Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GPSA Equilibrio 25
GPSA Equilibrio 25
FIG. 25-1
Nomenclature
25-1
From the definition of K-value, Eq 25-1: Ni
Σxi = Σ = 1.0 Eq 25-5
L + VKi
yC1
KC1 = = 10 Other useful versions may be written as
xC1
Ni
yC2 L = Σ Eq 25-6
KC2 = = 0.35 1 + (V/L) Ki
xC2
KiNi
Σyi = Eq 25-7
Rewriting for this binary mixture: L + VKi
1 − yC1 At the phase boundary conditions of bubble point (L = 1.00)
= 0.35 and dew point (V = 1.00), these equations reduce to
1 − xC1
Σ Ki Ni = 1.0 (bubble point) Eq 25-8
Solving the above equations simultaneously:
and
xC1 = 0.0674 Σ Ni/Ki = 1.0 (dew point) Eq 25-9
yC1 = 0.674 These are often helpful for preliminary calculations where
the phase condition of a system at a given pressure and tem-
Also by solving in the same way: perature is in doubt. If ΣKiNi and ΣNi/Ki are both greater than
xC2 = 0.9326 1.0, the system is in the two phase region. If ΣKiNi is less than
1.0, the system is all liquid. If ΣNi/Ki is less than 1.0, the sys-
yC2 = 0.326 tem is all vapor.
To find the amount of vapor in the mixture, let v denote lb Example 25-2 — A typical high pressure separator gas is used
moles of vapor. Summing the moles of methane in each phase for feed to a natural gas liquefaction plant, and a preliminary
gives: step in the process involves cooling to –20°F at 600 psia to
liquefy heavier hydrocarbons prior to cooling to lower tem-
Σ kmols C1 + C2 = 100 kmols peratures where these components would freeze out as solids.
kmols C1 + kmols C1 = 60 kmols Solution Steps
in vapor in liquid
The feed gas composition is shown in Fig. 25-3. The flash
(yC1 × v) + (xc1 [100 − v]) = 60 kmols equation 25-5 is solved for three estimated values of L as
shown in columns 3, 4, and 5. By plotting estimated L versus
(0.674 × v) + (0.0674 [100 − v]) = 60 kmols calculated Σxi, the correct value of L where Σxi = 1.00 is L =
0.030, whose solution is shown in columns 6 and 7. The gas
v = 87.8 composition is then calculated using yi = Kixi in column 8. This
The mixture consists of 87.8 kmols of vapor and 12.2 kmols "correct" value is used for purposes of illustration. It is not a
of liquid. completely converged solution, for xi = 1.00049 and yi =
0.99998, columns 7 and 8 of Fig. 25-3. This error may be too
large for some applications.
FLASH CALCULATION PROBLEM Example 25-3 — Dew Point Calculation
A gas stream at 100°F and 800 psia is being cooled in a heat
To illustrate the calculation of multicomponent vapor-liquid
exchanger. Find the temperature at which the gas starts to
equilibrium using the flash equations and the K-charts, a
condense.
problem is worked out in detail below.
Solution Steps
The variables are defined in Fig. 25-1. Note that the K-value
is implied to be at thermodynamic equilibrium. The approach to find the dew point of the gas stream is simi-
lar to the previous example. The equation for dew point con-
A situation of reproducible steady state conditions in a piece dition (ΣNi/Ki = 1.0) is solved for two estimated dew point
of equipment does not necessarily imply that classical thermo- temperatures as shown in Fig. 25-4. By interpolation, the tem-
dynamic equilibrium exists. If the steady composition differs perature at which ΣNi/Ki = 1.0 is estimated at –41.6°F.
from that for equilibrium, the reason can be the result of time-
limited mass transfer and diffusion rates. This warning is Note that the heaviest component is quite important in dew
made because it is not at all unusual for flow rates through point calculations. For more complex mixtures, the charac-
equipment to be so high that equilibrium is not attained or terization of the heavy fraction as a pseudocomponent such as
even closely approached. In such cases, equilibrium flash cal- hexane or octane will have a significant effect on dew point
culations as described here fail to predict conditions in the calculations.
system accurately, and the K-values are suspected for this fail- Carbon Dioxide
ure—when in fact they are not at fault.
