Section 8.

3
C08S03.001: Let u = x and dv = e2x dx: du = dx and choose v = 12 e2x . Then
 
1 1 2x 1 1
xe2x dx = xe2x − e dx = xe2x − e2x + C.
2 2 2 4

C08S03.002: Let u = x2 and dv = e2x dx: du = 2x dx and choose v = 12 e2x . Then

 
1 2 2x 1 1 1
x e dx = x e − xe2x dx = x2 e2x − xe2x + e2x + C.
2 2x
2 2 2 4
The last equality follows from the result in Problem 1.

C08S03.003: Let u = t and dv = sin t dt: du = dt and choose v = − cos t. Then

 
t sin t dt = −t cos t + cos t dt = −t cos t + sin t + C.

C08S03.004: Let u = t2 and dv = sin t dt: du = 2t dt and choose v = − cos t. Then

 
t2 sin t dt = −t2 cos t + 2 t cos t dt.

Next, let u = t and dv = cos t dt: du = dt and choose v = sin t. Then

   
t sin t dt = −t cos t + 2 t sin t − sin t dt = −t2 cos t + 2t sin t + 2 cos t + C.
2 2

1
C08S03.005: Let u = x and dv = cos 3x dx: du = dx and choose v = sin 3x. Then
3
 
1 1 1 1
x cos 3x dx = x sin 3x − sin 3x dx = x sin 3x + cos 3x + C.
3 3 3 9

1 1
C08S03.006: Let u = ln x and dv = x dx: du = dx and choose v = x2 . Then
x 2
 
1 1 1 1
x ln x dx = x2 ln x − x dx = x2 ln x − x2 + C.
2 2 2 4

1 1
C08S03.007: Let u = ln x and dv = x3 dx: du = dx and choose v = x4 . Then
x 4
 
1 1 1 1 4
x3 ln x dx = x4 ln x − x3 dx = x4 ln x − x + C.
4 4 4 16

1 3z
C08S03.008: Let u = cos 3z and dv = e3z dz: du = −3 sin 3z dz and choose v = e . Then
3
 
1 3z
e3z cos 3z dz = e cos 3z + e3z sin 3z dz.
3
1 3z
Next let u = sin 3z and dv = e3z dz: du = 3 cos 3z dz and choose v = e . Then
3

1
  
1 1
e3z
cos 3z dz = e3z cos 3z + e3z sin 3z − e3z cos 3z dz;
3 3

1 3z 1
2 e3z cos 3z dz = e cos 3z + e3z sin 3z + 2C;
3 3

1 3z
e3z cos 3z dz = e (cos 3z + sin 3z) + C.
6

1
C08S03.009: Let u = arctan x and dv = dx: du = dx and choose v = x. Then
1 + x2
 
x 1
arctan x dx = x arctan x − dx = x arctan x − ln(1 + x2 ) + C.
1 + x2 2

1 1 1
C08S03.010: Let u = ln x and dv = dx: du = dx and choose v = − . Then
x2 x x
 
ln x 1 1 1 1
dx = − ln x + dx = − ln x − + C.
x2 x x2 x x

1 2
C08S03.011: Let u = ln y and dv = y 1/2 dy: du = dy and choose v = y 3/2 . Then
y 3
 
2 3/2 2 2 3/2 4
y 1/2 ln y dy = y ln y − y 1/2 dy = y ln y − y 3/2 + C.
3 3 3 9

C08S03.012: Let u = x and dv = sec2 x dx: du = dx and choose v = tan x. Then

 
sin x
x sec2 x dx = x tan x − dx = x tan x + ln |cos x| + C.
cos x

2 ln t
C08S03.013: Let u = (ln t)2 and dv = dt: du = dt and choose v = t. Then
t
 
(ln t) dt = t(ln t) − 2 ln t dt.
2 2

1
Next let u = ln t and dv = dt: du = dt and choose v = t. Thus
t
   
(ln t) dt = t(ln t) − 2 t ln t − 1 dt = t(ln t)2 − 2t ln t + 2t + C.
2 2

2 ln t 1
C08S03.014: Let u = (ln t)2 and dv = t dt. Then du = dt; choose v = t2 . Thus
t 2
 
1 1 1 1
t(ln t)2 dt = (t ln t)2 − t ln t dt = (t ln t)2 − t2 ln t + t2 + C.
2 2 2 4

(The last equality follows from the result in Problem 6.)

