ORDERED GROUPS

V. M. Kopytov UDC 512.545

In the paper "Ordered groups" there is given a survey of papers on ordered groups, reviewed
in RZh Mathematika in 1975-1980.

Starting in 1963 there occurred a qualitative jump in the theory of ordered groups, evoked by the inten-
sive investigation of linerarly ordered (l. o. ) groups and the development of the theory of groups of automor-
phisms of I.o. sets. As a result many sections of the theory of lattice ordered groups (l-groups) acquired
an orderly and organized form, and profound classificationalresults were obtained in them. A natural con-
sequence of this was the appearance in the recent past of several monographs on the theory of ordered groups,
in particular, the books of Kokorin and Kopytov [26] (English translation [154]), Mura and Rhemtulla [182],
Bigard, Keimel, and Wolfenstein [78].

The present survey is written on the materials of the Ref. Zh. "Matematika," mainly for the years
1975-1980, and reflects practically all directions of development of the theory of ordered groups with some
accent on linearly and lattice ordered groups, which is explained by the intensivity and diversity of the inves-
tigations in these domains. In the survey there are included some results reviewed in the years 1970-1974
and not reflected in previous surveys of the collection "Algebra. Topology. Geometry" of the annual 'Itogi
Nauki i Tekhniki" [12, 13] or the book [26].

i. Linearly Ordered Groups

Investigations on 1. o. groups were carried out mainly in the directions designated at the end of the six-
ties and formulated in [26]. The main progress in these directions was made for solvable groups.
Tests for Orderability and Description of Linear Orders on Groups. An element x ~ e of the group G is
called generalized periodic if there exist gl . . . . . gn~G such that x- g1-1xgl . . . gnlXgn ~ G. Bludov [4] constructed
an example of an unorderable group without generalized periodic elements. An example of a solvable group
with this property was constructed by Mura and Rhemtulla [179]. They also proved that a solvable group of
finite rank without generalized periodic elements has linear orders. Kopytovfound in [29] a test for order-
ability of solvable groups of finite rank in terms of irreducible integral polynomials. Rhemtulla [204] proved
that if a group can be approximated by finite p-groups for an infinite set of primes p, then it admits linear
orders. This result was improved by Kopytov and Medvedev [33]. Namely, such a group admits a linear or-
der in which the system of its convex subgroups is central. The latter result allowed them to get by one
method a series of facts known earlier about groups, approximable by finite p-groups.
Bludov [6] gave a new example of a group admitting a unique linear order. Kopytov[29] proved that if
the number of ordered solvable groups is finite, then it is a multiple of 4. For any k > 1 there exists a sol-
vable group, admitting precisely 4k linear orders. Pilz [191] characterized all linear orders of the direct
pro}luct of linearly ordered groups.
Systems of Convex Subgroups in L. O. Groups. NIedvedev studied in [38] orderable groups which have
only a finite number of relatively convex groups. Each such finitely generated group has nilpotent commutator
subgroup, whose quotient-group with respect to the isolator is infinite cyclic, and the rank of such a group is
finite. Mura and Rhemtulla [180] proved that each orderable group with a finite number of relatively convex
subgroups and each of its quotient-groups being a torsion-free group, is hyperorderable. Kop3~ov[29] proved
that each solvable [. o. group has a proper normal convex subgroup. He constructs an example of a locally
solvable O-simple i.o. group.
It is well known that in i. o. groups there holds identicallythe inequality J[x, y]I - ixt. lyJ, and the ine-
quality I ix, y] i -< Jxl does not always hold. Kopytovand Medvedev [33] studied I.o. groups for which the latter

Translated from Itogi Nauki i Tekhniki, Seriya Algebra, Topologiya, Geometriya, Vol. 19, pp. 3-29,
1981.

0090-4104/83/2306-262757.50 9 1983 Plenum Publishing C o r p o r a t i o n 2627

inequality holds identically. Such groups are called rigid I.o. groups. A I.o. group is rigid if and only [f
the system of its convex subgroups is central. In the language of normal subgroups conditions are found for
the existence on a group of a rigid linear order.
Imbedding and Extension. Bludovand Medvedev [9] proved that any orderable metabelian group can be
imbedded in a metabelian orderable group in which the equation xn = a is solvable for any element a. Fox in
[108, 109] proved that for any Abelian normal subgroup A of the I.o. group G there exists an ordered imbed-
ding q~ofthe l9o. group G in a i.o. group G* such that the equation xn = q~(a) is solvable in G* for all a eA and
integral n. If G is hyperorderable, then G* is also hyperorderable. In the supplement [109] Fox established
that if G is contained in the manifold ~ of groups, then G* can also be chosen in ~.
Elliott [104] showed that any countable Abelian I.o. group is an inductive limit of a sequence z r l ~-~Izr2q)2
9 of direct products Zr i of cyclic i.o. groups with coordinatewise order, while all the maps ~i are ordered
imbeddings.
Mura and Rhemtulla proved in [183] that if A is a normal subgroup of a free nonabelian group F, V is a
completely characteristic subgroup of A such that A/V is orderable, F/A is right orderable and has an infrain-
variant system of subgroups with factors from the manifold of groups generated by A/V, then F/V is order-
able. Chehata and Wiegandt [93] constructed a theory of radicals in i . o . groups, analogous to the K u r o s h -
Amitsur theory for rings. They introduced the concepts of radical and semisimple class of I.o. groups and
studied properties of such classes. The class 9~ is radical if and only if 9~ is closed with respect to O-homo-
morphisms and transfinite extensions. The class 9~ is semisimple i f ~ i s closed with respect to taking normal
convex subgroups and transfinite coextensions. There exist radical classes which are simultaneously semi-
simple.
Properties of L. O. Sets of L. O. Groups. Koppelberg [156] proved that a l.o. group, whose l.o. set
is complete and any set of pairwise disjoint nonempty intervals is countable, is separable. Ermolov [19] e s -
tablished that for any countable I.o. group G and any of its normal subgroups H one can find a countable
Abelian group G*, a subgroup H* of it, and a one-for-one map q~:Gof G onto G* such that ~(H) = H* and q~
induces a map of G/H onto G*/H*, where the systems of convex subgroups of G and G~ have the same order
type. Goffman [121] analyzed the relation between the concepts of order and topological completeness on the
class of i.o. groups9 In [155] there were considered elementary properties of Abelian I.o. groups, and the
decidabilityof the theories of certain concrete classes of Abelian I.o. groups was proved.

