10 LTE Basic Knowledge PDF

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LTE Basic Knowledge
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
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Agenda
1 LTE Network Architecture
2 LTE Protocol
3 LTE Key Technology
4 Compsirson b/w LTE and UMTS
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

Network Architecture of LTE
• Compare with traditional 3G network, LTE architecture becomes much more simple
and flat, which can lead to lower networking cost, higher networking flexibility and
shorter time delay of user data and control signalling.

• The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, The e-NodeBs are

interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface,
which enabling direct transmission of data and signaling.
• The EPC (Evolved Packet Core) consists of MME, S-GW, P-
GW,HSS,PCRF and son on.
EPC Network Simplification

Paging, handover,
bearer control, idle
state mobility
handling
Routing, mobility,
charge and
account, PDN,
and QCI
IP address
allocation, gating
and rate
enforcement

Function of LTE Network Element
e-Node hosts the following functions:
p Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer
Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility
Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both
uplink and downlink (scheduling);
p IP header compression and encryption of user data stream;
p Selection of an MME at UE attachment;
p Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway;
p Scheduling and transmission of paging and broadcast
messages (originated from the MME);
p Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for
mobility and scheduling;
MME (Mobility Management Entity) hosts the

following functions:
p NAS signaling and security;
p AS Security control;
p Idle state mobility handling;
p EPS (Evolved Packet System) bearer control;
p Support paging, handover, roaming and authentication.
S-GW (Serving Gateway) hosts the following
P-GW (PDN Gateway) hosts the following functions:
p Packet routing and forwarding; Local mobility anchor point
functions: for handover; Lawful interception; UL and DL charging per
p Per-user based packet filtering; UE IP address allocation; UL UE, PDN, and QCI; Accounting on user and QCI
and DL service level charging, gating and rate enforcement; granularity for inter-operator charging.

Comparison b/w UTRAN&E-UTRAN
S1
S1
S1
S1
UTRAN
X2
X2
The main difference between UMTS and LTE: the removing of RNC network element
and the introduction of X2 interface, which make the network more simple and flat,
leading lower networking cost, higher networking flexibility and low latency

Agenda
2 LTE Protocol

Radio Frame Structure
• Radio Frame Structures Supported by LTE：

§ Type 1, applicable to FDD
§ Type 2, applicable to TDD
• FDD Radio Frame Structure：
§ LTE applies OFDM technology, with subcarrier spacing ∆f 15kHz and 2048-
order IFFT. The time unit in frame structure is Ts=1/(2048* ∆f) second
§ FDD radio frame is 10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots which is
0.5ms. One slot consists of 7 consecutive OFDM Symbols under Normal CP
configuration
FDDRadio Frame Structure
l Concept of Resource Block：

p LTE consists of time domain and frequency domain resources. The minimum unit for
schedule is RB (Resource Block), which compose of RE (Resource Element)
p RE has 2-dimension structure: symbol of time domain and subcarrier of frequency domain
p One RB consists of 1 slot and 12 consecutive subcarriers under Normal CP configuration

Time-Frequency Resource Unit
DwPTS GP UpPTS
D U U D D U U D
System Bandwidth TDD #1
Sub-carrier
1 Sub-frame, TTI: 1ms

2 Slots Frequency
User 1
FDD
User 2
User 3
Time
- 7 Symbols
1 Resource Block: 12 Sub-carriers
1 Sub-carrier = 15KHz
180KHz (Total 200KHz with Guard)
1 Sub-frame
2 Slots
2 RBs
1 Sub-frame = 2 Slots,
14 Resource Elements (RE)

Frame and Slot Structure (Normal CP)

Resource Element Mapping (6 RBs, 2 Antenna)

Introduction of LTE PHY- Physical Channels
Downlink Channels：
p Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): Carries system information
for cell search, such as cell ID.
p Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : Carries the
MAC Layer
resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH, and Hybrid ARQ
Physical Layer
information.
p Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : Carries the
downlink user data.
p Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : Carriers
Mapping between downlink transport
information of the OFDM symbols number used for the PDCCH. channels and downlink physical channels
p Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : Carries Hybrid
ARQ ACK/NACK in response to uplink transmissions.
p Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) : Carries the multicast
information.
Uplink Channels：
p Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : Carries the MAC Layer
random access preamble. Physical Layer
p Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : Carries the uplink
user data.
p Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : Carries the HARQ
Mapping between uplink transport channels
ACK/NACK, Scheduling Request (SR) and Channel Quality and downlink physical channels
Indicator (CQI), etc.