Early conflicting data on CO2 systems was used to prepare
Using the relationships K-data (Pk = 4000) charts for the 1966 Edition. Later, experi-
Ki = yi/xi Eq 25-3 ence showed that at low concentrations of CO2, the rule of
thumb
L + V = 1.0 Eq 25-4
KCO2 = √ KC1 • KC2 Eq 25-10
By writing a material balance for each component in the
liquid, vapor, and total mixture, one may derive the flash equa- could be used with a plus or minus 10% accuracy. Develop-
tion in various forms. A common one is, ments in the use of CO2 for reservoir drive have led to exten-
25-2
FIG. 25-2
Sources of K-Value Charts
sive investigations in CO2 processing. See the GPA research solid formation region. It is possible to perform a limited sepa-
reports (listed in Section 1) and the Proceedings of GPA con- ration of CO2 and methane if the desired methane can contain
ventions. The reverse volatility at high concentration of pro- significant quantities of CO2.
pane and/or butane has been used effectively in extractive
At an operating pressure above 705 psia, the methane pu-
distillation to effect CO2 separation from methane and eth-
rity is limited by the CO2-methane critical locus (Fig. 25-6).
ane.23 In general, CO2 lies between methane and ethane in
relative volatility. For example, operating at 715 psia, it is theoretically possible
to avoid solid CO2 formation (Fig. 25-7 and 13-64). The limit
Separation of CO2 and Methane on methane purity is fixed by the approach to the mixture
critical. In this case, the critical binary contains 6% CO2. A
The relative volatility of CO2 and methane at typical oper-
practical operating limit might be 10-15% CO2.
ating pressures is quite high, usually about 5 to 1. From this
standpoint, this separation should be quite easy. However, at One approach to solving the methane-CO2 distillation prob-
processing conditions, the CO2 will form a solid phase if the lem is by using extractive distillation (See Section 16, Hydro-
distillation is carried to the point of producing high purity carbon Recovery). The concept is to add a heavier hydrocarbon
methane. stream to the condenser in a fractionation column. Around
Fig. 25-5 depicts the phase diagram for the methane-CO2 10 GPA research reports present data on various CO2 systems
binary system.21 The pure component lines for methane and which are pertinent to the design of such a process.
CO2 vapor-liquid equilibrium form the left and right bounda- CO2-Ethane Separation
ries of the phase envelope. Each curve terminates at its critical
point; methane at –116.7°F, 668 psia and CO2 at 88°F, The separation of CO2 and ethane by distillation is limited
1071 psia. The unshaded area is the vapor-liquid region. The by the azeotrope formation between these components. An
shaded area represents the vapor-CO2 solid region which ex- azeotropic composition of approximately 67% CO2, 33% ethane
tends to a pressure of 705 psia. is formed at virtually any pressure.24
Because the solid region extends to a pressure above the Fig. 25-7 shows the CO2-ethane system at two different
methane critical pressure, it is not possible to fractionate pure pressures. The binary is a minimum boiling azeotrope at both
methane from a CO2-methane system without entering the pressures with a composition of about two-thirds CO2 and one-
25-3
FIG. 25-3
Flash Calculation at 600 psia and –20°F
Column
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Trial values of L Final L = 0.030
Feed Gas
Component Composition Pk = 2000 L = 0.020 L = 0.060 L = 0.040 Liquid Vapor
L + VKi
Ni Ni Ni Ni
Ni Ki xi = yi
L + V Ki L + V Ki L + V Ki L + V Ki
FIG. 25-4
Dew Point Calculation at 800 psia
Column
1 2 3 4 5
Feed Pk = 1000, T = -50°F Pk = 1000, T = -40°F
Ni Ni
Component Ni Ki Ki
Ki Ki
CH4 0.854 2.25 0.313 2.30 0.311
CO2 0.051 0.787 0.059 0.844 0.056
C 2H 6 0.063 0.275 0.229 0.31 0.210
C 3H 8 0.032 0.092 0.457 0.105 0.400
Σ= 1.000 1.058 0.977
KCO2 calculated as √
KC1 • KC2
1.000 − 0.977
Linear interpolation: Tdew = −40 − [−40 − (− 50)] = –42.8°F
1.058 − 0.977
Alternatively iterate until Σ Ni/Ki = 1.0
third ethane. Thus, an attempt to separate CO2 and ethane to approaches azeotropic character at high CO2 concentrations25
nearly pure components by distillation cannot be achieved by (See Section 16, Hydrocarbon Recovery).
traditional methods, and extractive distillation is required26
(See Section 16, Hydrocarbon Recovery).