2
C08S03.015: Let u = x and dv = (x + 3)1/2 dx: du = dx and choose v = (x + 3)3/2 . Then
3

2
  
2 2 2 4
x(x + 3)1/2 dx = x(x + 3)3/2 − (x + 3)3/2 dx = x(x + 3)3/2 − (x + 3)5/3 + C
3 3 3 15
   
2 4 4 6x − 12
= (x + 3)3/2 x− x− + C = (x + 3)3/2 +C
3 15 5 15
2 2 √
= (x − 2)(x + 3)3/2 + C = (x2 + x − 6) x + 3 + C.
5 5
1
C08S03.016: Let u = x2 and dv = x(1 − x2 )1/2 : du = 2x dx; choose v = − (1 − x2 )3/2 . Then
3
 
1 2
x3 (1 − x2 )1/2 dx = − x2 (1 − x2 )3/2 + x(1 − x2 )3/2 dx
3 3
 
1 2 1 2 2
= − x2 (1 − x2 )3/2 − (1 − x2 )5/2 + C = −(1 − x2 )3/2 x + (1 − x2 ) + C
3 15 3 15
 2  
3x + 2 1
= −(1 − x2 )3/2 +C = (3x4 − x2 − x) 1 − x2 + C.
15 15

2 3
C08S03.017: Let u = x3 and dv = x2 (x3 + 1)1/2 dx: du = 3x2 dx and choose v = (x + 1)3/2 . Then
9
 
2 3 3 2 2 4 3
x5 (x3 + 1)1/2 dx = x (x + 1)3/2 − x2 (x3 + 1)3/2 dx = x3 (x3 + 1)3/2 − (x + 1)5/2 + C
9 3 9 45
1 3   1 3
= (x + 1)3/2 10x3 − 4(x3 + 1) + C = (x + 1)3/2 (6x3 − 4) + C
45 45
2 3 2 3
= (x + 1)3/2 (3x3 − 2) + C = (x + 1)1/2 (3x6 + x3 − 2) + C.
45 45
C08S03.018: Let u = sin θ and dv = sin θ dθ: du = cos θ dθ and choose v = − cos θ. Then
 
sin θ dθ = − sin θ cos θ +
2
cos2 θ dθ
 
= − sin θ cos θ + (1 − cos2 θ) dθ = − sin θ cos θ + θ − sin2 θ dθ;

2 sin2 θ dθ = θ − sin θ cos θ + 2C;

1
sin2 θ dθ = (θ − sin θ cos θ) + C.
2

C08S03.019: Let u = csc θ and dv = csc2 θ dθ: du = − csc θ cot θ and choose v = − cot θ. Then
 
csc3 θ dθ = − csc θ cot θ − csc θ cot2 θ dθ
  
= − csc θ cot θ − (csc θ)(csc2 θ − 1) dθ = − csc θ cot θ − csc3 θ dθ + csc θ dθ;

2 csc3 θ dθ = − csc θ cot θ + ln |csc θ − cot θ | + 2C;

1 1
csc3 θ dθ = − csc θ cot θ + ln |csc θ − cot θ | + C.
2 2

3
Mathematica 3.0 returns the antiderivative in the form
   
1 1 θ 1 θ
C − cot θ csc θ − ln cos + ln sin ,
2 2 2 2 2
whereas Maple V ver. 5.1 yields an answer that is essentially the same as the one we obtained “by hand.”
1
C08S03.020: Let u = sin(ln t) and dv = dt: du = cos(ln t) and choose v = t. Then
t
 
sin(ln t) dt = t sin(ln t) − cos(ln t) dt.

1
Now let u = cos(ln t) and dv = dt: du = − sin(ln t) dt, and choose v = t. Thus
t
 
sin(ln t) dt = t sin(ln t) − t cos(ln t) − sin(ln t) dt;

1 1
sin(ln t) dt = t sin(ln t) − t cos(ln t) + C.
2 2

1 1
C08S03.021: Let u = arctan x and dv = x2 dx: du = 2
dx and choose v = x3 . Then
1+x 3
 
1 3 1 x3
x2 arctan x dx = x arctan x − dx
3 3 x2+1
  
1 3 1 x 1 2 1 1
= x arctan x − x− +C = x arctan x − x2 + ln(x2 + 1) + C.
3 3 x2 + 1 3 6 6

2x
C08S03.022: Let u = ln(1 + x2 ) and dv = dx: du = dx and choose v = x. Then
1 + x2
 
2x2
ln(1 + x ) dx = x ln(1 + x ) −
2 2
dx
1 + x2
  
2
= x ln(1 + x ) −
2
2− dx = x ln(1 + x2 ) − 2x + 2 arctan x + C.
1 + x2

1
C08S03.023: Let u = arcsec(x1/2 ) and dv = dx: du = dx and choose v = x. Then
2x(x − 1)1/2
 
1
arcsec(x 1/2
) dx = x arcsec(x 1/2
)− (x − 1)−1/2 dx = x arcsec(x1/2 ) − (x − 1)1/2 + C.
2

1 1 1
C08S03.024: Let u = arctan(x1/2 ) and dv = x dx: then du = 1/2
dx; choose v = x2 − (for
2(1 + x)x 2 2
a sly reason). Then
 
x2 − 1 1 x2 − 1
x arctan(x 1/2
) dx = arctan(x1/2 ) − dx
2 4 (x + 1)x1/2
 
x2 − 1 1 x−1 x2 − 1 1
= arctan(x1/2 ) − 1/2
dx = arctan(x1/2 ) − (x1/2 − x−1/2 ) dx
2 4 x 2 4
x2 − 1 1 1
= arctan(x1/2 ) − x3/2 + x1/2 + C.
2 6 2
4
 1
C08S03.025: Let u = arctan(x1/2 ) and dv = dx: du = dx and cleverly choose v = x + 1.
2(x + 1)x1/2
Then
 
