SECTIONAL

ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS
Why sectional Orthographic projections are used?

I. To understand inner details of complex object:

When the object is complex from inside,
inside there
will be many hidden lines in the projections and it
will be difficult to understand the orthographic
projections. Therefore, to understand the
details of the complex object,
object sectional
orthographic Projections are used.
II To understand the materials of object :
II.
If object is made of two or more materials, then it
can be understood clearly by sectional
orthographic projections.
‰ Orthographic projections of complex
objects are drawn after imagining it as an
object cut by an imaginary cutting plane/planes
parallel to principal planes passing through the
details of the object
object.
‰ An imaginary plane by which the object is cut
is known as cutting plane or section plane.
‰ Portion
P ti off the
th object
bj t between
b t cutting
tti plane
l
and observer is imagined
g to be removed and
then the object is viewed by the observer and
projection is drawn.
‰ Projection
P j ti off cutt object
bj t is
i known
k as
sectional view or sectional projection.
p j
‰ Generally hidden lines are not drawn in
sectional view.
‰ In sectional views, the Shape of the section,
visible edges and contours of object behind
the section plane are drawn.
‰When one view is drawn sectional, other views
are drawn as if the object is not cut and the
object exists as a whole
whole.
‰ It means other views are not affected by
taking section in one view, but Cutting plane
line is shown in non sectioned view to locate the
section plane and arrows are drawn to show the
direction of sight.

Cutting plane line

‰ Cutting plane line is also known as line of

section or trace of the cutting plane.
‰ The portion of the object cut by cutting plane and

touching the cutting plane is shown by

drawing hatching or section lines in them.
‰ Hatching or section lines are drawn thinner than
object lines.
‰ Normally hatching or section lines are drawn
at 45˚.
‰ Hatching lines are evenly spaced at about
2 to 3 mm apart.
 observer
H t hi
Hatching
Cutting plane or
section plane
Parallel to H.P.
H.P

Sectional T
T.V.
V

F.V.
‰ Portion between observer and plane (Upper half portion)
i imagined
is i i d to
t be
b removed.
d
‰ Sectioned portion will be as shown in fig.
‰ True shape of sectioned portion will be Back
seen in T.V
 Various cutting planes or section planes

‰ Cutting plane Parallel to Principal vertical

plane.
‰ Cutting
C tti plane
l P ll l to
Parallel t Principal
P i i l horizontal
h i t l
plane.
‰ Cutting plane Parallel to profile plane.
Cutting plane Parallel to Principal vertical plane

Wh an object
When bj t is
i cutt by
b a plane
l parallel
ll l to
t
Principal
p vertical plane
p then:
‰The real or true shape of the section is observed
in F.V.
‰Section plane will
ill be seen as a c
cutting
tting plane line
in T.V.
 Cutting plane line

T.V.

Sectional F.V.

Object

observer
Sectioned object
back
 Vertical cutting
plane

Sectional F.V.

Observer
T.V.

observer
Back
Sectioned object
 C tti
Cutting plane
l P
Parallel
ll l to
t Principal
P i i l horizontal
h i t l plane
l
When an object
j is cut by
y a plane
p parallel
p to Principal
p
horizontal plane then:
‰The real or true shape of the section is observed
i T.V.
in TV
‰Section p
plane will be seen as a cutting
g plane
p line
in F.V.
 observer
Cutting plane
line
Horizontal cutting
plane

F.V.

Sectional T.V.

Sectioned object
 C tti
Cutting plane
l P
Parallel
ll l to
t profile
fil plane
l
When an object
j is cut by
y a plane
p parallel
p to profile
p
plane then:
‰The real or true shape of the section is observed
i side
in id view.
i
‰Section p
plane will be seen as a cutting
g plane
p line
in T.V.
 A

A
Sectioned object
X
 Cutting plane line

Sectional R.H.S.V F.V.

Sectioned
X
A object T.V.
Sectioning rule for machine elements like :

Ribs, rivets,
Ribs rivets webs
webs, shafts
shafts, pins
pins, nuts
nuts, bolts
bolts,
washers, keys and cotter.