Channel Mapping
MAC
MAC
PHY
PHY

Introduction of LTE PHY- DL Physical Signals(1)
RS (Reference Signal):
One Antenna Port
R0 R0
p Similar with Pilot signal of CDMA. Used for downlink physical channel
demodulation and channel quality measurement (CQI)
R0 R0 p Three types of RS in protocol. Cell-Specific Reference Signal is essential and
Cell-Specific RS the other two types RS (MBSFN Specific RS & UE-Specific RS) are optional.
R0 R0
Mapping in Time-
Frequency Domain Characteristics:
R0 R0
l=0 l=6 l=0 l=6 p Cell-Specific Reference Signals are generated from cell-
specific RS sequence and frequency shift mapping. RS is the
RE
Two Antenna Ports
pseudo-random sequence transmits in the time-frequency

R0 R0 R1 domain.
Not used for RS p The frequency interval of RS is 6 subcarriers.
R0 R0 R1 R1
transmission on this p RS distributes discretely in the time-frequency domain,
antenna port
R0 R0 R1 R1
RS symbols on this
sampling the channel situation which is the reference of DL
antenna port demodulation.
R0 R0 R1 R1
l=0 l=6 l=0 l=6 l=0 l =6 l=0 l=6 p Serried RS distribution leads to accurate channel estimation,
also high overhead that impacting the system capacity.
Four Antenna Ports
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
R1: RS transmitted in 1st ant port
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R2: RS transmitted in 2nd ant port
R0 R0 R1 R1
R3: RS transmitted in 3rd ant port
R2 R3
R4: RS transmitted in 4th ant port

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
l=0 l=6 l=0 l=6 l=0 l=6 l=0 l=6 l=0 l=6 l=0 l=6 l=0 l =6 l =0 l=6 MBSFN: Multicast/Broadcast over a Single
Frequency Network
Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1 Antenna Port 2 Antenna Port 3

Introduction of LTE PHY- DL Physical Signals(2)
Synchronization Signal:
p synchronization signals are used for time-frequency synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN during cell search.
p synchronization signal comprise two parts:
n Primary Synchronization Signal, used for symbol timing, frequency synchronization and part of the cell ID detection.
n Secondary Synchronization Signal, used for detection of radio frame timing, CP length and cell group ID.
Characteristics:
p The bandwidth of the synchronization signal is 72
subcarrier, locating in the central part of system
bandwidth, regardless of system bandwidth size.
p Synchronization signals are transmitted only in
the 1st and 11th slots of every 10ms frame.
p The primary synchronization signal is located in
the last symbol of the transmit slot. The
secondary synchronization signal is located in the
2nd last symbol of the transmit slot.
Caution:
Synchronization signals are sometimes named as
Synchronization Channel (P-SCH & S-SCH) in some
documents. The meaning should be the same, which
represents the signals transmitted in the specified
time-frequency locations. Please don’t be confused Synchronization Signals Structure
with Share Channel (SCH).

Introduction of LTE PHY- UL Physical Signals
Reference Signal: Freq
p The uplink pilot signal, used for synchronization between Allocated UL bandwidth of one UE
E-UTRAN and UE, as well as uplink channel estimation.
p Two types of UL reference signals:
n DM RS (Demodulation Reference Signal),
associated with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission. DM RS associated with PUSCH is
n SRS (Sounding Reference Signal), without mapped to the 4th symbol each slot
associated with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission. Time
Freq
Characteristics:
p Each UE occupies parts of the system bandwidth since SC-
FDMA is applied in uplink. DM RS only transmits in the
bandwidth allocated to PUSCH and PUCCH. DM RS associated with PUCCH
(transmits UL ACK signaling) is
p The slot location of DM RS differs with associated PUSCH mapped to the central 3 symbols each
and PUCCH format. slot
p Sounding RS’s bandwidth is larger than that allocated to UE, Time
in order to provide the reference to e-NodeB for channel Freq
estimation in the whole bandwidth.
p Sounding RS is mapped to the last symbol of sub-frame. The
transmitted bandwidth and period can be configured. SRS
transmission scheduling of multi UE can achieve DM RS associated with PUCCH
time/frequency/code diversity. (transmits UL ACK signaling) is
mapped to the 2 symbols each slot
Caution：The SRS mapping will be difference in many Time