1
arctan(x 1/2
) dx = (x + 1) arctan(x 1/2
)− x−1/2 dx = (x + 1) arctan(x1/2 ) − x1/2 + C.
2

1
C08S03.026: Let u = x2 and dv = cos 4x dx: du = 2x dx and choose v = sin 4x. Then
4
 
1 2 1
x2 cos 4x dx = x sin 4x − x sin 4x dx.
4 2
1
Next let u = x and dv = sin 4x dx. Then du = dx; choose v = − cos 4x. Hence
4
   
1 2 1 1 1
x cos 4x dx = x sin 4x −
2
− x cos 4x + cos 4x dx
4 2 4 4
1 2 1 1
= x sin 4x + x cos 4x − sin 4x + C.
4 8 32

C08S03.027: Let u = x and dv = csc2 x dx: du = dx; choose v = − cot x. Then

 
cos x
x csc x dx = −x cot x +
2
dx = −x cot x + ln |sin x| + C.
sin x

1 1 1
C08S03.028: Let u = arctan x and dv = x dx: du = dx; choose v = x2 + . Then
1 + x2 2 2
 
x2 + 1 1 x2 + 1 1
x arctan x dx = arctan x − dx = arctan x − x + C.
2 2 2 2

1
C08S03.029: Let u = x2 and dv = x cos x2 dx: du = 2x dx and choose v = sin x2 . Then
2
 
1 1 2 1
x cos x dx = x2 sin x2 −
3 2
x sin x2 dx = x sin x2 + cos x2 + C.
2 2 2

C08S03.030: Suppose that a and b are nonzero real constants. Choose u = eax and dv = sin bx dx. Then
1
du = aeax dx; choose v = − cos bx. Then
b
 
1 ax a
I = e sin bs dx = − e cos bx +
ax
eax cos bx dx.
b b
1
Now let u = eax and dv = cos bx dx. Then du = aeax dx; choose v = sin bx. Thus
b
1 a a2
I = − eax cos bx + 2 eax sin bx − 2 I;
b b b
a2 + b2 aeax sin bx − beax cos bx
I = + C1 ;
b2 b2

a sin bx − b cos bx ax
I = eax sin bx dx = e + C.
a2 + b2

3 sin 4x + 4 cos 4x −3x
So e−3x sin 4x dx = − e + C.
25

5
 1
C08S03.031: Let u = ln x and dv = x−3/2 dx: du = dx and choose v = −2x−1/2 . Then
x
 
ln x 2 ln x 2 ln x 4
dx = − 1/2 + 2 x−3/2 dx = − − 1/2 + C.
x3/2 x x1/2 x

x3 1
C08S03.032: Let u = x4 and dv = dx: du = 4x3 dx and choose v = − (1 + x4 )−1/2 . Then
(1 + x4 )3/2 2
 
x7 1 x3
dx = − x4 (1 + x4 )−1/2 + 2 dx
(1 + x4 )3/2 2 (1 + x4 )1/2

x4  2(1 + x4 ) − x4 x4 + 2
=− √ + 1 + x4 + C = √ +C = √ + C.
2 1 + x4 2 1 + x4 2 x4 + 1

C08S03.033: Let u = x and dv = cosh x dx: du = dx and choose v = sinh x. Then

 
x cosh x dx = x sinh x − cosh x dx = x sinh x − cosh x + C.

C08S03.034: First method:

 
1

ex cosh x dx = 2 e2x + 1 dx = 14 e2x + 12 x + C1
 
= 1
4 e2x + 1 − 1
4 + 12 x + C1 = 14 ex ex + e−x + 12 x + C

= 12 ex cosh x + 12 x + C.

Second method: Presented because no integration by parts is used in the first method, although what follows
is somewhat artificial.

  
u = ex dv = cosh x dx
J = e x
cosh x dx = ex
sinh x − ex sinh x dx.
du = ex dx v = sinh x
 
Now ex sinh x = 12 e2x − 1 = 12 e2x + 1 − 1 = ex cosh x − 1. Therefore
 
1 1
J = ex sinh x − J + 1 dx; it follows that ex cosh x dx = ex sinh x + x + C.
2 2
Third method: It appears that Mathematica 3.0 simply writes cosh x in exponential form and then returns
the antiderivative as

1 2x 1
C+ e + x.
4 2

Fourth method: Maple V version 5.1 returns an answer that, because of its similarity to the second answer
here, suggests that integration by parts is used:

1 1 1
cosh2 x + cosh x sinh x + x + C.
2 2 2

1
C08S03.035: Let t = x2 . Then dt = 2x dx, so 2t dt = x3 dx. This substitution transforms the given
integral into

6
 
1
I= 2 t sin t dt.

Then integrate by parts: Let u = t, dv = sin t dt. Thus du = dt and v = − cos t, and hence

2I = −t cos t + cos t dt = −t cos t + sin t + C.

Therefore


x3 sin x2 dx = 1
2 −x2 cos x2 + sin x2 + C.

C08S03.036: Let t = x4 . Then dt = 4x3 dx, so x7 = 14 t dt. Thus the given integral becomes

1
I = 4 t cos t dt.

Now let u = t and dv = cos t dt, so that du = dt and v = sin t. Hence


4I = t sin t − sin t dt = t sin t + cos t + C.