Right Ordered Groups. Mura and Rhemtulla [181] considered the following subclasses of the class RO
of right orderable groups: Cl consists of groups whose system of convex subgroups is solvable for any right
order; C2 consists of groups any subgroup of which is a C1-groupi C3 consists of groups G such that for any
two elements x, y one can find u, v from the subgroup generated by the elements x, y, such that ux = vy.
Then ROD CI D C2 D C3nRO, while all the inclusions are strict. Any locally solvable C3-group is locally an
extension of a nilpotent group by a finitegroup. A finitely generated solvable orderable C3-grou p is nilpotent.
Mura [177] constructed an example of a polycyclic right-ordered group, whose system of convex sub-
groups is not subnormal. Ault [68, 69] proved that for a locally nilpotent right-ordered group the system of
convex subgroups is solvable. Rhemtulla [203] established that if the group G is finitely generated, the quo-
tient group by its commutator subgroup G' is finite and G' has nilpotent subgroup of finite index, then G does
not admit right orders 9 Each partial right order of a torsion-free nilpotent group extends to a linear right
order. An analogous result was also obtained by Formanek [107]. Solvable groups for which each partial
r i g h t o r d e r e x t e n d s t o a l i n e a r r i g h t o r d e r w e r e s t u d i e d by P i e r c e [189].

2. Lattice Ordered Groups

P r o p e r t i e s of L a t t i c e s o f / - G r o u p s . C o m p l e t e l y d i s t r i b u t i v e l - g r o u p s w e r e s t u d i e d by J a k u b i k [135].
F o r c a r d i n a l n u m b e r s a , fl the / - g r o u p G is c a l l e d ( a , f l ) - d i s t r i b u t i v e if f o r a n y s e t s of i n d i c e s T , S s u c h t h a t
ITI~-(~, ISI--fl the equation A Vxt~= ~/ /k x,~(o h o l d s f o r a n y s e t s { x t s l t ~ T , s ~ S , Xts~G}, f o r w h i c h a t
tEr s~s ~.s r f~r
l e a s t one of t h e t e r m s of t h i s e q u a t i o n is d e f i n e d . It is p r o v e d t h a t any ( ( ~ 2 ) - d i s t r i b u t i v e / - g r o u p is ( a , ( ~ ) - d i s -
s t r i b u t i v e . R e d f i l d [199, 200] i n t r o d u c e d t h e c o n c e p t o f A r c h i m e d e a n e l e m e n t , i . e . , an e l e m e n t a of t h e l -
g r o u p G , s u c h t h a t a > e , and f o r any g EG, e < g < a , one c a n find a n a t u r a l n u m b e r n, for w h i c h gn ~: a . T h e
s u b g r o u p A(G) of t h e l - g r o u p G , g e n e r a t e d b y a l l A r c h i m e d e a n e l e m e n t s of G , is the l a r g e s t A r c h i m e d e a n c o n -
v e x l - s u b g r o u p of G. If G is an / - g r o u p in which e a c h e l e m e n t e x c e e d s s o m e A r c h i m e d e a n e l e m e n t , t h e n G is
c o m p l e t e l y d i s t r i b u t i v e if and o n l y if it h a s a b a s i s .

2628
 An element s of the / - g r o u p G is called singular if s -> e and for any decomposition s = uv, where u >- e,
v >_ e, one has uA v = e. Lattice o r d e r e d groups in which each positive element exceeds some singular one,
are cailed singular. Wolfenstein [222, 223] c h a r a c t e r i z e d singular complete, singular Archimedean, and sin-
gular h y p e r a r c h i m e d e a n (i. e . , those l - g r o u p s each l - h o m o m o r p h i c image of which is Archimedean) t - g r o u p s .
This c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n is given in t e r m s of r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of 1-groups by continuous functions, defined on a
suitable locally c o m p a c t c o m p l e t e l y disconnected set with values in the topological completion Z of the 1. o.
group Z of integers in the topology induced by the o r d e r . Martinez [163] proved that any sequence a 1 > . . . >
a n > . . . > e of elements of the l - g r o u p G such that a n _> a2n+l, t e r m i n a t e s if and only if G is the union of an in-
c r e a s i n g sequence of l - i d e a l s Ga, where for any (~, G a + l / G a is generated by its singular elements. If in
addition G is h y p e r a r c h i m e d e a n , then any l. o. l - h o m o m o r p h i c image of G is cyclic.
B e r m a n [73] proved that for any / - g r o u p G the semigroup of automorphisms f of the lattice G, for which
f(x) - x for any x e G , is t r a n s i t i v e . F r a n c h e l l o [112] established that the sublattice L of the l - f r e e product of
l - g r o u p s G a , generated by the free f a c t o r s , is the free product (in the c a t e g o r y of distributive lattices with
distinguished element e) of the lattices G a .
Systems of Subgroups in l--Groups. Jakubikova proved in [146] that the lattice of all / - s u b g r o u p s of the
l - g r o u p G is distributive if and only if G is an Abelian l.o. group of r a n k 1.
We r e c a l l that the l - g r o u p G is called an l - g r o u p with subnormal jumps (or an l - g r o u p with normal values),
if for any g EG, g r e, any jump Cg < Cg of convex l - s u b g r o u p s of G, defined by an element g, is subnormal,
i. e . , C g is an l - i d e a l in Cg. The quotient group ~ / C g in this case is an Archimedean 1. o. group. Each quo-
tient Cg/Cg is called a component of G. If each component of the l - g r o u p G is isomorphic with the group of in-
t e g e r s , then G is called g e n e r a l i z e d d i s c r e t e . Mott [176] proved that any Abelian generalized d i s c r e t e / - g r o u p
can be approximated by g e n e r a l i z e d d i s c r e t e Abelian l.o. groups. A countable generalized d i s c r e t e Abelian
1-group is i s o m o r p h i c with an l - s u b g r o u p of the lexicographic product of 1. o. groups of integers. Conrad and
M o n t g o m e r y [100] established that the c l a s s e s of / - g r o u p s with components of r a n k 1 and generalized d i s c r e t e
l - g r o u p s a r e closed with r e s p e c t to l - h o m o m o r p h i s m s , taking convex / - s u b g r o u p s and direct / - p r o d u c t s . In
an A r c h i m e d e a n singular / - g r o u p each 1. o. subgroup is cyclic. Jakubik [136] proved that the c o n v e r s e is false,
but i f G is a c o m p l e t e / - g r o u p and each of its 1.o. subgroups is cyclic, then G is singular. G. Ya. Rotkovich
[57] established that in an r - c o m p l e t e l - g r o u p all 1. o. subgroups are cyclic if and only if there are no elements
a in it such that for any g, e < g < a, the equation x 2 = g is solvable.
Decomposition of l - G r o u p s into a C a r t e s i a n l - P r o d u c t . We r e c a l l that by the Cartesian l - p r o d u c t l-[t G~
~Ez
of the l - g r o u p s Gc~, a e I , is meant the / - g r o u p G of all functions f:I-+ a@I
U G~ such that f(oz)eG~, with the o p e r a -