Whenever, the cutting plane is passing through

above machine elements and if cutting plane
contains the axis of above machine elements,
then they are not sectioned.
However, when the cutting plane is cutting,
Elements perpendicular to the axis of the
Above Machine elements, section is taken
and in the projection hatching lines are drawn.
If cutting
tti plane
l does
d nott include
i l d axis
i then
th
These elements are hatched
hatched.
 Sectioning of Rivets

CORRECT WRONG
30 DEEP

F.V.

T.V.
 30 DEEP

Sectional F.V.

T.V.

F.V.
 A R=MO
C T
O
R

C C
M
C P

F.V.

A
X

Sectional T.V.
 R=MO

C R C
Rib M

Sectional L.H.S.V. F.V.

A
C

A
X
RULES OF HATCHING:

1) Area
A off a metal
t l or a material,
t i l cutt by
b a section
ti
plane is shown by hatching lines in projection.
It is executed by thin lines normally at an angle of
45˚ to the axis or to the main outlines of the
sectional
ti l area.
(2) If the axis of the boundary of section is at 45˚then
45 then
the vertical or horizontal hatching lines are drawn.

Axis at 45˚

Axis at 45˚
(3) Separate area of a section of a single
component are hatched in the same
manner. CLICK FOR EXAMPLE
manner

(4) Hatching lines on a second part,

adjacent to the first are at an angle of 45˚ 45
but in the opposite direction. Hatching
li
lines on a thi
third
d partt adjacent
dj t tto fifirstt ttwo
are drawn at an angle of 30˚ or 60˚.
Sometimes spacing or pitch of the
hatchingg lines is varied to separate
p it from
the adjacent parts.
Hatching
g more than two adjacent
j components
p

45˚ hatched
at 60˚
B

A hatched
at 30˚
45˚ (2) D on D
(5) If hatching is required on a large section
area, it is avoided. It is limited to a zone
following the contour of the sectioned area
required to be hatched.

Large area
(6) If hatching is required on a very thin section
area, it is avoided. Complete section is shown
entirely black. Thin space is left between
adjacent section of the same type.
((7)) As far as p
possible avoid dimensioning
g inside
hatched area, but, if not possible, hatching
lines may be interrupted for the dimensioning.

(8) Hatched area can never have dashed or

dotted boundary.
Figure
g shows isometric view of a
machine component. Draw its
(1)Front view, Top view & L.H.S

15
View, using 3rd angle method
of projections.
(2) Sectional Front view, Top
view & L.H.S.V.,, usingg 3rd

50
5
angle method of projections.
15
 10

30

60
30
40
15
25
2
5

50 50

Top View

50
15

L.H.S.View Front View

 B

It will be nearer to V.P.

in 1st angle method &
against the vertical
plane in 3rd angle Retained
R i d split
li off the
h
method. machine parts
A
 10

30

60
30
40
15
25
A 5

50 50

Top View
A

B
L.H.S. View Sectional Front View -AB
 Figure shows the pictorial
view of a machine component.
D
Draw i following
its f ll i views
i as
per First angle method of
projections
A
(1) Front view from X direction.

60
(2) Sectional top view-AA
(3) L.H.S. View
A
20
0
20
0

X
Sketch shows the assumed cut model (retained part of
the machine component / split against the observer) due
to horizontal section plane passing through AB.
20
0

X
 Ø30, 7deep Ø20
A

20
0
A
A A
60
6

20
120 L.H.S.V.
F.V.
28
14

Sectional T.V.-
T.V.-AA
X
Figure shows the pictorial view φ30
B
of a machine components.
Draw its following views,
using 3rd angle method of
projections.
projections
(1) Front view from arrow X
(2) Top View

60
(3) Sectional R.H.S.V
R H S V - AB
20
2

A
X
Retained split, will be
V P in 1st
nearer to V.P.
B
angle method &
against
g the vertical
plane in 3rd angle No hatching in
method. this area as not
contained in the
section plane

Retained
R i d split
li off the
h
machine parts
A
 A B
B

A
60

90
9
X
A
20 20 40
4
TV
T.V.
A
80

Full SEC.
S C
20

F.V. R.H.S.V
A
PROBLEM

Sketch, shows isometric view of a machine part.