Therefore I = 1
4 x4 sin x4 + cos x4 + C.
√
C08S03.037: Let t = x, so that x = t2 and dx = 2t dt. Thus
 
 √
I= exp − x dx = 2t exp(−t) dt.

Now let u = 2t and dv = exp(−t) dt. Then du = 2 dt and v = − exp(−t). Hence


I = −2t exp(−t) + 2 exp(−t) dt = −2t exp(−t) − 2 exp(−t) + C.

Therefore
√  √  √
I = −2 x exp − x − 2 exp − x + C.

C08S03.038: Let t = x3/2 . Then dt = 32 x1/2 dx, so t dt = 32 x2 dx. Therefore

 
2 3/2
I = x sin x dx = 3 t sin t dt = 23 (−t cos t + sin t) + C.
2

(The integration by parts is the same as in the solution of Problem 35.) Therefore

I = 23 −x3/2 cos x3/2 + sin x3/2 + C.

C08S03.039: The volume is

 π/2  π/2
V = 2πx cos x dx = 2π x cos x dx.
0 0

Let u = x and dv = cos x dx: du = dx and choose v = sin x. Then

7
  
x cos x dx = x sin x − sin x dx = x sin x + cos x + C.

Therefore

π/2 π
V = 2π x sin x + cos x = 2π − 1 = π 2 − 2π ≈ 3.5864190939.
0 2

C08S03.040: The volume is

 π  π
V = 2πx sin x dx = 2π x sin x dx.
0 0

Let u = x and dv = sin x dx: du = dx and choose v = − cos x. Then

 
x sin x dx = −x cos x + cos x dx = −x cos x + sin x + C.

Therefore

π
V = 2π −x cos x + sin x = 2π (π + 0 − 0 − 0) = 2π 2 ≈ 19.7392088022.
0

C08S03.041: The volume is

 e  e
V = 2πx ln x dx = 2π x ln x dx.
1 1

1 1
Let u = ln x and dv = x dx: du = dx and choose v = x2 . Then
x 2
 
1 1 1 1
x ln x dx = x2 ln x − x dx = x2 ln x − x2 + C.
2 2 2 4

Therefore

e  
1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 π 2
V = 2π x ln x − x2 = 2π e − e + = (e + 1) ≈ 13.1774985055.
2 4 1 2 4 4 2

C08S03.042: The volume is

 1  1
V = 2πxe−x dx = 2π xe−x dx.
0 0

Let u = x and dv = e−x dx: du = dx and choose v = −e−x . Then

 
xe dx = −xe + e−x dx = −xe−x − e−x + C.
−x −x

Therefore

1  
2 2π(e − 2)
V = 2π −(x + 1)e−x = 2π 1 − = ≈ 1.6602759080.
0 e e

8
C08S03.043: The curves intersect at the point (a, b) in the first quadrant for which a ≈ 0.824132312. The
volume is
 a  a
 
V = 2πx (cos x) − x2 dx = 2π (x cos x − x3 ) dx.
0 0

To find the antiderivative of x cos x, let u = x and dv = cos x dx. Then du = dx; choose v = sin x. Thus
 
x cos x dx = x sin x − sin x dx = x sin x + cos x + C.

Therefore

a
1
V = 2π x sin x + cos x − x4 ≈ 1.06027.
4 0

C08S03.044: The curves intersect where x = 0 and where x = a ≈ 3.110367680. The volume is
 a  a
V = 2πx(10x − x − e + 1) dx = 2π
2 x
(10x2 − x3 − xex + x) dx.
0 0

Let u = x and dv = ex dx. Then du = dx; choose v = ex . Then

 
xex dx = xex − ex dx = xex − ex + C = (x − 1)ex + C.

Therefore

a
10 3 1 4 1
V = 2π x − x − (x − 1)ex + x2 ≈ 209.907.
3 4 2 0

C08S03.045: The curves intersect where x = 0 and where x = a ≈ 2.501048238. The volume is
 a  a
   2 
V = 2πx 2x − x2 + ln(x + 1) dx = 2π 2x − x3 + x ln(x + 1) dx.
0 0

1 1 1
Let u = ln(x + 1) and dv = x dx. Then du = dx; choose v = x2 − . Then
x+1 2 2
 
x2 − 1 1 x2 − 1 x2 − 1 1 1
x ln(x + 1) dx = ln(x + 1) − dx = ln(x + 1) − x2 + x + C.
2 2 x+1 2 4 2
Therefore

a
2 3 1 4 1 2 1 1
V = 2π x − x + (x − 1) ln(x + 1) − x2 + x ≈ 22.7894.
3 4 2 4 2 0

1
C08S03.046: Let u = arctan x and dv = 2x dx: du = dx and choose v = x2 + 1. Then
1 + x2

2x arctan x dx = (x2 + 1) arctan x − x + C.

Such a choice of v is permitted for the following reason. Suppose that K is a constant. Then if we use
v(x) + K rather than v(x), the result is

9
   
u · (v + K) − (v + K) du = uv + Ku − v du − K du
  
= uv + Ku − v du − Ku = uv − v du = u dv.

