OSCILLOSCOPE

1. Definition
Oscilloscope is an instrument which fuction to show form of electric signal with intepreted
on a voltage- time graph. A graph (trace) s drawn by radiation of electron collide the
phosphor speciment from the slide and it make light radiation. The oscilloscope (or simply,
“scope”) consists of a display tube on which one can trace the waveform. An electron beam
which is generated by electron gun accelerate toward the part of the display and is deflected
by electric fields, writes figures on the fluorescent screen.
There are two kinds of oscilloscope like analog and digital osciloscope. There are two
types of scopes, the analog and the digital ones. Digital scopes have more features than the
analog scopes. Digital scopes can process the signal and measure its amplitude, frequency,
period, rise and fall time.
Analog oscilloscopes work somewhat differently than digital oscilloscopes. However,
several of the internal systems are similar. Analog oscilloscopes are somewhat simpler in
concept and are described first, followed by a description of digital oscilloscopes.

Figure 1. Analog Oscilloscope Block Diagram.

 Some of the systems that make up digital oscilloscopes are the same as those in analog
oscilloscopes; however, digital oscilloscopes contain additional data processing systems.
With the added systems, the digital oscilloscope collects data for the entire waveform and
then displays it.

Figure 2. Digital Oscilloscope Block Diagram.

2. Specification

As we know there are two kinds of oscllioscope and many types of oscilloscope, so for
specification we just only give one example of the specification of of digital oscilloscope. For
example is oscilloscope type V-212.

Specification:

 DC-20MHz ,
 Dual channel/dual tracing, X-Y mode,
 6" display, genuine Japanese Toshiba oscilloscope tube,
 High sensitivity triggering, up to 1mV/divison,
 TV synchronous separation circuit to observe stable TV signal.
Table 1. Specification Of Oscilloscope

Description Model V-212 20MHz

6" screen with internal division
Screen
lines: 8x10 divisions(1 division=1CM)
Accelerating voltage +1.9kv
Phosphor powder P43 standard
CRT
Focus Adjustable
Trace rotation Adjustable
Brightness control Adjustable
CH1, CH2,
Basic function Mode
superposition, alternation, intermittent
5mV/div to 5V/div:
10 ranges, continuous adjustment
according to 1-2-5 scale at a ratio to
Deflection factor
1:2.5.
(For 5 times. 1mV/div to 1V/div for 10
ranges)
Accuracy Normal: +/-3% Amplification: +/-5%
Vertical
deflection Input resistance 1MΩ
Max. Input voltage 250V (DC+AC peak value)
Input coupling DC- grounding -AC
Rise time ≤17.5ns
Polar reaction Only CH2
Display mode 1, 10, X-Y
0.2us/div to 0.2s/div:
Time base 9 ranges, continuous adjustment between
Horizontal ranges at a ratio of not less than 1:2.5
reflection
Scan expansion
x10
width
Accuracy 3%
Mode Auto, NORM, TV-V, TV-H
Trigger source VERT, CH1, LINE, EXT
Trigger system 20Hz-20MHz(VERT)
Sensitivity
AUTO
and INT 0.5div
NORM
frequency
EXT 0.5Vp-p
 Range TV-H Over 1 or 1.0Vp-p
External triggering
1MΩ
input resistance
Max. Input voltage 250V(DC+AC peak value)

X-Y operation X-Y phase Less than 3 (DC-50KHz)

Voltage range 220V/110V +/-10%

Power supply
Fuse 0.5A/1A
Frequency 50Hz/60Hz

Dimensions 310(W) x 130(H) x 370(D)mm

Appearance
Weight 6kg

Nominal operation temperature: +10ºC to

Temperature 35ºC
Environment
requirement
Max. operation temperature: 0ºC to 40ºC
Nominal operation range: 45%-85%RH
Humidity
Max. Operation range: 35%-85%RH
3. Part and Function

The Digitizing Oscilloscope

Figure 3. Reviewe The Front Panel of Osciloscope.

Figure 4. Reviewe The Rear Panel of Osciloscope.

Figure 5. Part of Digital Oscilloscope.

Figure 6. Horizontal Controls.

Figure 7. Vertical Controls.

Figure 8. Trigger Controls.

4. Oscilloscope Operation (X vs Y mode)
An oscilloscope can be used to measure voltage. It does this by measuring the voltage
drop across a resistor and in the process draws a small current. The voltage drop is amplified
and used to deflect an electron beam in either the X (horizontal) or Y (vertical) axis using an
electric field. The electron beam creates a bright dot on the face of the Cathode Ray Tube
(CRT) where it hits the phosphorous. The deflection, due to an applied voltage, can be
measured with the aid of the calibrated lines on the graticule.

5. Oscilloscope Input
The input of the oscilloscope can usually be modelled as a resistance and a parallel
capacitance. The resistance is usually 1M6 but it and the capacitance can vary greatly. The
total or effective capacitance includes the oscilloscope circuitry (approx. 30 pF), cables
(approx. 30 pF/m) and stray capacitance. The resistance will draw current from the circuit
while the capacitance will add an RC time constant with its associated time delay, frequency
response and distortion of some waveforms. The common connection (black lead or shield) at
the input of the oscilloscope goes to the metal case as the symbol by the input connector
shows. Because of this, the common input can only be connected to a 0V point in the circuit.
Frequency response is calculated or measured by applying a pure sinusoidal waveform to a
circuit. The circuit response is the output voltage divided by the input voltage. A complex
number that can also be expressed as a magnitude (gain) and phase.

6. Oscilloscope Operation (Voltage vs Time)

The main function of an oscilloscope is to show voltage vs time. This is done by applying
a ramp (or sawtooth) waveform into the X-axis amplifier as shown in figure 5. During the
rising edge of the ramp, the electron beam scans across the screen. When the voltage drops
back to 0V, the beam is turned off and quickly goes back to its starting point. This is signified
by a thick line when the beam is on and a thin one when it is off (blanked). To obtain a stable
picture on the CRT screen, the ramp waveform has to be in phase with the signal that you
want to observe. This is done with a triggering circuit. The triggering circuit allows the
oscilloscope to draw repeatedly the same waveform over and over by identifying the same
point on a repetitive waveform.
The triggering circuit allows you to select a voltage (an analog value) and an edge or
slope (positive or negative) for the triggering circuit to compare to the input waveform.
When the two are equal, the circuit puts out a pulse. This pulse triggers the ramp waveform
generator to do one cycle of its rising and falling edges. Once the ramp has started a cycle of
increasing voltage, it can not be retriggered until it has completed the full ramp and returned
to 0V.
Time measurements are done the same way as voltage measurements. As long as the
timebase is calibrated you multiply the number of divisions by the number of seconds per
division to get the total time difference. Phase measurements are done by comparing the
measured time to the period of the waveform.