K-VALUE CORRELATIONS
Separation of CO2 and H2S
Numerous procedures have been devised to predict K-val-
The distillative separation of CO2 and H2S can be performed ues. These include equations of state (EOS), combinations of
with traditional methods. The relative volatility of CO2 to H2S equations of state with liquid theory or with tabular data, and
is quite small. While an azeotrope between H2S and CO2 does corresponding states correlations. This section describes sev-
not exist, vapor-liquid equilibrium behavior for this binary
25-4
FIG. 25-5 eral of the more popular procedures currently available. It
21 does not purport to be all-inclusive or comparative.
Phase Diagram CH4-CO2 Binary
Equations of state have appeal for predicting thermody-
namic properties because they provide internally consistent
values for all properties in convenient analytical form. Two
popular state equations for K-value predictions are the
Benedict-Webb-Rubin (BWR) equation and the Redlich-
Kwong equation.
FIG. 25-6
Isothermal Dew Point and Frost Point Data for Methane-Carbon Dioxide32
25-5
FIG. 25-7 components. Adler et al. also use the Redlich-Kwong equa-
tion for the vapor and the Wohl equation form for the liquid
Vapor-Liquid Equilibria CO2-C2H621
phase.6
The corresponding states principle10 is used in all the pro-
cedures discussed above. The principle assumes that the be-
havior of all substances follows the same equation forms and
equation parameters are correlated versus reduced critical
properties and acentric factor. An alternate corresponding
states approach is to refer the behavior of all substances to the
properties of a reference substance, these properties being
given by tabular data or a highly accurate state equation de-
veloped specifically for the reference substance.
The deviations of other substances from the simple critical-
parameter-ratio correspondence to the reference substance
are then correlated. Mixture rules and combination rules, as
usual, extend the procedure to mixture calculations. Leland
and co-workers have developed9 this approach extensively for
hydrocarbon mixtures.
"Shape factors" are used to account for departure from sim-
ple corresponding states relationships, with the usual refer-
ence substance being methane. The shape factors are
developed from PVT and fugacity data for pure components.
The procedure has been tested over a reduced temperature
range of 0.4 to 3.3 and for pressures to 4000 psia. Sixty-two
components have been correlated including olefinic,
naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
The Soave Redlich-Kwong (SRK)13 is a modified version of
the Redlich-Kwong equation. One of the parameters in the
The Redlich-Kwong equation has the advantage of a simple original Redlich-Kwong equation, a, is modified to a more tem-
analytical form which permits direct solution for density at perature dependent term. It is expressed as a function of the
specified pressure and temperature. The equation uses two acentric factor. The SRK correlation has improved accuracy in
parameters for each mixture component, which in principle predicting the saturation conditions of both pure substances
permits parameter values to be determined from critical prop- and mixtures. It can also predict phase behavior in the critical
erties. region, although at times the calculations become unstable
However, as with the BWR equation, the Redlich-Kwong around the critical point. Less accuracy has been obtained
equation has been made useful for K-value predictions by em- when applying the correlation to hydrogen-containing mix-
pirical variation of the parameters with temperature and with tures.
acentric factor11, 18, 19 and by modification of the parameter-
combination rules.15, 19 Considering the simplicity of the Peng and Robinson14 similarly developed a two-constant
Redlich-Kwong equation form, the various modified versions Redlich-Kwong equation of state in 1976. In this correlation,
predict K-values remarkably well. the attractive pressure term of the semi-empirical van der
Waals equation has been modified. It accurately predicts the
Interaction parameters for non-hydrocarbons with hydro- vapor pressures of pure substances and equilibrium ratios of
carbon components are necessary in the Redlich-Kwong equa- mixtures. In addition to offering the same simplicity as the
tion to predict the K-values accurately when high concentra- SRK equation, the Peng-Robinson equation is more accurate
tions of non-hydrocarbon components are present. They are in predicting the liquid density.