Draw its
(1) Full Sectional F.V. (sectional F.V.)
(2) T.V.
(3) R.H.S.V.
U
Use thi d angle
third l method
th d off orthographic
th hi
pprojection.
j Dimension the view as pper the
align system.
Given A
Isometric R30

view

R20

B
L=100, D=100 & H= 100
 R20 A

A B
A
TOP VIEW 30
60
B
12
45

100

100
B
SEC. FRONT VIEW R.H.S. VIEW
PROBLEM - 1
The following figure shows the
isometric view of a machine component
Draw its
1)Fullll sectional
1)F ti lFFrontt view
i (sectional F.V.)
2)Top view
3)L.H.S view

Use First angle method of projections and

di
dimensioning
i i usingi aligned
li d system
t only
l
R 25
Φ 25 ,10 deep
 Ø25 R 25
10
55

25
10
60°

10
SECTIONAL FRONT VIEW -AB
L.H.S. VIEW -AB
20 60

10 Φ 25
45

70
45
12.5

TOP VIEW
 Ø25 R 25
10
55

25
10

60

10
1

FRONT VIEW L.H.S. VIEW

20 60

10 Φ 25
45

70
45
12.5

TOP VIEW
 Aim:-Sketch
Aim: Sketch--1, shows Isometric View of a SOLUTION`
machine part
part.. Draw its following
orthographic
g p views usingg third angle g
method of projections, giving dimensions.
dimensions.
(1) Sectional F.V.-
F.V.-AA
(2) T.V.
TV A
A
(3) L.H.S.V 30

R35
A TOP VIEW
A
Ö20
8
Φ36 Φ20
Ö36

100
0
2 HOLES,Ö
Ö 14
65
4`
14

X A
A SECTIONAL FRONT VIEW AA
LEFT HAND SIDE VIEW
Sketch--1
Sketch SCALE:-- 1:1
SCALE:
SYMBOL OF PROJECTION METHOD, NOT SHOWN
 Aim:-Sketch
Aim:- Sketch--1, shows Isometric View of a SOLUTION`
machine part. Draw its following
orthographic
th hi views
i using
i third
thi d angle
l
method of projections, giving dimensions.
(1) Sectional F.V.-
F.V.-AA
((2)) T.V.
(3) L.H.S.V A A
30

SCALE:-- 1:1
SCALE: R35
A TOP VIEW
A 14
Φ20
8
Φ36 Φ20
Φ36

2 HOLES,Ö 14

100
X A
A LEFT HAND SIDE VIEW SECTIONAL FRONT VIEW AA

SYMBOL OF PROJECTION METHOD, NOT SHOWN

Types of sectional view

((1)) Full sectional View

(2) Half sectional View .
(1) Full section:
‰The sectional view obtained after removing one
half p
portion of the object
j through
g its centre line
by an imaginary cutting plane is known as full
sectional view.
‰If it happens to be elevation (front view),
it is known as Full sectional elevation or
Full sectional front view. Normally the word
‘f ll’ is
‘full’ i omitted.
itt d
‰If it happens to be plan (top view), it is known
as full Sectional plan or full sectional top view.
Similarly there can be full sectional side view.
N
Normally
ll the
th word
d ‘full’
‘f ll’ is
i omitted.
itt d
Important points:

‰ hidden lines should not be drawn in sectional

view

‰ Visible lines behind the cutting plane should be

shown.

‰ The portions which are actually cut by cutting

plane
l should
h ld be
b hatched.
h t h d

‰ The position of the cutting plane should be

shown by using cutting plane line.
 SPECIAL
SECTIONS

HALF SECTION
 HALF SECTIONAL F.V.-AB HALF SECTIONAL
LEFT S.V.-BC
S V BC

C
TOP VIEW
(2) Half sectional view:

‰When the object

j is symmetrical
y about its centre

line, from outside as well as from inside, half

sectional view is preferred.

‰ The main usefulness of the half section is in
assembly drawing where it is often required to
show both internal and external construction of
the object on the same view.
i) Half sectional front view :
‰The sectional view obtained after removing
th ffrontt quarter
the t portion
ti off th
the object
bj t by
b two
t
imaginary
g y cutting
g planes
p at right
g angles
g to
each other is known as half sectional
elevation or half sectional front view.

