backplate
• Body
• Jaws
• Crown
wheel
• Pinion
• Chuck
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE Wrench 70
 Four-Jaw Chuck

Used to hold round,

square, hexagonal, and
irregularly shaped work
pieces

• Backplate - This is independent

• Body chuck generally has four
jaws , which are adjusted
• Jaws
individually on the chuck
• Square threaded face by means of
screw shaft adjusting screws

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 71
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 3 & 4 JAW CHUCK

 Three jaws move

simultaneously when
adjusted by chuck wrench
 Setting up of work is
easy
 Has less gripping power
 Depth of cut is
comparatively less
 Heavier jobs cannot be
turned
 Work pieces cannot be
set for eccentric turning
 Holds round and
hexagonal work
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE
 Each can be adjusted
independently by chuck
wrench
 Setting up of work is
difficult
 More gripping power
 More depth of cut can be
given
 Heavier jobs can be
turned
 Work pieces can be set
for eccentric turning
 Used to hold round,
square, hexagonal, and
irregularly shaped work
pieces
72
 Collet Chucks  It is used to hold small diameter
cylindrical workpieces

 Its front portion is taper and

splitted into three slits which provides
a springy action and hence the grip.

Gripping mouth
of the collet

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE
73
 Collet chuck
The gripping mouth of the collets is
made to have the same shape as the
cross - section of the bar it has to hold

Collet sleeve engages witn collet/ collet chuck

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE
74
 Collet Chucks
• Collets are used when smooth bar stock, or workpieces that have
been machined to a given diameter, must be held more accurately
than normally can be achieved in a regular three or four jaw chuck.

• Collets are relatively thin tubular steel bushings that are split into
three longitudinal segments over about two thirds of their length.
•
• The smooth internal surface of the split end is shaped to fit the
piece of stock that is to be held.

• The external surface at the split end is a taper that fits within an
internal taper of a collet sleeve placed in the spindle hole.

• When the collet is pulled inward into the spindle, by means of the
draw bar that engages threads on the inner end of the collet, the
action of the two mating tapers squeezes the collet segments
together, causing them to gripYCCEthe workpiece.
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

75
 Magnetic /
Electromagnetic Chuck

 Use of electric current and

electromagnet that produces
magnetic flux

 When power is on, flux created

inside the chuck passes through
the work and hence holds the
Job centrally.

 Used to hold iron or steel parts that are too thin or

may be damaged if held in conventional chuck
 Fitted to an adapter mounted on headstock spindle

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE
76
Faceplates /
Drive Plates
The face plate is attached to
the lathe spindle. Work
pieces are clamped to the
face plate using t-nuts in the
slots

 Used to hold work too large or shaped so it cannot be held in

chuck or between centers
 Usually equipped with several slots to permit use of bolts to
secure work
 Angle plate used so axis of workpiece may be aligned with lathe
centers
 Counterbalance fastened to faceplate when work mounted off
center A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
 YCCE
Prevent imbalance and resultant vibrations 77
Faceplates / Drive Plates

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 78
Lathe Dogs Tail

Straight Tail

Tail
Bent Tail

 They are used in conjunction with the driving plate.

Tail of dog fits into slot on drive plate and provides
drive to work piece
 Drives work machined between centers
 Has opening to receive work and setscrew to fasten
the dog to work
 Made in variety AofB AMALE
sizes and types to suit various work
, Deptt. of Mechanical ,
pieces YCCE 79
1. Standard bent-tail
lathe dog

 Bent tail engages in

 Most commonly used slot on drive plate
for round work pieces
 Available with square-
head setscrews of
headless setscrews

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 80
Turning using
Standard bent-tail
lathe dog

 One end of the cylindrical work piece is firmly gripped

in a Lathe Dog and the same end is supported on the tip
of the live centre .

 Tail of the dog engages with the driving plate and the
other end of the work piece is supported on the Dead
centre fitted in the Tail Stock
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE 81
2. Straight-tail lathe dog 3. Safety clamp lathe dog
• Driven by stud in drive
 Used to hold variety of work plate
 Wide range of adjustment • Used in precision turning

4. Heavy Duty Lathe Dog

• Wider range than others

• Used on all shapes

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 82
Rests :  when very long length of job is to perform turning
operation , due to its own weight it provides
deflection
 To avoid this, such long jobs are supported by
attachments known as Rests
Steady Rest Follower Rest

Jaws
Work Work Jaws
Hinge

Carriage

Lathe bed guideways

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE 83
Rests : Steady Rest / Centre Rest

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 84
Rests
Steady rest

 It is mounted on Bed ways.