C08S03.047: First choose u = xex and dv = cos x dx. This yields

 
I = xe cos x dx = xe sin x − (x + 1) ex sin x dx.
x x

Now choose u = (x + 1) ex and dv = sin x dx;


I = xe sin x + (x + 1) e cos x −
x x
(x + 2) ex cos x dx

= xe sin x + (x + 1) e cos x − 2
x x
ex cos x dx − I.

Thus

2I = xex sin x + (x + 1) ex cos x − 2 ex cos x dx. (1)

Compute the right-hand integral by parts separately: Let u = ex and dv = cos x dx. Then du = ex dx;
choose v = sin x. Thus
 
J = ex cos x dx = ex sin x − ex sin x dx.

Now let u = ex and dv = sin x dx. So du = ex dx; choose v − cos x. Thus

  
J = ex sin x − −ex cos x + ex cos x dx

= ex sin x + ex cos x − J.

Thus J = 12 (sin x + cos x)ex + C. Substitute this result in Eq. (1), then solve for I:

I = 12 xex cos x + 12 (x − 1) ex sin x + C.


C08S03.048: Given: Constants A and B, neither zero, A = B, and J = sin Ax cos Bx dx. Let
u = sin Ax and dv = cos Bx dx. Result:

1 A
J= sin Ax sin Bx + cos Ax sin Bx dx.
B B

In the second integral, let u = cos Ax and dv = sin Bx dx (the other choice doesn’t work). You will find that

1 A A2
J= sin Ax sin Bx + 2 cos Ax cos Bx + 2 J.
B B B
Now solve for J to obtain

10
 B A
J= sin Ax sin Bx + 2 cos Ax cos Bx + C.
B 2 − A2 B − A2
In particular, we get the integral in Problem 48 by choosing A = 3 and B = 1, thus obtaining

1 3
sin 3x cos x dx = − sin 3x sin x − cos 3x cos x + C.
8 8

See Problems 49–52 of Section 8.4 for a “better” way, which yields the antiderivative in the alternative form
− 18 cos 4x − 14 cos 2x + C, as do both Mathematica 3.0 and Maple V version 5.1.

C08S03.049: Let u = xn and dv = ex dx: du = nxn−1 dx and choose v = ex . Then

 
x e dx = x e − n xn−1 ex dx,
n x n x
n
1.

C08S03.050: Let u = xn−1 and dv = xe−x dx: du = (n − 1)xn−2 dx; choose v = − 12 e−x . Then
2 2

 
n −x2 1 n−1 −x2 n − 1
xn−2 e−x dx,
2
x e dx = − x e + n
2.
2 2

n(ln x)n−1
C08S03.051: Let u = (ln x)n and dv = dx: du = dx; choose v = x. Then
x
 
(ln x) dx = x(ln x) − n (ln x)n−1 dx,
n n
n
1.

C08S03.052: Let u = xn and dv = cos x dx: du = nxn−1 dx; choose v = sin x. Then
 
xn cos x dx = xn sin x − n xn−1 sin x dx, n
1.

C08S03.053: Let u = (sin x)n−1 and dv = sin x dx. Then du = (n − 1)(sin x)n−2 cos x dx; choose
v = − cos x. Then
 
In = (sin x) dx = −(sin x)
n n−1
cos x + (n − 1) (sin x)n−2 cos2 x dx
 
= −(sin x)n−1 cos x + (n − 1) (sin x)n−2 dx − (n − 1) (sin x)n dx;

nIn = −(sin x)n−1 cos x + (n − 1)In−2 ;

1 n−1
In = − (sin x)n−1 cos x + In−2 , n
2.
n n

C08S03.054: Let

Jn = (cos x)n dx, n
2.

Then let u = (cos x)n−1 and dv = cos x dx: du = −(n − 1)(cos x)n−2 sin x dx; choose v = sin x. Hence

11
 
Jn = (cos x)n−1 sin x + (n − 1) (cos x)n−2 sin2 x dx
 
= (cos x)n−1 sin x + (n − 1) (cos x)n−2 dx − (n − 1) (cos x)n dx;

nJn = (cos x)n−1 sin x + (n − 1)Jn−2 ;

1 n−1
Jn = (cos x)n−1 sin x + Jn−2 .
n n
C08S03.055: The formula in Problem 49 yields


1  
1  
1 1 1
3 x
x e dx = x e 3 x
−3 x e dx = e − 3
2 x
x e 2 x
−2 x
xe dx
0 0 0 0 0

1  
1
1
= e − 3e + 6 xe x
− x
e dx = −2e + 6e − 6 e x

0 0 0

= 4e − 6e + 6 = 6 − 2e ≈ 0.5634363431.
 1
xn e−x dx. Then from the solution of Problem 50 we conclude that
2
C08S03.056: Let Jn =
0
1 n−1
Jn = − + Jn−2 .
2e 2
Therefore
 1
1 1 2
xe−x dx
2
J5 = − + 2J3 = − − +2
2e 2e 2e 0