tions: (f g) (o:)=f (c~)g (o:), (fVg)(cz)=f(cz)Vg(a), (fAg)(o:)=f(a)Ag(a). By the direct / - p r o d u c t l-It G: is

meant the l - s u b g r o u p of G, consisting of those f ~G such that f(a) ~ e only for a finite number of o~. Jakubik
proved in [133] that if the l - g r o u p G is the C a r t e s i a n / - p r o d u c t of 1. o. groups G a , a ~I, and not m o r e than one
factor is n o n a r c h i m e d e a n , then any of its l - s u b g r o u p s is a C a r t e s i a n l - p r o d u c t of 1. o. groups.
One says that the l - g r o u p G has the splitting p r o p e r t y if G is distinguished as an l - d i r e c t factor in any
l - ~ r o u p H, containing G as an / - i d e a l . Jakubik [131] studied the splitting p r o p e r t y for Archimedean, complete,
singular A r c h i m e d e a n , and for orthocomplete l - g r o u p s . Andersen, Conrad, and Kenny [67] considered the
connection between the splitting p r o p e r t y and essential extensions of l - g r o u p s . A lattice o r d e r e d group H,
GC.H, is called an essential extension of the l - g r o u p G is for each convex l - s u b g r o u p A, A ~ E, of the l - g r o u p
H one has G,QA ~ E. An l - g r o u p which does not have p r o p e r essential extensions is called an essentially
closed l - g r o u p . E a r l i e r Conrad proved that any Archimedean l - g r o u p has a unique up to / - i s o m o r p h i s m e s -
sential c l o s u r e . In [67] it is proved that an A r c h i m e d e a n l - g r o u p G has the splitting p r o p e r t y if and only if
G coincides with any of its essential A r c h i m e d e a n extensions in which it is an l - i d e a l . Any essentially closed
A r c h i m e d e a n l - g r o u p has the splitting property.

We r e c a l l that by the polar X • of the set X of the l - g r o u p G is meant the set of all elements of G, o r t h o g -
onal to each element of X. Any polar of an l - g r o u p is a convex l - s u b g r o u p of it. A lattice o r d e r e d group G
is called a P - g r o u p (SP-group), if each of its polars (the polar of any element g ~ e) is an l - d i r e c t factor of G.
If H is an essential extension of the l - g r o u p G and H is a P - g r o u p (SP-group), where no proper l - s u b g r o u p of
H containing G is a P - g r o u p (SP-group), then H is called the P-hull (SP-hull) of G. We r e c a l l that the l - g r o u p
G is called O-approximable (or r e p r e s e n t a b l e ) , if G is isomorphic with an t - s u b g r o u p of the Cartesian l - p r o -
duct of 1. o. groups. Bleier [79] proved that the 1-group G has a P (or SP)-hull if and only if G is O - a p p r o x i m -
able, while these hulls are unique. The S P - g r o u p s were also studied by Jakubik [137].