documents, since the protocol are still under discussion when System bandwidth
these document been compiled. The mapping shown in this PUCCH is mapped to up & down
ends of the system bandwidth,
slide is the result from the latest protocol version. hopping between two slots.

Introduction of LTE PHY- Cell Search
Basic Principle of Cell Search: Initial Cell Search:
p Cell search is the procedure of UE synchronizes with E-UTRAN in p The initial cell search is carried on after the UE power on. Usually,
time-freq domain, and acquires the serving cell ID. UE doesn’t know the network bandwidth and carrier frequency at
p Two steps in cell search: the first time switch on.
n Step 1: Symbol synchronization and acquirement of ID within p UE repeats the basic cell search, tries all the carrier frequency in
Cell Group by demodulating the Primary Synchronization the spectrum to demodulate the synchronization signals. This
Signal; procedure takes time, but the time requirement are typically
n Step 2: Frame synchronization, acquirement of CP length and relatively relaxed. Some methods can reduce time, such as
Cell Group ID by demodulating the Secondary recording the former available network information as the prior
Synchronization Signal. search target.
p Once finish the cell search, which achieve synchronization of
About Cell ID： time-freq domain and acquirement of Cell ID, UE demodulates the
p In LTE protocol, the physical layer Cell ID comprises two parts: Cell PBCH and acquires for system information, such as bandwidth
Group ID and ID within Cell Group. The latest version defines that and Tx antenna number.
there are 168 Cell Group IDs, 3 IDs within each group. So totally p After the procedure above, UE demodulates the PDCCH for its
168*3=504 Cell IDs exist. paging period that allocated by system. UE wakes up from the
IDLE state in the specified paging period, demodulates PDCCH
cell
N ID = 3N ID
(1)
+ N ID
(2)
for monitoring paging. If paging is detected, PDSCH resources
(1)
will be demodulated to receive paging message.
p N ID represents Cell Group ID, value from 0 to 167;
(2)
N ID represents ID within Cell Group, value from 0 to 2.
Caution: 170 Cell ID groups are defined in the earlier

protocol version. So totally 170*3=510 Cell IDs exists,
which is mentioned in some early-written documents.
Please be noticed this differences.

Introduction of LTE PHY- Random Access
Basic Principle of Random Access : Detail Procedure of Random Access:
p Random access is the procedure of uplink p Physical Layer procedure is triggered upon request of a
synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN. preamble transmission by higher layers.
p Prior to random access, physical layer shall p The higher layers request indicates a preamble index, a
receive the following information from the higher target preamble received power, a corresponding RA-RNTI
layers: and a PRACH resource .
n Random access channel parameters: PRACH
configuration, frequency position and preamble p UE determines the preamble transmission power is
format, etc. preamble target received power + Path Loss. The
n Parameters for determining the preamble root transmission shall not higher than the maximum
sequences and their cyclic shifts in the sequence set transmission power of UE. Path Loss is the downlink path
for the cell, in order to demodulate the random
loss estimate calculated in the UE.
access preamble.
p Two steps in physical layer random access: p A preamble sequence is selected from the preamble
sequence set using the preamble index.
n UE transmission of random access preamble
n Random access response from E-UTRAN p A single preamble is transmitted using the selected
preamble sequence with calculated transmission power on
the indicated PRACH resource.
p UE Detection of a PDCCH with the indicated RA-RNTI is
attempted during a window controlled by higher layers. If
detected, the corresponding PDSCH transport block is
passed to higher layers. The higher layers parse the
transport block and indicate the 20-bit grant.
RA-RNTI: Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identifier