1
1 1 1 −x2
=− − +2 − e
2e e 2 0

3 1 2e − 5
+1− = =−
≈ 0.0803013971.
2e e 2e
   
C08S03.057: (ln x) dx = x(ln x) − 3 x(ln x) dx − 2 x ln x dx − 1 dx. Therefore
3 3 2

 e  e
(ln x)3 dx = x(ln x)3 − 3x(ln x)2 + 6x(ln x) − 6x = e − 3e + 6e − 6e + 6 = 6 − 2e ≈ 0.5634363431.
1 1

 π/2
C08S03.058: Let In = (sin x)n dx for n
0. By the result in Problem 53,
0

π/2
(sin x)2n−1 cos x 2n − 1
I2n = − + I2n−2
2n 0 2n
2n − 1 2n − 1 2n − 3
= I2n−2 = · · I2n−4
2n 2n 2n − 2

2n − 1 2n − 3 2n − 5 3 1 π/2
= · · ··· · 1 dx
2n 2n − 2 2n − 4 4 2 0
2n − 1 2n − 3 2n − 5 3 1 π
= · · ··· · · .
2n 2n − 2 2n − 4 4 2 2

12
Again using the result in Problem 53,

π/2
(sin x)2n cos x 2n 2n 2n 2n − 2
I2n+1 = − + I2n−1 = I2n−1 = · I2n−3
2n 0 2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1 2n − 1

2n 2n − 2 2n − 4 4 2 π/2
= · · ··· · · sin x dx
2n + 1 2n − 1 2n − 3 5 3 0

π/2
2n 2n − 2 2n − 4 4 2
= · · · · · · · − cos x
2n + 1 2n − 1 2n − 3 5 3 0

2n 2n − 2 2n − 4 4 2
= · · ··· · .
2n + 1 2n − 1 2n − 3 5 3

C08S03.059: Part (a): Let u = x + 10: x = u − 10, dx = du. Thus

 
ln(x + 10) dx = ln u du = u ln u − u + C1

= (x + 10) ln(x + 10) − (x + 10) + C1 = (x + 10) ln(x + 10) − x + C.

1
Part (b): Let u = ln(x + 10) and dv = dx: du = dx; choose v = x. Then
x + 10
    
x 10
ln(x + 10) dx = x ln(x + 10) − dx = x ln(x + 10) − 1− dx
x + 10 x + 10

= x ln(x + 10) − x + 10 ln(x + 10) + C = (x + 10) ln(x + 10) − x + C.

1
Part (c): Let u = ln(x + 10) and dv = dx: du = dx; choose v = x + 10. Then
x + 10
 
ln(x + 10) dx = (x + 10) ln(x + 10) − 1 dx = (x + 10) ln(x + 10) − x + C.

1 x4 − 1
C08S03.060: Let u = arctan x and dv = x3 dx: du = 2
dx; choose v = . Then
1+x 4
 
1 4 1 x4 − 1
x3 arctan x dx = (x − 1) arctan x − dx
4 4 x2 + 1

1 1 1 4 1 3 1
= (x4 − 1) arctan x − (x2 − 1) dx = (x − 1) arctan x − x + x + C.
4 4 4 12 4

C08S03.061: Part (a):

 1
1
1
J0 = e−x dx = − e−x =1− .
0 0 e

If n
1, then let u = xn and dv = e−x dx. Then du = nxn−1 dx; choose v = −e−x . Thus

1  1
1
Jn = − xn e−x +n xn−1 e−x dx = nJn−1 − .
0 0 e

13
Part (b): If n = 1, then
 
n!  1
n
1 1 1 2
n! − =1− + =1−
e k! e 0! 1! e
k=0

and

1 2
J1 = 1 · J0 − =1− .
e e
Therefore the formula in part (b) holds if n = 1. Assume that

m!  1
m
Jm = m! −
e k!
k=0

for some integer m
1. Then

m!(m + 1)  1
m
1 1
Jm+1 = (m + 1)Jm − = m!(m + 1) − −
e e k! e
k=0
 
(m + 1)!  1
m
(m + 1)!
= (m + 1)! − +
e k! (m + 1)!e
k=0
 
(m + 1)! 1  1m
(m + 1)!  1
m+1
= (m + 1)! − + = (m + 1)! − .
e (m + 1)! k! e k!
k=0 k=0

Therefore, by induction,

n!  1
n
Jn = n! −
e k!
k=0

for every integer n
1.

Part (c): The next figure will aid in understanding the following proof.