2629
 F l e i s c h e r [106] considered decomposition into a C a r t e s i a n / - p r o d u c t o f / - g r o u p s with o p e r a t o r s . Miller
[173] studied / - d i r e c t factors in / - g r o u p s . Jakubikova [147] c o n s i d e r e d / - g r o u p s G, in which each / - d i r e c t
factor is isomorphic with G, a n d / - g r o u p s in which this p r o p e r t y fails. Conrad [96] proved that a vector lat-
tice G of countable dimension over an 1. o. field under c e r t a i n assumptions can be approximated by o r d e r
simple 1. o. s p a c e s . In [98] there were considered essential extensions and a u t o m o r p h i s m s of vector lattices.
Orthogonally Complete / - G r o u p s . Various versions of the concept of orthogonatly complete were con-
sidered in s e v e r a l papers. The most natural definition of an orthogonally complete l - g r o u p was given by B e r -
nau first for P - g r o u p s , and later extended to a r b i t r a r y l - g r o u p s . Reducing the account to a unified t e r m i n o -
logy, we shall call an l - g r o u p orthocomplete if each set of positive pairwise orthogonal elements of G has in G
a least upper bound. Bernau [74, 75] proved that for any l - g r o u p G t h e r e exist a unique up to l - i s o m o r p h i s m
orthocomplete / - g r o u p H and l - i s o m o r p h i s m ~ :G - - H , such that ~(G) is dense in H and between ~p(G) and H
t h e r e a r e no orthocomplete I - s u b g r o u p s . In this case H is called the orthocompletion of G. For O - a p p r o x i m -
able / - g r o u p s , Bleier [80] gave another construction of the orthocvmpletion. Bernau [74] proved that for
Archimedean l - g r o u p s the operations of orthocompletion and Dedekind completion a r e interchangeable. J a k u -
bik [132] established that if G is orthocomplete and any of its countable bounded subsets has a least upper bound
in G, then G is complete, i . e . , any bounded subset of G has .a least upper bound in G. An analogous r e s u l t was
obtained by Rotkovich [54]. In [55] it is proved that in Archimedean l - g r o u p s , from the existence in G of a least
upper bound of any bounded set of pairwise orthogonal positive elements follows the orthocompleteness of G.
For other connections between the concepts of c o m p l e t e n e s s , conditional c o m p l e t e n e s s , o r t h o c o m p l e t e n e s s , and
A r c h i m e d e a n n e s s , cf. [53, 56, 141].
Complete l - G r o u p s . Imbeddings. It is well known that any c o m p l e t e / - g r o u p is Archimedean. A sub-
group H of the l - g r o u p G is called closed if for any subset M of H such that in G t h e r e exists a least upper
hound SuPGM, t h e r e also exists SUPHM, while SuPGM = SUpHM. Jakubikova [148, 149] introduced the concept
of a generating set in a complete l - g r o u p G, i . e . , a subset X such that the closed convex l - s u b g r o u p of G
generated by the set X coincides with G. She studied questions of existence and p r o p e r t i e s of free objects with
two g e n e r a t o r s in the c l a s s e s of complete, complete singular, complete without singular elements, complete
orthocomplete, and complete completely distributive l - g r o u p s .
In [113] under c e r t a i n assumptions there was given a decomposition of a complete l - g r o u p into a product
of convex l - s u b g r o u p s of special f o r m .
Jakubik [132, 140] g e n e r a l i z e d the concept of Dedekind completion D(A), familiar for Archimedean l -
groups A, to the case of an a r b i t r a r y / - g r o u p . He proved the existence in a n y / - g r o u p G of a l a r g e s t A r c h i -
medean convex l - s u b g r o u p A(G), which he calls the A r c h i m e d e a n kernel of G. By the g e n e r a l i z e d Dedekind
completion Di(G) of the / - g r o u p G is meant an / - g r o u p such that: 1) G is an / - s u b g r o u p of Di(G); 2) D(A(G))
is an / - i d e a l in DI(G); 3) if x~G and X is a nonempty subset of xA(G), bounded in xA(G), then there exists
x0~Di(G ) such that x0 = SupX; 4) for any k0~Dl(G) there exists xeG and XC_xA(G) such that x 0 = SupX. The e x i s -
tence and uniqueness of DI(G) is proved for an a r b i t r a r y / - g r o u p G. If A(G) is closed in G, then D(A(G)) is
closed in DI(G). Let ~ be any of the c l a s s e s o f / - g r o u p s : A r c h i m e d e a n , O-approximable, Abelian divisible. If
G ~ , then D I ( G ) ~ . In [142] it is established that DI([IIGa) ~ iIlDl(Ga). In [141] it is proved that the c l a s s e s
of S P - g r o u p s and conditionally orthogonally complete l - g r o u p s a r e closed with r e s p e c t to taking generalized
Dedekind completions. The connection between higher degrees of distributivity for G and DI(G) is studied. In
[139, 142] Jakubik introduced and studied the concept of maximal Dedekind completion and c o m p a r e d it with
the concept of g e n e r a l i z e d Dedekind completion. Koldunov [27] considered the connection between Dedekind
and O-completions of A r c h i m e d e a n / - g r o u p s .
If in the l - g r o u p G the l - s u b g r o u p H is such that the map X -- Xf]H is a o n e - t o - o n e mapping of the set of
closed convex / - s u b g r o u p s of G onto the set of closed (in H) convex / - s u b g r o u p s of H, then G is called an ot*-
extension of H. G is called ~ * - c l o s e d if i t d o e s not have p r o p e r ~ * - e x t e n s i o n s .
In [119] the existence was proved ofol * - c l o s u r e s for completely distributive, and in [70] for a r b i t r a r y
/ - g r o u p s . 5 * - c l o s u r e s of l - g r o u p s were also studied in [82]. Bludov [5] constructed an example of an A r c h i -
medean complete (i. e . , not having p r o p e r linearly o r d e r e d essential extensions) 1. o. group, not all the factors
of jumps of convex subgroups of which a r e isomorphic with the additive group of r e a l numbers in the natural
o r d e r . E s s e n t i a l extensions o f / - g r o u p s were also studied by Kenny [151], Loonstra [159]. Conrad [94] consid-
ered imbeddings of an Abelian l - g r o u p G in the group V(A) of all r e a l - v a l u e d functions, defined on the root
s y s t e m A, and such that for any fEV(A) the set of those o eA such that f(o~) ;~ 0, satisfies the condition of m a x i -
mality. Other types of imbeddings, s i m i l a r to those listed, were considered in [209, 90, 11, 187].

2630
 By an amalgam (GI, G2, H, al, 0"2} is meant a collection of/-groups Gi, G2, H, and l-isomorphisms
~i:H~Gi (i = i , 2). One says that the class 3 of l-groups has the property of amalgamability, if for any
amalgam <GI, G2, H, o~i, (I2}, GI, G 2 ~ , there exists anl-group KE~and l-isomorphisms ~i:Gi ~ K such
that alq~i = ~2r Pierce [188, 190] proved that the class of all /-groups does'not have the property of amal-
gamability, and gave some classes of /-groups, having this property. With the help of imbedding an amalgam
of l-groups in an /-group, he reproved that any l-group can be imbedded in a divisible/-group and in an l -
group in which any two positive elements are conjugate. Glass [116] considered manifolds ~ of /-groups with
the property HNN: for any l-group G e ~ and any pair of isomorphic /-subgroups A, B in G, one can find an
/-group HE ~, containing G as an l-subgroup and such that A and B are conjugate in H. It turns out that any
amalgam of l-groups from a manifold ~l of l-groups with the property HNN can be imbedded in an l-group
from ~.
~:~anifolds of/-Groups. In correspondence with the general theory of algebraic systems, the class },
of all l-groups is a manifold of signature l=<., e, -', V, A >. By a manifold of l-groups (an t-manifold)
is meant any submanifold of the manifold ~, i . e . , any class consisting of all l-groups satisfying some collec-
tion of identities of signature I. Althoughisolated results on l-manifolds appeared even earlier, the inten-
sive study of identical relations in/-groups began about 1975. Martinez [160] considered a series of questions
of the general theory of manifolds of l-groups, established the sLmplest properties of operations on the set of
l-manifolds and similar classes of l-groups. Bernau [76] proved the closedness of each l-manifold with re-
spect to orthocompletion.
A very important role in the theory of l-manifolds is played by the class ~ of all l-groups with sub-
normal jumps. Wolfenstein [221] proved that ~, is defined in ~, by the identity ]xl" ]y] Aly219}x2] = Ixl" ly{.
Already in 1959 P. G. Kontorovich and K. M. Kutyevestablished that the class of O-approximable l-groups
is also an l-manifold and is defined by the identity (x A Y-'x-ly) ~/e=e. It was also known long ago that the
class of all l-groups G for which any convex l-subgroup is an l-ideal and for any jump A-(.B of l-ideals one
has [B, G] c A, is defined by the identity ]ix, l y]-l] IV] yl = ]y]. Such l-groups we call rigid l-groups. Kopy-
toy [30] proved that any locally nilpotent 1-group is O-approximable, and moreover a rigid l-group. Any
lattice order of a locally nilpotent group is the intersection of linear orders.
In [28, 31] there is given a method of construction of rigid/-groups from ordered Lie algebras.
Lattice of l-Manifolds. The set of all l-manifolds is a complete distributive lattice with respect to the
natural operations of union and intersection, which follows immediately from the results of G. Birkhoff in the
1940s. Kopytovand Medvedev [34] established that the lattice of all l-manifolds has the cardinality of the con-
tinuum and is not completely distributive.
In [125] it was proved that the l-manifold ~, of l--groups with subnormal jumps is the largest proper sub-
manifold of the manifold of all /-groups. In [208] there was given an infinite series of l-manifolds @p, cover-
ing the smallest l-manifold~iz of all Abelian /-groups. None of the manifolds @~lies in the manifold :~ of O-ap-
proximable /-groups. Medvedev[39] constructed three more /-manifolds $~ (i = 1, 2, 3), covering the mani-
fold ~z and proved that any l-manifold ~z, containing at least one solvable nonabelian i.o. group, contains
one of the manifolds ~ (i = 1, 2, 3). In [34] it is proved that there exists an l-manifold, not generated by a
finitely generated l-group.
Tree /-Groups. The study of free /-groups, started at the end of the 1960s, continued in several direc-
tions. Kopytov[32] got the following description of free l-groups of arbitrary l-manifolds, analogous to the
Conrad-Weinberg description of free Abelian /-groups and the Conrad description of l-groups, free in ~. Let
~i be an arbitrary l-manifold,~ (~i) be the class of groups, imbeddable as subgroups in an l-group from ~l 9
It turns out that~ (~l)is a quasimanifold of groups. Let T0 be a free group of ~ (~) with basis X = {xl, x2. . . . }.
By T0a we denote the group F0 provided with the right order P~, and by Na the smallest convex subgroup of
T0o~ such that A~ ~ i , where A~ is the l-group generated by the right re_gular representation of F0~ by auto-
morphismsof the i.o. set ~v~ (/:a 0 ) of right cosets of T0e by N~. By F we denote the Cartesian l-product
of all A(~, when P~ runs through the set of all right orders of F0. Let F be the l-subgroup of T, generated
by the elements zi : -xi(c~) = Ra (xi), where Ra (xi) is the right translation of the set ~,v~(F~), induced by the
element xi, i . e . , Re(xi)(N~y) =N~yxi. It is proved that T i s an l-group which is free in ~ l , ~ ={xl, x2,-..}
is a free basis of T. If T0 is a free group of countable rank, then there exists a right order m on F0 such that
the l -subgroup of the /-group of automorphisms of the I.o. set <T0, -< }, generated by the right translations of
F0, is a free l-group. There is described in detail the analogous representation of free ~ also in the l-mani-
fold of rigid l-groups.