Introduction of LTE PHY- Power Control
Basic Principle of Power Control: Downlink Power Control:
p Downlink power control determines the EPRE (Energy p The transmission power of downlink RS is usually constant. The
transmission power of PDSCH is proportional with RS
per Resource Element);
transmission power.
p Uplink power control determines the energy per DFT- p Downlink transmission power will be adjusted by the comparison
SOFDM (also called SC-FDMA) symbol. of UE report CQI and target CQI during the power control.
Uplink Power Control:

p Uplink power control consists of opened loop power and closed loop UE report CQI
power control.
DL Tx Power
p A cell wide overload indicator (OI) is exchanged over X2 interface for
integrated inter-cell power control, possible to enhance the system
performance through power control.
p PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH and Sounding RS can be controlled

respectively by uplink power control. Take PUSCH power control for
example: X2
PPUSCH (i) = min {PMAX ,10 log 10 (M PUSCH (i)) + PO_PUSCH (j) + α(j) ⋅ PL + ΔTF (i) + f(i)}
p PUSCH power control is the slow power control, to compensate the UL Tx Power
path loss and shadow fading and control inter-cell interference. The
System adjust
control principle is shown in above equation. The following factors
parameters
impact PUSCH transmission power PPUSCH: UE maximum
transmission power PMAX, UE allocated resource MPUSCH, initial
transmission power PO_PUSCH, estimated path loss PL, modulation
coding factor △TF and system adjustment factor f (not working during EPRE: Energy per Resource Element
DFT-SOFDM: Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM
opened loop PC)

Introduction of LTE Radio Protocol Stack
• Two Planes in LTE Radio Protocol: Main Functions of Control-plane:
§ User-plane: For user data transfer p RLC and MAC layers perform the same functions as
§ Control-plane: For system signaling for the user plane
transfer p PDCP layer performs ciphering and integrity
protection
• Main Functions of User-plane: p RRC layer performs broadcast, paging, connection
§ Header Compression management, RB control, mobility functions, UE
measurement reporting and control
§ Ciphering
§ Scheduling p NAS layer performs EPS bearer management,
authentication, security control
§ ARQ/HARQ
Control-plane protocol stack
User-plane protocol stack
Layer 2
Layer 1

Introduction of LTE Layer 2 - Overview
Layer 2 is split into the following layers: Main Functions of Layer 2:
p MAC (Medium Access Control) Layer p Header compression, Ciphering
p RLC (Radio Link Control ) Layer p Segmentation and concatenation, ARQ
p PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol ) p Scheduling, priority handling,
Layer multiplexing and demultiplexing, HARQ
Layer 2 Structure for DL Layer 2 Structure for UL

Introduction of LTE Layer 2 - MAC Layer
Main functions of MAC Layer: Logical Channels of MAC Layer:
p Mapping between logical channels and transport p Control Channel: For the transfer of control plane
channels information
p Multiplexing/demultiplexing of RLC PDUs (Protocol p Traffic Channel: for the transfer of user plane
Data Unit) belonging to one or different radio bearers information
into/from TB (transport blocks ) delivered to/from the
physical layer on transport channels
p Traffic volume measurement reporting
p Error correction through HARQ
Control Channel UL Channel
p Priority handling between logical channels of one UE
Mapping of
p Priority handling between UEs (dynamic scheduling) Traffic Channel MAC Layer
p Transport format selection
p Padding
DL Channel
Mapping of
MAC Layer MAC Layer
Structure

Introduction of LTE Layer 2 - RLC Layer
Main functions of RLC Layer: RLC PDU Structure:
p Transfer of upper layer PDUs supports AM or UM p The PDU sequence number carried by the RLC
header is independent of the SDU sequence number
p TM data transfer
p The size of RLC PDU is variable according to the
p Error Correction through ARQ (no need RLC CRC scheduling scheme. SDUs are segmented
check, CRC provided by the physical) /concatenated based on PDU size. The data of one
p Segmentation according to the size of the TB: only PDU may source from multi SDUs
if an RLC SDU does not fit entirely into the TB
then the RLC SDU is segmented into variable Segmentation Concatenation
sized RLC PDUs, no need padding

p Re-segmentation of PDUs that need to be
retransmitted: if a retransmitted PDU does not fit
entirely into the new TB used for retransmission
then the RLC PDU is re-segmented
p Concatenation of SDUs for the same radio bearer
p In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs except
at HO
p Protocol error detection and recovery RLC PDU Structure
p Duplicate Detection
AM: Acknowledge Mode
p SDU discard UM: Un-acknowledge Mode
RLC TM: Transparent Mode
p Reset Layer TB: Transport Block
Structure SDU: Service Data Unit
PDU: Protocol Data Unit