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 α 1

The curve represents the graph of y = xn e−x on [0, 1]. (It really isn’t; it’s the graph of y = 1 3 10 30 −x
10 x + 13 x e .)
Given the positive integer k, choose the real number α, 0 < α < 1, so close to 1 that

14
 1−α 1
< .
e 2k
Because αn → 0 as n → ∞, choose the positive integer N so large that

1
αN +1 < .
2k
Then

1
xN e−x  αN if 0xα and xN e−x  if α  x  1. (1)
e
The area of the short wide rectangle in the figure is

α · αN e−α < α · αN = αN +1

and the area of the tall narrow rectangle there is (1 − α)/e. The inequalities in (1) show that the graph of
y = xN e−x is enclosed in the two rectangles, and hence
 1
1−α 1 1 1
xN e−x dx  αN +1 + < + = .
0 e 2k 2k k

Moreover, if n
N and 0  x  1, then xn e−x  xN e−x . Therefore, for every positive integer k, there
exists a positive integer N such that
 1
1
0 xn e−x dx <
0 k

if n
N . Let k → ∞. By the squeeze law for limits,

 1
lim xn e−x dx = 0.
n→∞ 0

Therefore Jn → 0 as n → +∞. 
Part (d): By part (c),
 
eJn 
n
1
lim = 0 = lim e − .
n→∞ n! n→∞ k!
k=0


n
1
Therefore e = lim . (See Eq. (20) in Section 7.4.)
n→∞ k!
k=0

n(ln x)n−1 xm+1

C08S03.062: Let u = (ln x)n and dv = xm dx. Then du = dx; we choose v = . Thus
x m+1
 
xn+1 n
m n
x (ln x) dx = (ln x) −
n
xm (ln x)n−1 dx.
m+1 m+1

C08S03.063: The expansion of (k ln x − 2x3 + 3x2 + b)4 is a sum of 35 terms, including terms as formidable
to antidifferentiate as

−32kx9 ln x, 54k 2 x4 (ln x)2 , and k 4 (ln x)4 ,

15
as well as several polynomial terms. The reduction formula of Problem 62 handles the three shown here as
follows:
 
x10 1 x10 1 10
x9 ln x dx = ln x − x9 dx = ln x − x + C,
10 10 10 100

 
x5 2
4 2
x (ln x) dx = (ln x)2 − x4 ln x dx
5 5

 

x5 2 x5 1 x5 2 x5 x5
= (ln x)2 − ln x − 4
x dx = (ln x)2 − ln x − +C
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 25

x5 2x5 2x5
= (ln x)2 − ln x + + C,
5 25 125
and
 
(ln x)4 dx = x(ln x)4 − 4 (ln x)3 dx

 
= x(ln x)4 − 4 x(ln x)3 − 3 (ln x)2 dx

 
= x(ln x) − −4x(ln x) + 12 x(ln x) − 2
4 3 2
ln x dx

 
= x(ln x)4 − 4x(ln x)3 + 12x(ln x)2 − 24 x ln x − 1 dx

= x(ln x)4 − 4x(ln x)3 + 12x(ln x)2 − 24x ln x + 24x + C.

A very patient person can in this way discover that the engineer’s antiderivative is

4 1
(b4 − 4b3 k + 12b2 k 2 − 24bk 3 + 24k 4 )x + (9b3 − 9b2 k + 6bk 2 − 2k 3 )x3 + (−32b3 + 24b2 k − 12bk 2
9 16
54 2 12
+ 3k 3 )x4 + (25b2 − 10bk + 2k 2 )x5 − (18b2 − 6bk + k 2 )x6 + (441b + 98b2 − 63k − 28bk + 4k 2 )x7
125 3 343
27 1 4 216 11 16
− (8b − k)x8 + (81 + 144b − 16k)x9 − (135 + 20b − 2k)x10 + x − 8x12 + x13
8 9 25 11 13
1
− kx(−58800b3 + 176400b2 k − 352800bk 2 + 352800k 3 − 176400b2 x2 + 117600bkx2 − 39200k 2 x2
14700
+ 88200b2 x3 − 44100bkx3 + 11025k 2 x3 − 317520bx4 + 63504kx4 + 352800bx5 − 58800kx5 − 226800x6
1 2
− 100800bx6 + 14400kx6 + 396900x7 − 235200x8 + 47040x9 ) ln x + k x(420b2 − 840bk + 840k 2 + 840bx2
70
− 280kx2 − 420bx3 + 105kx3 + 756x4 − 840x5 + 240x6 )(ln x)2 − 2k 3 x(−2b + 2k − 2x2 + x3 )(ln x)3

+ k 4 x(ln x)4 + C.

C08S03.064: Area:
 π
  π
A= 1 2
2x sin x dx = 1
2 −x2 cos x + 2 x cos x dx
0 0

16

 π
= − 12 x2 cos x + x sin x − sin x dx
0
 π
= − 2 x cos x + x sin x + cos x
1 2
0
π2 − 4
= 12 π 2 − 1 − 1 = .
2
Volume:
 π  π
V = 2πx · 12 x2 sin x dx = π x3 sin x dx
0
  0
π
= π − x cos x + 3 x2 cos x dx
3
0

   π
= π − x cos x + 3 x sin x − 2 x sin x dx
3 2

0
 π
= π − x cos x + 3x sin x − 6 (−x cos x + sin x)
3 2

 π 0
= π − x cos x + 3x sin x + 6x cos x − 6 sin x
3 2

  0
= π π 3 − 6π = π 4 − 6π 2 = π 2 π 2 − 6 .

  
π 1 2 π π
π π
C08S03.065: Volume: V = π 2
2 x sin x dx = x4 sin2 x dx = x4 (1 − cos 2x) dx.
0 4 0 8 0

Let u = 2x: x = 12 u, dx = 1
2 du.