2631
 In [81] it is proved that a free Abelian l - g r o u p is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y simple. A free l - g r o u p cannot con-
tain an uncountable set of pairwise orthogonal elements. Free Abelian l - g r o u p s over distributive lattices were
considered by Arkhipova [2, 3].
Torsion C l a s s e s . Radical C l a s s e s . ~,~artinez [162] called a torsion class a class ~ of l - g r o u p s , closed
with r e s p e c t to l - h o m o m o r p h i s m s , taking / - s u b g r o u p s , and such that in any / - g r o u p G there is contained a
convex / - s u b g r o u p ~(G),belonging to R and containing all c o n v e x / - s u b g r o u p s of G from the c l a s s ~. ~(G) is
called the A - r a d i c a l of G. The question of the possibility of r e c o n s t r u c t i n g the torsion class from the ~ - r a d i -
cal was solved positively by Jakubik [138]. The set of all torsion c l a s s e s f o r m s a complete B r a u e r lattice
(Martinez [164]). A t o r s i o n class is called complete is it is closed with r e s p e c t to extensions. Holland and
Martinez [128] proved that complete and c e r t a i n other torsion c l a s s e s a r e j o i n - i r r e d u c i b l e .
Holland [127] proved that a n y / - m a n i f o l d is a torsion class. The following c l a s s e s a r e t o r s i o n c l a s s e s :
h y p e r a r c h i m e d e a n l - g r o u p s [161, 95], the c l a s s e s of all C a r t e s i a n l - p r o d u c t s of 1. o. g r o u p s , Abelian 1. o.
g r o u p s , 1. o. groups of integers. A large number of other torsion c l a s s e s and relations among them are given
in C o n r a d ' s s u r v e y [99] and in [134, 144, 165].
The class of A r c h i m e d e a n l - g r o u p s is not closed with r e s p e c t to l - h o m o m o r p h i s m s and hence is not a
torsion c l a s s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , in any / - g r o u p G there exists an Archimedean kernel A(G), containing all A r c h i -
medean c o n v e x l - s u b g r o u p s of G. P r o p e r t i e s of A{G) w e r e studied in [83, 91, 92, 139, 140, 142, 152].
Algorithmic Questions in l - G r o u p s . Although the class of all l - g r o u p s is a manifold of signature l, it
turns out that the class of all g r o u p s , which admit a lattice o r d e r , nonaxiomatizable in the signature of the
group (Vinogradov [14]).
Holland and M c C l e a r y proved in [129] that the problem of equality of words in a free l - g r o u p is a l g o r i t h -
mically unsolvable. Glass [115] c o n s t r u c t e d an example of a r e c u r s i v e l y r e p r e s e n t a b l e t - g r o u p with unsolvable
word problem. Holland [126] considered the question of the equality to the identity of certain types of group
words in a free product of l - g r o u p s . Jakubik [143] gave a new method for defining l - g r o u p s in t e r m s of formal
operations of signature l. Kutyev in [35, 36, 37] c h a r a c t e r i z e d / - g r o u p s in t e r m s of the lattice of s u b s e m i -
groups.
I s o m e t r i c s in / - G r o u p s . In [215, 216] there is introduced the concept of an i s o m e t r y f in an Abelian
/ - g r o u p G as a mapping of G onto G such that for all x, yeG one has If(x)-f(y)l = I x - y l . It was shown that
for any i s o m e t r y f of an Abelian l - g r o u p G one can find an i s o m e t r i c involutive automorphism T of the l - g r o u p
G such that for any xeG one has f(x) = T(x) + f(o). In p a r t i c u l a r , the i s o m e t r y f p r e s e r v e s o r d e r if and only if
f is a translation of G: f(x) = x + f(o). By G* one denotes the group of all o n e - t o - o n e i s o m e t r i c s of G with the o r d e r
f_<g if and only if f(x) -~ g(x) for any x~G. Any l - i s o m o r p h i s m of G onto H induces an o r d e r i s o m o r p h i s m of G*
onto H*, c a r r y i n g translations into translations.
Jakubik [145] extended the concept of i s o m e t r y to an a r b i t r a r y / - g r o u p G, considering a o n e - t o - o n e mapping
f of G onto G an i s o m e t r y if for any x, y~G one has [f(x)f(y)-li = I x - y -1 I, r([x/kg, x V g ] ) =[f(x)A[(y), r(x) x/
f(y)]. If f(e) = e, then f is called an e - i s o m e t r y . It is proved that each i s o m e t r y is a combination of an e-~so-
metry and a translation. For any e - i s o m e t r y f there exists a unique decomposition of G into a direct l - p r o d u c t
G =A x B, such that f(x) = x(A)x(B) -1, where x(A), x(B) a r e the projections of x onto A, B, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
In [77] the t h e o r y of duality is extended to finitely generated Abelian l - g r o u p s and projective objects in
the c a t e g o r y of Abelian l - g r o u p s a r e studied.