Introduction of LTE Layer 2 - PDCP Layer
Main functions of PDCP Layer: PDCP PDU Structure:

p Functions for User Plane: p PDCP PDU and PDCP header are octet-
n Header compression and aligned
decompression: ROHC
p PDCP header can be either 1 or 2 bytes
n Transfer of user data: PDCP receives
long
PDCP SDU from the NAS and forwards
it to the RLC layer and vice versa
n In-sequence delivery of upper layer
PDUs at handover for RLC AM
n Duplicate detection of lower layer SDUs
at handover for RLC AM
n Retransmission of PDCP SDUs at PDCP PDU Structure
handover for RLC AM
n Ciphering
n Timer-based SDU discard in uplink
p Functions for Control Plane: PDCP Layer
n Ciphering and Integrity Protection Structure
n Transfer of control plane data: PDCP

receives PDCP SDUs from RRC and
forwards it to the RLC layer and vice ROHC: Robust Header Compression
versa

LTE 3GPP Specification Overview
Physic Layer
36.201 LTE Physical Layer: General Description
36.211 Physical Channels and Modulation
36.212 Multiplexing and Channel Coding
36.213 Physical Layer Procedures
TS 36.xxx for LTE Specification 36.214 Physical Layer Measurements
Layer 2 and Control Protocol Interfaces and Procedure

36.300 E-UTRAN Overall Description: Stage 2 36.401 E-UTRAN Architecture Description
36.302 E-UTRAN Services Provided by the Physical 36.410 S1 General Aspects and Principles
Layer 36.411 S1 Layer 1
36.304 User Equipment (UE) Procedures in Idle Mode 36.412 S1 Signalling Transport
36.306 User Equipment (UE) Radio Access Capabilities 36.413 S1 Protocol Specification
36.321 Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol 36.414 S1 Data Transport
Specification 36.420 X2 General Aspects and Principles
36.322 Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol Specification 36.421 X2 Layer 1
36.323 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 36.422 X2 Signalling Transport
Specification 36.423 X2 Protocol Specification
36.331 Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol 36.424 X2 Data Transport
Specification

Agenda
2 LTE Protocol

LTE Key Technology — OFDMA & SC-FDMA
• OFDM & OFDMA • DFT-S-OFDM & SC-FDMA
§ OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) § DFT-S-OFDM (Discrete Fourier Transform
is a modulation multiplexing technology, divides the Spread OFDM) is the modulation multiplexing
system bandwidth into orthogonal subcarriers. CP is technology used in the LTE uplink, which is
inserted between the OFDM symbols to avoid the ISI. similar with OFDM but can release the UE PA
limitation caused by high PAPR. Each user is
§ OFDMA is the multi-access technology related with assigned part of the system bandwidth.
OFDM, is used in the LTE downlink. OFDMA is the
combination of TDMA and FDMA essentially. § SC-FDMA（Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Accessing）is the multi-access
§ Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency due
technology related with DFT-S-OFDM.
to orthogonal subcarriers need no protect bandwidth.
Support frequency link auto adaptation and § Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency
scheduling. Easy to combine with MIMO. due to orthogonal user bandwidth need no
protect bandwidth. Low PAPR.
§ Disadvantage: Strict requirement of time-frequency
domain synchronization. High PAPR. § The subcarrier assignment scheme includes
Localized mode and Distributed mode.
System Bandwidth
Sub-carriers
System Bandwidth Sub-carriers
TTI: 1ms
TTI: 1ms
Frequency
Frequency
User 1
User 2
User 1
Time User 3
User 2
Sub-band：12Sub-carriers
Time User 3
Sub-band： 12Sub-carriers