 2π
π u4
V = (1 − cos u) · 12 du
8 0 16
 2π
π  4
= u − u4 cos u du
256 0
 2π  2π 
π
= 1 5
5 u − u 4
cos u du
256 0 0

 2π 
π
= π − u sin u − 4 u sin u du
32 5 4 3
256 5 0
6

  2π
π π
= − u4 sin u − 4 − u3 cos u + 3 u2 sin u − 2 [−u cos u + sin u]
40 256 0
π6 π  
= − 4(2π) − 24(2π)
3
40 256
π6 π4 3π 2 π2  4
= − + = 2π − 10π 2 + 15 .
40 8 16 80

C08S03.066: A Mathematica solution. Part (a):

a = 100∗E∧(−t);
v = 100 + Integrate[a,t] // Together
100(−1 + et )
et

17
 x = Integrate[v,t] − 100 // Together
100(1 − et + tet )
et
Limit[x, t → Infinity]
+∞

That is, the particle moves arbitrarily far to the right along the x-axis. Part (b):

a = 100∗(1 − t)∗E∧(−t);
v = Integrate[a,t]
100t
et
x = 100 + Integrate[v,t] // Together
10(−1 + et − t)
et
Limit[x, t → Infinity]
100

Thus, because x is an increasing function of t, x(t) always remains less than 100; the particle moves only a
finite distance to the right before effectively coming to a stop (because v → 0 as t → +∞).

C08S03.067: A Mathematica solution:

f = x∧2; g = 2∧x;
R = Plot[ { f, g }, { x, 1.5, 4.5 },
PlotStyle → { RGBColor[0,0,1], RGBColor[1,0,0] } ];

The different colors enable us to more easily distinguish the graphs. Area:

A = Integrate[ f − g, { x, 2, 4 } ]
−9 ln 2 + 6(ln 2)2 + 12 ln 8 − 16(ln 2)(ln 8)
−4 ·
3(ln 2)(ln 8)

A = A /. { Log[8] → 3∗Log[2] }
 
−4 27 ln 2 − 42(ln 2)2
9(ln 2)2

(Mathematica writes Log[x] where we write ln x.)

A = A // Simplify
−36 + 56 ln 2
ln 8

A = A /. { Log[8] → 3∗Log[2] }
−36 + 56 ln 2
3 ln 2

18
Next we find the x-coordinate of the centroid.

xc = (1/A)∗Integrate[ x∗(f − g), { x, 2, 4 } ]

 
12 3 + 2 ln 2 + 15(ln 2)2 − 4 ln 16
(−36 + 56 ln 2)(ln 2)

xc = xc /. { Log[16] → 4∗Log[2] }
 
12 3 − 14 ln 2 + 15(ln 2)2
(−36 + 56 ln 2)(ln 2)

Finally, we find the y-coordinate of the centroid.

yc = (1/A)∗(1/2)∗Integrate[ f∧2 − g∧2, { x, 2, 4 } ]

25 ln 2 − 10(ln 2)(ln 4) − 40 ln(1024) + 64(ln 2)(ln 1024)
24 ·
5(−36 + 56 ln 2)(ln 1024)

yc = yc /. { Log[4] → 2∗Log[2], Log[1024] → 10∗Log[2] }

 
12 −375 ln 2 + 620(ln 2)2
(−36 + 56 ln 2)(25 ln 2)

yc = yc // Simplify
225 − 372 ln 2
45 − 70 ln 2

Thus the centroid of the region has approximate coordinates (3.0904707864762604, 9.3317974433586819).

C08S03.068: Part (a): If m is a positive integer, then (because 0 < sin x < 1 if 0 < x < π/2), we have
(sin x)m > (sin x)m+1 if 0 < x < π/2. Therefore by the comparison property for definite integrals,

In2
I2n+1
I2n+2

for every positive integer n. Part (b): By the result in Problem 58,
   
I2n+2 π 1 3 5 2n − 1 2n + 1 π 2 4 6 2n 2n + 1
= · · · ··· · · · · · · = .
I2n 2 2 4 6 2n 2n + 2 2 1 3 5 2n − 1 2n + 2

Therefore

I2n+2 2n + 1
lim = lim = 1.
n→∞ I2n n→∞ 2n + 2

Part (c): Because I2n+2
I2n+1
I2n for each positive integer n, we have

I2n+2 I2n+1 I2n

I2n I2n I2n
for each positive integer n. Therefore, by the squeeze law for limits,

I2n+1
lim = 1.
n→∞ I2n

Part (d): But then, by the result in Problem 58,

19
    
I2n+1 2 4 6 2n − 2 2n 2 2 4 6 8 2n − 2 2n
= · · ··· · · · · · · ··· ·
I2n 3 5 7 2n − 1 2n + 1 π 1 3 5 7 2n − 3 2n − 1
2 2 2 4 4 6 6 2n − 2 2n − 2 2n 2n
= · · · · · · ··· · · · .
π 1 3 3 5 5 7 2n − 3 2n − 1 2n − 1 2n + 1
Hence, by Part (c),

2 2 4 4 6 6 2n 2n π
lim · · · · · ··· · = .
n→∞ 1 3 3 5 5 7 2n − 1 2n + 1 2

20