3. Groups of Automorphisms of Linearly Ordered Sets

It is well known that the group Aut{X) of all a u t o m o r p h i s m s of the 1. o. set X is an l - g r o u p with r e s p e c t
to the following o r d e r : f _< g in Aut(X) if and only if f(x) -< g(x) for all x~X. Holland's t h e o r e m {1962) that any
l - g r o u p has a faithful r e p r e s e n t a t i o n by automorphisms of a 1. o. set e m e r g e d as a powerful i n s t r u m e n t for
the study of l - g r o u p s and gave impetus to the intensive investigation of groups of automorphisms of 1. o. sets.
The basic features of the t h e o r y of automorphism groups were developed at the end of the 1960s and the s t a r t
of the 1970s, and cannot be treated completely in the present survey. Here we shall give only the main con-
cluding r e s u l t s and their applications to certain questions of the t h e o r y of l - g r o u p s .
Most of the concepts of the theory of r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of groups by permutations can be interpreted
naturally in the group of a u t o m o r p h i s m s of a 1. o. set. We shall give some of these concepts which are needed
in what follows. By the s t a b i l i z e r StG (a) of the point a of the l.o. set X in the group of automorphisms GC__Aut(X)
is meant the set of those g~G such that g(a) = a. By X(a, x) for a, x~X we denote the set {g(x)lg~StG(a)}. The

2632
g r o u p G of a u t o m o r p h i s m s of the 1. o. set X is called periodic if there exists an a u t o m o r p h i s m t of the Dede-
kind c l o s u r e X of the 1. o. set X, commuting elementwise with G on X such that t has no fixed points in X, and
for any aEX one has {y~Xla < y <t(a)} = X(a, x), where x is any element of X, a < x <t(a).
O - P r i m i t i v e Groups. The group G of a u t o m o r p h i s m s of the 1. o. set X is called O - p r i m i t i v e if on X
there does not exist a nontrivial convex equivalence relation 0 such that x = y(mod0) implies g(x) - g(y)(mod0)
for all x, yeX. O - p r i m i t i v e groups a r e analogs of simple groups and are the "bricks" out of which all groups
of a u t o m o r p h i s m s of 1. o. sets a r e built.

In [168, 169] there is concluded a cycle of papers on transitive O - p r i m i t i v e l - g r o u p s of automorphisms

of i.o. sets and the following classification t h e o r e m is proved. If G is a transitive O - p r i m i t i v e l - g r o u p of
a u t o m o r p h i s m s of the 1. o. set X, then G is a g r o u p of one of the following types: 1) G is an Archimedean 1. o.
group; 2) G is O - 2 - t r a n s i t i v e on X, i . e . , for any xl, x2, Yl, Y2 in X, xl < Yl, z2 < Y2, t h e r e exists a gEG such
that g(xi) = x2, g(Yl) = Y2; 3) G is a periodic group of a u t o m o r p h i s m s of X, while the stabilizer of each point a
of X in G acts faithfully on each set X(a, x) and is an O - 2 - t r a n s i t i v e group of automorphisms of X(a, x), having
an element with c a r r i e r bounded in X(a, x).
In [72] there was studied the c o r r e s p o n d e n c e between r i g h t - r e g u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of r i g h t - o r d e r e d
groups and r e g u l a r groups of a u t o m o r p h i s m s of 1. o. sets and the r e s u l t s obtained were applied to the d e s c r i p -
tion of r i g h t - r e g u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of r i g h t - o r d e r e d groups with subnormal s y s t e m s of convex subgroups.
G l a s s [114] gave new examples of simple l - g r o u p s , which a r e O - 2 - t r a n s i t i v e groups of automorphisms
without elements with bounded c a r r i e r s , It is proved [167] that any l - a u t o m o r p h i s m of the l - g r o u p Aut(X) of
the a - s e t X is inner. It is established [124] that if Aut(X) is t r a n s i t i v e , then any l - a u t o m o r p h i s m of Aut(X) is
induced by an inner a u t o m o r p h i s m of Aut(X). If Aut(X) is O , p r i m i t i v e , then any l - i d e a l of Aut(X) is c h a r a c -
teristic.
~ e l y Distributive l - G r o u p s of A u t o m o r p h i s m s . In [168] it was established that an l - s u b g r o u p G
of the l - g r o u p Aut(X) is c o m p l e t e l y distributive if and only if for any g, g a EG, a ~I, the equation g=Supcg~

implies g~SupAu~(x)g~. Let G be an l - s u b g r o u p of Aut(X), O(g, x) be the supporting interval of the element

g e G , x e X : O (g, x) = {yEXIgn(x) - y -< gin(x) for some integers n, m}. By a c o m p r e s s i o n of O(g, x) is meant
an element kg~Aut(X), such that kg(y) = y for y~O(g, x), kg(y) = g(y) for yeO(g, x). G is called a c o m p r e s s e d
/ - s u b g r o u p of Aut(X) if for any g e G , x ~ kgeG. Read [198] noted that any c o m p r e s s e d / - s u b g r o u p in Aut(X)
is c o m p l e t e l y distributive and s t a b i l i z e r s of points in G a r e closed. In [119] there were studied a*-ext.ensions
of c o m p l e t e l y distributive subgroups of Aut(X).
Intransitive l - G r o u p s of A u t o m o r p h i s m s . M c C l e a r y in [170] c a r r i e d over the basic concepts and theo-
r e m s of the t h e o r y of t r a n s i t i v e l - g r o u p s of a u t o m o r p h i s m s to the c a s e of intransitive l-groups. He introduced
the concept of convex O-block, studied the factorization of intransitive 1-groups in relation to the congruence
defined by the partition of X into convex O-blocks. He studied O - p r i m i t i v e intransitive l - s u b g r o u p s of Aut(X)
and their connections with transitive O - p r i m i t i v e groups of a u t o m o r p h i s m s of 1. o. sets. The methods devel-
oped are applied to the study of c o m p l e t e l y distributive l - g r o u p s and s t a b i l i z e r s of points.
Groups of a u t o m o r p h i s m s of 1. o. sets were also studied in [123, 16, 49, 50, 51, 52].