OFDMA Benefits
CP resist ISI caused by multipath effect
GSM FDM Spectrum
OFDM system spectrum

Spectrum Efficiency Improvement
Frequency-selective scheduling &

Adaptive modulation and coding
Multi-element Multi-element
Transmitter Receiver
N M
eNB
UE
Easy to co-work with MIMO

Uplink SC-FDMA for PAR resistance
l Compared with single carrier system, OFDM will cause high peak-to-average ratio (PAR), which will
caused problem for the amplifier design and increase the UE implementation cost accordingly.
Ø The main difference between OFDMA and SC-FDMA is that the latter performs DFT before
performing IFFT for transmission, which can be taken as a time-domain precoding operation.

Comparing OFDM and SC-FDMA(QPSK example, M=4 subcarriers)
1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1 1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1
V V
CP
CP
Frequency 60 kHz Frequency

fc 15 kHz fc
OFDMA SC-FDMA
Data symbols occupy 15 kHz for Data symbols occupy M*15 kHz for
one OFDMA symbol period 1/M SC-FDMA symbol periods

LTE Key Technology — MIMO
• Downlink MIMO • Uplink MIMO
§ MIMO is supported in LTE downlink to achieve § Due to UE cost and power consumption, it is difficult to
spatial multiplexing, including single user mode SU- implement the UL multi transmission and relative
MIMO and multi user mode MU-MIMO. power supply. Virtual-MIMO, in which multi single
§ In order to improve MIMO performance, pre-coding is antenna UEs are associated to transmit in the MIMO
used in both SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO to mode. Virtual-MIMO is still under study.
control/reduce the interference among spatial § Scheduler assigns the same resource to multi users.
multiplexing data flows. Each user transmits data by single antenna. System
§ The spatial multiplexing data flows are scheduled to separates the data by the specific MIMO demodulation
one single user In SU-MIMO, to enhance the scheme.
transmission rate and spectrum efficiency. In MU- § MIMO gain and power gain (higher Tx power in the
MIMO, the data flows are scheduled to multi users same time-freq resource) can be achieved by Virtual-
and the resources are shared within users. Multi user MIMO. Interference of the multi user data can be
gain can be achieved by user scheduling in the controlled by the scheduler, which also bring multi user
spatial domain. gain.
Pre-coding vectors User1

User1
User 1 data
User 1 data
S1
User 1 data MIMO
User 2 data Decoder
User k data User2
Scheduler Pre-coder User2
User k data S2
User k
User k Scheduler
Channel Information Channel Information
MU-MIMO Virtual-MIMO

Transmit Diversity
Lay 0 Ant 0
s0 s2 s0 s 1 s 2 s3
Layer Mapping
Precoding
s 0 s 1 s2 s3
Lay 1 Ant 1
s1 s3 -s 1* s 0* -s 3* s 2*
2 Antenna Transmit Diversity (SFBC)
Layer Mapping
Precoding

2 Antenna MIMO

4 Antenna MIMO
W0
W1
Lay 0
s0 s2 W2 ∑ y0 y1 Ant 0
y0 = w0·s0 + w4·s1 + w8·s0 + w12·s1

W3 y1 = w0·s2 + w4·s3 + w8·s2 + w12·s3
s0 s1 s2 s3 W4
W5
Lay 1
s1 s3 W6 ∑ y0 y1 Ant 1
y0 = w1·s0 + w5·s1 + w9·s0 + w13·s1

W7 y1 = w1·s2 + w5·s3 + w9·s2 + w13·s3
Layer Mapping
W8
W9
Lay 2
s0 s2 W10 ∑ y0 y1 Ant 2
y0 = w2·s0 + w6·s1 + w10·s0 + w14·s1

W11 y1 = w2·s2 + w6·s3 + w10·s2 + w14·s3
s0 s1 s2 s3 W12
W13
Lay 3
s1 s3 W14 ∑ y0 y1 Ant 3
y0 = w3·s0 + w7·s1 + w11·s0 + w15·s1