 Used to support long work held in
chuck or between lathe centers
 Prevent springing
 Located on and aligned by ways of
the lathe
 Positioned at any point along lathe
bed
 Three jaws tipped with plastic,
bronze or rollers may be adjusted
to support any work diameter with
steady rest capacity

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 85
Rests
Steady rest
• A steady rest consists of cast iron base, which may be made
to slide on the lathe bed ways and clamped at any desired
position where support is necessary.
• This is so designed that the upper position is hinged at one
end which facilitates setting and removal of the workpiece
without disturbing the position of the steady rest.
• There are three jaws on the steady rest, two on the lower base
and one on the upper frame, the jaws may be adjusted radially
by rotating individual screws to accommodate work of different
diameters.
• The main function of the steady rest is to provide support to a
long slender work.
• For a very long work more than one steady rest may be used.
• However the carriage cannot be fed to the full length of the
work when steady rest is used.
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE 86
Rests
Follower rest

 When job is too flexible, it

is necessary to support
the job very close to the
cutting edge of the tool
throughout the operation,
In such cases follower rest
is used.
 Mounted on saddle of the
lathe carriage and thus
travel along with the tool
throughout the operation

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 87
Rests Follower rest
• A follower rest consists of a “C” like casting having two
adjustable jaws which support the work.
• The rest is bolted to the back end of the carriage and moves
with it.
• Before setting the follower rest, the end of the workpiece is
machined slightly wider than the jaws to provide the true bearing
surface.
• The tool is slightly in advance position than the jaws, and the
tool is fed longitudinally be the carriage, the jaws always follow
the tool giving continuous support to the workpiece.
• The follower rest prevents the job from springing away when the
cut is made and is used in finish turning operation.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 88
Mandrel Workpiece Mandrel

Workpiece (job) with a hole

 It is solid steel shaft which holds internally bored

work piece between centers for machining their
outside surfaces on lathe.
 So that outside machining are concentric with bore

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 89
 Types of Mandrels to Hold Work pieces for Turning

These mandrels usually are mounted between centers on a lathe.

Fig (a), both the cylindrical and the end faces of the work piece can be
machined,
whereas in (b) and (c), onlyA Bthe
AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
cylindrical
YCCE
surfaces can be machined. 90
Capstan & Turret Lathe
 Application of more than one tool simultaneously
 Semi-automatic type
 It saves time required for changing and setting of cutting tools
for new operations on the same job ( work piece )
 Used in mass production

Automatic Lathe
 Inthis type, mounting and feeding of bar stock ,
employing proper cutting speeds and Feeds , indexing
the turret head to the required position are all
done automatically
 Increases rate of production.

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 91
Turret Lathe

Figure : Schematic illustration of the components of a turret

lathe. Note the two turrets: square and hexagonal (main).
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE 92
 Turret Lathe

Tailstock replaced by “turret” that holds up to six tools

Tools rapidly brought into action by indexing the turret
Applications: high production work that requires a sequence of
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
cuts on the part YCCE 93
Fig :(a) Part produced on a
six-spindle automatic bar
machine
Fig:(b) - sequence of
operations to produce part:
(1) feed w/p stock to stop,
More than one spindle, so multiple parts
(2) turn main diameter,
machined simultaneously by multiple tools.
(3) form second diameter
and spotface, After each machining
(4) drill, cycle, spindles (including
(5) chamfer, and collets and workbars) are
(6) cutoff indexed
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical , (rotated) to next
YCCE 94
position
The Indexing or Dividing Head

Once one of the more important attachments for milling

machine
Used to divide circumference of workpiece into equally
spaced divisions when milling gear teeth, squares,
hexagons, and octagons
Also used to rotate workpiece at predetermined ratio to
table feed rate

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 95
The Indexing or Dividing Head

Headstock with index plates • Universal chuck

Headstock change gears • Footstock
Quadrant • Center rest
A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,
YCCE 96
 Indexed Head Parts
Swiveling block
 Mounted in base enables headstock to be tilted from 5º
below horizontal to 10º beyond vertical
Spindle
 Mounted in swiveling block with 40-tooth worm wheel,
meshes with worm
Worm
 Right angle to spindle, connected to index crank
Direct indexing plate
 Engaged by pin and attached to front of spindle

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 97
Index Head Parts

A – large index
plate

B - crank

C – small index
plate

D - crank

G – gear housing

A B AMALE , Deptt. of Mechanical ,

YCCE 98