especially important in CO2 fractionation processes, and in
conventional fractionation plants to predict sulfur compound In applying any of the above correlations, the original criti-
distribution. cal/physical properties used in the derivation must be inserted
into the appropriate equations. One may obtain slightly dif-
The Chao-Seader correlation7 uses the Redlich-Kwong equa-
ferent solutions from different computer programs, even for
tion for the vapor phase, the regular solution model for liquid-
the same correlation. This can be attributed to different itera-
mixture non-ideality, and a pure-liquid property correlation for
tion techniques, convergence criteria, initial estimation
effects of component identity, pressure, and temperature in the
values, etc. Determination and selection of interaction pa-
liquid phase. The correlation has been applied to a broad spec-
rameters and selection of a particular equation of state must
trum of compositions at temperatures from –50°F to 300°F and
be done carefully, considering the system components, the op-
pressures to 2000 psia. The original (P,T) limitations have been
erating conditions, etc.
reviewed.12
Prausnitz and Chueh have developed16 a procedure for high-
pressure systems employing a modified Redlich-Kwong equa-
tion for the vapor phase and for liquid-phase compressibility EQUATIONS OF STATE
together with a modified Wohl-equation model for liquid phase
activity coefficients. Complete computer program listings are Refer to original papers for mixing rules for multicomponent
given in their book. Parameters are given for most natural gas mixtures.
25-6
van der Waals 30 α1/2 = 1 + m (1 − T1r /2)
Z3 − (1 + B) Z2 + AZ − AB = 0 m = 0.48 + 1.574 ω − 0.176 ω2
A =
aP R Tc
b = 0.08664
R2 T2
Pc
bP
B = Peng Robinson 31
RT
Z3 − (1 − B) Z2 + (A − 3B2 − 2B) Z − (AB − B2 − B3) = 0
27 R2 T2c
a = aP
64 Pc A =
R2 T2
R Tc
b = bP
8 Pc B =
RT
Redlich-Kwong 28
R2 Tc2
Z3 − Z2 + (A − B − B2) Z − AB = 0 a = 0.45724 α
Pc
aP
A = r )
α1/2 = 1 + m (1 − T1/2
R T2.5
2
R2 T2 c 1 γ
+ 3 2 1 + 2
bP V T V
B =
RT
a = ac α Note: ω, the acentric factor is defined in Section 23, p. 23-30
R T 2
c
2
ac = 0.42747
Pc
25-7
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 23. Price, B. C., “Looking at CO2 recovery,” Oil & Gas J., p. 48-53
(Dec. 24, 1984).
1. Wilson, G. M., Barton, S. T., NGPA Report RR-Z: “K-Values in 24. Nagahana, K., Kobishi, H., Hoshino, D., and Hirata, M., “Binary
Highly Aromatic and Highly Naphthenic Real Oil Absorber Sys- Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of Carbon Dioxide-Light Hydrocarbons _
tems,” ( 197 1). at Low Temperature,” J. Chem. Eng. Japan 7, No. 5, p. 323
2. Poettman, F. H., and Mayland, B. J., “Equilibrium Constants for (1974).
High-Boiling Hydrocarbon Fractions of Varying Charac- 25. Sobocinski, D. P., Kurata, F., “Heterogeneous Phase Equilibria of
terization Factors,” Petroleum Refiner 28, 101-102, July, 1949. the Hydrogen Sulfide-Carbon Dioxide System,” AIChEJ. 5, No. 4,
3. White, R. R., and Brown, G. G., “Phase Equilibria of Complex p. 545 (1959).
Hydrocarbon Systems at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures,” 26. Ryan, J. M. and Holmes, A. S., “Distillation Separation of Carbon
Ind. Eng. Chem. 37, 1162 (1942). Dioxide from Hydrogen Sulfide,” U.S. Patent No. 4,383,841
4. Grayson, H. G., and Streed, C. W., “Vapor-Liquid Equilibria for (1983).
High Temperature, High Pressure Hydrogen-Hydrocarbon Sys- 27. Denton, R. D., Rule, D. D., “Combined Cryogenic Processing of
tems,” Proc. 6th World Petroleum Cong., Frankfort Main, III, Natural Gas,” Energy Prog. 5, 40-44 (1985).
Paper ZO-DP7, p. 223 (1963).
28. Redlich, O., Kwong, J. N. S., Chem. Rev. 44, 233 (1949).
5. Chappelear, Patsy, GPA Technical Publication TP-4, “Low Tem-
perature Data from Rice University for Vapor-Liquid and P-V-T 29. Benedict, M., Webb, G. B., Rubin, L. C., “An Empirical Equation
for Thermodynamic Properties of Light Hydrocarbons and Their
Behavior,” April (1974).