‰The half sectional front view may be left or

right depending upon the left or right front
quarter portion of the object is removed.
ii) Half sectional top view:
‰sectional top view. The sectional view
obtained
bt i d after
ft removing
i the
th top
t quarter
t portion
ti
of the object by two imaginary cutting planes at
right angles to each other is known as half
sectional plan or half
‰Th half
‰The h lf sectional
ti l top
t view
i may be
b left
l ft or right
i ht
depending upon the left or right top quarter
portion of the object is removed.
‰Similarly there can be half sectional side view.
OFFSET
S C O
SECTION
OFFSET SECTION: The path of the cutting plane
is bent to pass through features not located in a
straight line, i.e. it is offset to pass through both
principle features of the object.
object Example is shown
below.
Section lines are
to be staggered R
as shown at R

B
B
SPECIAL SECTIONS

REMOVED &
REVOLVED SECTIONS
REVOLVED
SECTION

REMOVED SECTION
 REVOLVED REVOLVED
SECTION SECTION

REMOVEDSECTION
REVOLVED SECTION
REMOVED SECTION
REMOVED SECTIONS
Partial (broken
(broken, local
or Zonal) Section.
Section
 Partial (broken, local or Zonal) Section.

This is used to show only a desired features of the

object
bj t . No
N cutting
tti plane
l li
lines are necessary, andd
it shown by wavy line
Partial (broken, Tap- bolt fastener
local or Zonal)
Section. pulley

shaft

Shaft and pulley partly broken

out to show internal fastening
g
SPECIAL SECTION
Cross hatching of adjacent parts

Part 1

Part 3 Part 2
SPECIAL SECTION

Hatching more than two adjacent components

at (2)
Part C

45 (
(hatched
P B
Part at 60 )

Part A hatched
at 30
45 Part D on
o D
 A B

F.V.

SEC.T.V.
Two vertical plates ,fastened by a horizontal
rivet is shown in its F.V. & T.V., cut by horizontal
section plane. Note: the rivet is shown in section in
T.V.
 Aim:-Sketch
Aim: Sketch--1, shows Isometric View of a SOLUTION`
machine part
part.. Draw its following
orthographic
g p views usingg third angle g
method of projections, giving dimensions.
dimensions.
(1) Sectional F.V.-
F.V.-AA
(2) T.V.
TV A
A
(3) L.H.S.V 30

R35
A TOP VIEW
A
Ö20
8
Φ36 Φ20
Ö36

100
0
2 HOLES,Ö
Ö 14
65
4`
14

X A
A SECTIONAL FRONT VIEW AA
LEFT HAND SIDE VIEW
Sketch--1
Sketch SCALE:-- 1:1
SCALE:
SYMBOL OF PROJECTION METHOD, NOT SHOWN
 Aim:-Sketch
Aim:- Sketch--1, shows Isometric View of a SOLUTION`
machine part. Draw its following
orthographic
th hi views
i using
i third
thi d angle
l
method of projections, giving dimensions.
(1) Sectional F.V.-
F.V.-AA
((2)) T.V.
(3) L.H.S.V A A
30

SCALE:-- 1:1
SCALE: R35
A TOP VIEW
A 14
Φ20
8
Φ36 Φ20
Φ36

2 HOLES,Ö 14

100
X A
A LEFT HAND SIDE VIEW SECTIONAL FRONT VIEW AA

SYMBOL OF PROJECTION METHOD, NOT SHOWN

 A

X
 B

A
 B

A
 Aim:-Sketch
Aim: Sketch--1, shows Isometric View of a SOLUTION`
machine part
part.. Draw its following
orthographic
g p views usingg third angle g
method of projections, giving dimensions.
dimensions.
(1) Sectional F.V.-
F.V.-AA
(2) T.V.
TV A
A
(3) L.H.S.V 30

R35
A TOP VIEW
A
Ö20
8
Φ36 Φ20
Ö36

100
0
2 HOLES,Ö
Ö 14
65
4`
14

X A
A SECTIONAL FRONT VIEW AA
LEFT HAND SIDE VIEW
Sketch--1
Sketch SCALE:-- 1:1
SCALE:
SYMBOL OF PROJECTION METHOD, NOT SHOWN