4. Topological /-Groups
t / -G roups . If on the l-group G there is given a topology, with respect to which the group and lattice
operations are continuous, then G is called an /-group. The topology of a tl-group is called convex if G has
a basis of open sets consisting of convex subgroups of G. A closed (in the topological sense) subset of a t l -
group will be called t-closed.
Ball [71] proved that a convex l-subgroup of an O-approximable tl-group is closed if and only if it is t -
closed with respect to any Hausdorff topology on G turning G into a tl-group. An O-approximablel-group has
the weakest Hausdorff topology if and only if it is completely distributive. In [212] there were studied proper-
ties of the lattice of all topologies on an l-group, turning it into a tl-group.
Topological Properties of tl-Groups. One says that the tl-group G has bicompact origin if in G there
is a neighborhood of the identity with bicompact t-closure, generating G. A. V. Mironov [41-43] proved that
a nilpotent i.o. tl-group G of bicompact origin has a system G = H0 D HI D . . . D Hn = K D_E of t-closed convex
subgroups such that K is the connected component of the identity of G, which either coincides with E, or is

2633
t l - i s o m o r p h i c with the a d d i t i v e group R of r e a l n u m b e r s with the usual o r d e r and topology. G for any i = 0,
1..... n is a l e x i c o e x t e n s i o n of Hi by the 1. o. g r o u p G / H i and each H i / H i + 1 (0 <_ i _< n - 1) is i s o m o r p h i c
with a d i s c r e t e f i n i t e l y g e n e r a t e d t l - s u b g r o u p of R. If G is not l i n e a r l y o r d e r e d , then G has finite o r t h o g o n a l
r a n k and is obtained from a finite n u m b e r of nilpotent 1. o. t l - g r o u p s of b i c o m p a c t o r i g i n by s u c c e s s i v e a p p l i -
cati~)n of the d i r e c t p r o d u c t (in the t o p o l o g i c a l and t l - g r o u p sense) and l e x i c o g r a p h i c e x t e n s i o n . F o r A b e l i a n
/ - g r o u p s the analogous r e s u l t was obtained by A. N. I s l a m o v [22, 23]. In [24] it is a l s o e s t a b l i s h e d that if
the A b e l i a n t l - g r o u p G with convex topology and equal to UU~ for any neighborhood U of the identity has
n=l

finite orthogonal r a n k , then G is t l - i s o m o r p h i c with all of R n. K h u d a i b e r d i e v [65] c o n s i d e r e d the connection

between topologies and n o r m s on l - g r o u p s . P s h e n i c h n o v [45-47] c o n s i d e r e d l - g r o u p s with a t o p o l o g y , c o n t i n -
uous at the i d e n t i t y , w h e r e the o r d e r of'G is r e l a t i v e l y c l o s e d . If G is l o c a l l y b i c o m p a c t , then its connected
component is i s o m o r p h i c with R n. A nilpotent l - g r o u p of b i c o m p a c t o r i g i n with r e l a t i v e l y c l o s e d o r d e r is a
t l - g r o u p . The methods obtained a r e applied to the i n v e s t i g a t i o n of Lie g r o u p s with l a t t i c e o r d e r .

5. Ordered Groups Similar to /-Groups

R i e s z G r o u p s . A p a r t i a l l y o r d e r e d s e t G is c a l l e d a TR(m, n ) - s e t if it is d i r e c t e d and for any a l , . . . . a m ,
b 1. . . . . bn~G such that for a l l i , j, a i < b j , one can f i n d c ~ G for w h i c h a i < c < b j f o r a l l i , j. B y a R i e s z
g r o u p is meant a p a r t i a l l y o r d e r e d group with the p r o p e r t y TR(2, 2). With any R i e s z o r d e r t h e r e is connected
a p r e o r d e r ~ , c o m p a t i b l e with it, defined by the r e l a t i o n : a ~ b if and only if for any x < a one has x < b and
for any y > b one has y > a . A tight R i e s z g r o u p (TR-group) is a p a r t i a l l y o r d e r e d g r o u p G with the p r o p e r t y
TR(1, 2), without p s e u d o i d e n t i t i e s , and such that ~ is a left d i r e c t e d o r d e r of G. If G with the o r d e r ~ is an
l - g r o u p , then G is c a l l e d a T R L - g r o u p . A T R L - g r o u p G is c a l l e d androgenous if in it t h e r e a r e e l e m e n t s x,
y, such that 1) x > e, y - ~ e, x A y = e; 2) the s e t { x ~ G i x + > e, x - )>e} is nonempty. In [158] t h e r e is given a
d e s c r i p t i o n of T R L - g r o u p s , which a r e / - g r o u p s with s u b n o r m a l j u m p s . Rachunek [193] i n t r o d u c e d and studied
the concepts of o r t h o g o n a l i t y and p o l a r in R i e s z g r o u p s . Now in [195] he d e s c r i b e d R i e s z g r o u p s of finite o r t h o g -
onal r a n k in t e r m s of 1. o. convex s u b g r o u p s and convex s u b g r o u p s which a r e a n t i l a t t i c e s . S i m i l a r r e s u l t s
w e r e obtained by K a m i n s k i i [25], who a l s o c o n s t r u c t e d an e x a m p l e of a R i e s z g r o u p of finite orthogonal r a n k ,
which is not a l e x i c o p r o d u c t of 1. o. g r o u p s . R u z i c k a [205] c o n s i d e r e d the concept of p o l a r in a r b i t r a r y p a r -
t i a l l y o r d e r e d g r o u p s . Van M e t e r c h a r a c t e r i z e d q u a s i - l - g r o u p s G in which e a c h e l e m e n t g can be r e p r e s e n t e d
in the f o r m ab -1, w h e r e a, b a r e q u a s i o r t h o g o n a l . Any q u a s i - l - g r o u p is a R i e s z group [218].