Mixtures,” Chem. Eng. Prog. 47,419-422 (1951); J. Chem. Phys.
6. Adler, S. B., Ozkardesh, H., Schreiner, W. C., Hydrocarbon Proc., 8, 334 (1940).
47 (4) 145 (1968).
30. van der Waals, J., “Die Continuitat des Gasformigen und Flus-
7. Chao, K. C., Seader, J. D., AIChEJ, 7,598 (1961). sigen Zustandes,” Barth, Leipzig (1899).
8. Barner, H. E., Schreiner, W. C., Hydrocarbon Proc., 45 (6) 161
31. Peng, D. Y., Robinson, D. B., “A New Two-Constant Equation of
(1966) .
State,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamentals 15, 59-64 (1976).
9. Leach, J. W., Chappelear, P. S., and Leland, T. W., “Use of Mo-
32. RR-76 Hong, J. H., Kobayashi, Riki, “Phase Equilibria Studies
lecular Shape Factors in Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Calculations
for Processing of Gas from CO2 EOR Projects (Phase II).
with the Corresponding States Principle,” AIChEJ. 14, 568-576
(1968). 33. Case, J. L., Ryan, B. F., Johnson, J. E., “Phase Behavior in High-
CO2 Gas Processing,” Proc. 64th GPA Conv., p. 258 (1985).
10. Leland, T. W., Jr., and Chappelear, P. S., “The Corresponding
States Principle-AReview of Current Theory and Practice,” Ind.
Eng. Chem. 60, 15-43 (July 1968); K. C. Chao (Chairman), “Ap-
plied Thermodynamics,” ACS Publications, Washington, DC.,
1968, p. 83. Additional References
11. Barner, H. E., Pigford, R. L., Schreiner, W. C., Proc. Am. Pet. Inst. See listing in Section 1 for GPA Technical Publications (TP) and Re-
(Div. Ref.) 46 244 (1966). search Reports (RR). Note that RR-64, RR-77, and RR-84 provide ex-
12. Lenoir, J. M., Koppany, C. R., Hydrocarbon Proc. 46,249 (1967). tensive evaluated references for binary, ternary, and multicomponent
systems. Also as a part of GPA/GPSA Project 806, a computer data
13. Soave, Giorgio, “Equilibrium constants from a modified Redlich- bank is available through the GPA Tulsa office.
Kwong equation of state,” Chem. Eng. Sci. 27, 1197-1203 (1972).
Another extensive tabulation of references only is available from El-
14. Peng, D. Y., Robinson, D. B., Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamentals 15
sevier Publishers of Amsterdam for the work of E. Hala and
(1976) . I. Wichterle of the Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals,
15. Spear, R. R., Robinson, R. L., Chao, K. C., IEC Fund., 8 (1) 2 Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague-Suchdol, Czechoslovakia.
(1969). Also, Hiza, M. J., Kidnay, A. J., and Miller, R. C., Equilibrium Prop-
16. Prausnitz, J. M., Cheuh, P. L., Computer Calculations for High- erties of Fluid Mixtures Volumes I and II, IFI/Plenum, New York,
Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium, Prentice-Hall (1968). 1975. See Fluid Phase Equilibria for various symposia.
17. Benedict, Webb, and Rubin, Chem. Eng. Prog. 47,419 (1951).
18. Wilson, G. M., Adv. Cryro. Eng., Vol. II, 392 (1966). K-DATA CHARTS FOLLOW
19. Zudkevitch, D., Joffe, J., AIChE J., 16 (1) 112 (1970). AS LISTED BELOW
20. Starling, K. E., Powers, J. E., IEC Fund., 9 (4) 531(1970).
Methane-Ethane Binary
21. Holmes, A. S., Ryan, J. M., Price, B. C., and Stying, R. E., Pro-
ceedings of G.P.A., page 75 (1982). Nitrogen Pk 2000 psia (13 800 kPa)
22. Hwang, S. C., Lin, H. M., Chappelear, P. S., and Kobayashi, R., Methane through Decane Pk 3000 psia (20 700 kPa)
“Dew Point Values for the Methane Carbon Dioxide System,”
G.P.A. Research Report RR-21 (1976). Hydrogen Sulfide Pk 3000 psia (20 700 kPa)
25-8
25-10
25-11
25-12
25-13
25-14
25-15
25-16
25-17
25-18
25-19
25-20
25-21
25-22
25-23
25-24