W15 y1 = w3·s2 + w7·s3 + w11·s2 + w15·s3
4 Antenna Spatial Multiplexing (Two Codewords, Without CDD)

D-TxAA ( Double Transmit Antenna Array ) Scheme

MIMO Operation in LTE
Tx Diversity extends coverage Spatial Multiplexing boosts capacity
User1
S User 1 data
F User 1 data MIMO

User1
B User k data Decoder User2
codeword Mod
C
User k
Scheduler
Channel Information
UE1
Virtual-MIMO in UL
Layer 1, CW1, AMC1
Beamforming extends coverage MIMO

encoder
and layer UE2
mapping
Layer 2, CW2, AMC2
UE2 DL SU-MIMO
User1 Layer 1, CW1, AMC1
Beamforming
UE2
codeword Mod Precoding MIMO
Processing encoder
UE1
and layer
mapping UE1
Layer 2, CW2, AMC2
DL MU-MIMO

MIMO, the Key to Improve Cell Throughput
-- System Gain: 2X2 MIMO over SIMO
1x2 SIMO xx.xx%: Gain SIMO

MIMO
eNodeB UE 1 18.15%
Macro
Throughput (Mbps)
16.4 28.34% 15.12%
LLL
TTT 13.88
12.09 14.23
EEE
9.42 12.36
2x2 MIMO ISD:500m ISD:500m ISD:1732m

Speed:3km/h Speed:30km/h Speed:30km/h
eNodeB UE 1
xx.xx%: Gain SIMO
MIMO
46.94% 46.40%
35.18
34.15
Throughput (Mbps)
56.68%
26.87
Micro 24.03
23.24
17.15
In typical urban area:
15%~28% gain over SIMO @ Macro
~50% gain over SIMO @ Micro
Outdoor-to-Indoor Outdoor-to-Outdoor Outdoor-to-Outdoor
Speed: 3km/h Speed: 3km/h Speed: 30km/h

Adaptive Modulation and Coding
2 bits per symbol

in each carrier.
4 bits per symbol

in each carrier.
6 bits per symbol

in each carrier.

Adaptive MIMO Increasing Cell Throughput
Cell Center Cell Edge

Mobility Velocity (km/h)
Adaptive MIMO
Open Loop
Adjust MIMO mode according to
channel quality and user’s velocity
DL:OL-SM DL:SFBC
UL:MU-MIMO UL:Rx Diversity
Benefits:
Closed Loop Different MIMO modes fit different

scenarios
SFBC and CL Tx Diversity (rank=1)

DL:CL-SM DL:CL-Tx Diversity
UL:MU-MIMO UL:Rx Diversity increase link reliability and coverage
OL SM and CL-SM (rank=2)
increase throughput
10% gain in average cell throughput

over non-adaptive MIMO.
Channel Quality (SINR)

Cell Interference Control
ICIC（Inter-Cell Interference Coordination）
p ICIC is one solution for the cell interference control, is essentially a schedule strategy. In LTE, some
coordination schemes, like SFR (Soft Frequency Reuse) and FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse) can control
the interference in cell edges to enhance the frequency reuse factor and performance in the cell edges.
SFR Solution
p SFR is one effective solution of inter-cell interference control. The system bandwidth is separated into primary
band and secondary band with different transmit power.
The primary band is assigned to the users

in cell edge. The eNB transmit power of
the primary band can be high. Secondary Secondary
Secondary Band Band Band
Power Cell 2,4,6

Power Cell 1
2 Cell 2,4,6 Primary Band
Frequency
Frequency
Cell 1 Primary Band 7 3
Total System BW Secondary
1 Band
6 4
The total system bandwidth can be assigned to Power
the users in cell center. The eNB transmit power Cell 3,5,7
of the secondary band should be reduced in
5
order to avoid the interference to the primary Frequency
band of neighbor cells. Cell 3,5,7P Primary Band

Agenda
2 LTE Protocol

Technology comparison for features
UMTS (R99) HSPA HSPA+ LTE

OFDMA DL
Radio Access W-CDMA W-CDMA W-CDMA
SC-FDMA UL
Scalable from
Bandwidth 5 MHz 5 MHz 5MHz or 10MHz (DC)
1.4MHz to 20MHz
Modulation QPSK/16QAM/
QPSK QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
DL 64QAM
Modulation QPSK/16QAM/
BPSK QPSK QPSK/16QAM
UL 64QAM
Antenna
Rx Diversity Rx Diversity 2x2 MIMO 2x2 - 4X4 MIMO
Systems
Network NodeB + RNC
Node B + RNC Node B + RNC eNodeB to EPC
Structure Or eHSPA NodeB
Circuit & Packet Circuit & Packet PS but compatible to
Services Switched Switched CS
PS Only
ATM/ Mixed ATM & ATM/ Mixed ATM &

Transport IP IP
Option for All IP All IP

LTE vs. HSPA+ comparison summary (1/2)
R8 HSPA(+) LTE
Time To Market Commercial deployment by 2009 Commercial deployment by 2010
66+ operators commited ~59 operators commitments

Market / Operator
54% Mobile BB users by 2015 20% Mobile BB users by 2015
adoption
(HSPA&HSPA+)
Infrastructure commercial
2009 2009
date
1st commercial terminal 2009 2010
Smooth evolution based on Huawei Uni-BTS Smooth evolution based on Huawei Uni-BTS
Evolution from Legacy
and One Unified Core and One Unified Core
Backwards compatibility LTE commercial terminal are multi-mode

Inherent
& roaming with legacy GSM/UMTS/LTE allowing inter-RAT HO
IMT2000 (Technology Neutral) IMT2000 (Technology Neutral)

Frequency band Common trends for 850MHz, 900MHz, AWS, Common trends for DD, 1800MHz, AWS,
2.1GHz 2.1GHz, 2.6GHz
Frequency bandwidth 5MHz – 10MHz 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20MHz

LTE vs. HSPA+ comparison summary (2/2)
R8 HSPA(+) LTE
• 43 Mps DL/ 28 Mpbs UL in 5 MHz
• 42 Mps DL/ 11 Mpbs UL in 5 MHz
Peak rates • 86 Mbps DL / 57 Mbps UL in 10 MHz
• 84Mbps DL / 22Mbps UL in 10 MHz
• 173 Mbps DL / 115 Mbps UL in 20 MHz
Average throughput in a 5.8 Mbps DL MIMO 2X2 16QAM 7.8 Mbps DL MIMO 2X2 (5MHz-ISD 500m)
cell (5MHz-ISD 500m) (better OFDM orthogonality, less interference)
DL Throughput at cell 1 Mbps 5.8 Mbps

edge with 800 m ISD
multi cell – single user ( 2.1 GHz, 5 MHz, MIMO 2X2 16QAM) ( 2.6 GHz, 20 MHz, MIMO 2X2 64QAM)
Latency User plane: 40ms User plane: 13-20ms
Multi-carrier (5MHz stepping), Single carrier, linear scaling in bandwidth from

Scalability
Single User MIMO up to 2x2 1.4 to 20 MHz - Single user MIMO up to 4x4
Time dependent scheduling and frequency
Frequency AND Time dependent scheduling
Fading diversity gain vs less efficient spreading over
mitigates fading impact
carrier bandwidth (5MHz)
Soft frequency re-use
Interference
ICIC

Thank you
www.huawei.com

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LTE Basic Knowledge

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

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1 LTE Network Architecture

3 LTE Key Technology

4 Compsirson b/w LTE and UMTS

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• The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, The e-NodeBs are

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MME (Mobility Management Entity) hosts the

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1 LTE Network Architecture

3 LTE Key Technology

4 Compsirson b/w LTE and UMTS

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• Radio Frame Structures Supported by LTE：

FDDRadio Frame Structure

l Concept of Resource Block：

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1 Sub-frame, TTI: 1ms

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pseudo-random sequence transmits in the time-frequency

R4: RS transmitted in 4th ant port

Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1 Antenna Port 2 Antenna Port 3

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associated with PUSCH and PUCCH transmission. Time

Caution：The SRS mapping will be difference in many Time

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Caution: 170 Cell ID groups are defined in the earlier

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Uplink Power Control:

p PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH and Sounding RS can be controlled

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User-plane protocol stack