R e i l l y [202] defined the concept of h y b r i d p r o d u c t of p a r t i a l l y o r d e r e d g r o u p s and c h a r a c t e r i z e d in t e r m s

of s u b d i r e c t h y b r i d p r o d u c t s , A b e l i a n T R L - g r o u p s . M i l l e r [171] extended and i m p r o v e d this d e s c r i p t i o n for
androgenous TR L - g r o u p s .
In [117, 118, 101-103] t h e r e a r e d e s c r i b e d c o m p a t i b l e tight R i e s z o r d e r s on the / - g r o u p of a u t o m o r -
p h i s m s of a 1. o. s e t . R e d f i l d [201] c o n s i d e r e d l o c a l l y c o m p a c t T R L - g r o u p s . He p r o v e d that on t h e / - g r o u p G
t h e r e e x i s t s a p a r t i a l o r d e r _<_ such that <G, -<, ~ > is a nonandrogenous l o c a l l y c o m p a c t T R L - g r o u p if and only
if <G, ~ ) is the l e x i c o s u m of a finite n u m b e r of additive 1. o. g r o u p s of r e a l n u m b e r s . M i l l e r [172] c o n s i d e r e d
the g r o u p of additive f u n c t i o n a l s , defined on an ,~belian T R L - g r o u p with the open i n t e r v a l topology with v a l u e s
in R, and found conditions under which this g r o u p is a T R L - g r o u p .
T o p o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of R i e s z g r o u p s a r e c o n s i d e r e d in [66, 209, 210, 220].
R e t r a c t i o n s of l - G r o u p s . Let G be an / - g r o u p , S(G) be the s e m i g r o u p of all s u b s e t s of G with r e s p e c t
to the usual m u l t i p l i c a t i o n , E be an i d e m p o t e n t in S(G), and H(E) be a m a x i m a l subgroup of S(G) containing E.
In [88] it is p r o v e d that if E is a n o r m a l idempotent and dual ideal in the l a t t i c e G, then H(E) is an l - g r o u p with
r e s p e c t to the o r d e r Q = {A ~H(E)IA .CE} and T(E) = { a E l a ~G} is an l - s u b g r o u p of H(E), while aE VbE= (a V b ) E .
In [89] it is e s t a b l i s h e d that if G is an O - a p p r o x i m a b l e / - g r o u p , then so is H(E), and if G is h y p e r a r e h i m e d e a n ,
then H(E) is A r c h i m e d e a n .
F o r a g r o u p G, by F(G) we denote the s e m i g r o u p of finite s u b s e t s of G with the usual m u l t i p l i c a t i o n and
with the o p e r a t i o n V : A V B = A U B . By a r e t r a c t i o n of G is meant a h o m o m o r p h i s m of F(G) into G. If the
s e t R(G) of all r e t r a c t i o n s of G is n o n e m p t y , then G is c a l l e d r e t r a c t a b l e .
In [86] t h e r e a r e given conditions under which a g r o u p is r e t r a c t a b l e , in p a r t i c u l a r , a n y / - g r o u p is such.
F o r a~R(G) a subgroup H is c a l l e d a a - s u b g r o u p if the r e s t r i c t i o n of a to F(H) is a r e t r a c t i o n of H. If G is an
/ - g r o u p and a(A) = SupA for any A e F ( G ) , then the subgroup H is a a - s u b g r o u p if and only if H is an l - s u b g r o u p
of G. In [85, 86] t h e r e is studied the l a t t i c e of a - s u b g r o u p s of a r e t r a c t a b l e g r o u p . In [84] t h e r e a r e c o n s i d -
e r e d c e r t a i n c o n c r e t e e x a m p l e s of r e t r a c t a b l e g r o u p s , in [211] r e t r a c t i o n s of an l . o . g r o u p .

2634
 Cyclic and Semihomogeneous Ordered Groups. The set G is called partially c y c l i c a l l y ordered if on G
t h e r e is given a t e r n a r y relation R with the p r o p e r t i e s : 1) (a, b, c)~R implies a ~ b ~ c ~ a ; 2) (a, b, c)eR
implies (a, c, b)~-R; 3) (a, b, c)~R implies (b, c, a)~R; 4) (a, b, c)s (a, c, d)~R implies (a, b, d ) t R . If
for a n y a , b, c~G, a ~ b ~ c ~ a one of the relations (a, b, c ) t R or (a, c, b)~R is t r u e , t h e n G is called c y c l i -
cally o r d e r e d . Zheleva [20] studied groups G with cyclic o r d e r R such that for any x, a, b, c~R the relation
(a, b, c)~R implies (ax, bx, cx)~R. She calls such groups R C O - g r o u p s . Any r i g h t - o r d e r e d g r o u p turns
naturally into an RCO-group. Any RCO-group is a quotient group of a suitable r i g h t - o r d e r e d g r o u p by s o m e
central cyclic subgroup. Each R C O - g r o u p can be r e p r e s e n t e d by automorphisms of a suitable c y c l i c a l l y
o r d e r e d set.
Bludov and Kokorin [7] considered semihomogeneous lattice o r d e r e d g r o u p s , i . e . , groups on which there
is given a lattice o r d e r <__such that for any g i G , g ~ e, one of these p r o p e r t i e s is true: 1) a < b implies ag <
bg, ga < g b f o r a l t a , b ~ G ; 2 ) a < b i m p l i e s a g > b g , ga > g b f o r a l i a , beG. T h e g r o u p G is s e m i h o m o -
g e n e o u s l y lattice ordered if and only if G has a subgroup H of index 2, which is an l - g r o u p , while the lattice
o r d e r of H is n o r m a l in G. Any semihomogeneous lattice ordered group can be imbedded in a wreath product
of an l - g r o u p and a cyclic group of the second o r d e r . A s e m i h o m o g e n e o u s l y lattice ordered group can be im-
bedded in the group of a u t o m o r p h i s m s and antiautomorphisms of an appropriate 1. o. set.
F u r t h e r development of this concept was made by the same authors in [8]. By a T - g e n u s o r d e r e d group
is meant a group G, on which t h e r e a r e given a partial o r d e r relation _< and a genus function p :G ~ T, where
T is the multiplicative group of complex numbers of modulus 1, such that p(xy) = p(x)p(y); it is assumed that
p(x) < p(y) in T, if arg x < arg y; for a n y a , b, x~G the inequality a < b implies: 1) ax < bx, xa < xb, if p(a) _<
p(ax) and p(b) <b(x) or p(a) >__p(ax), p(b) > p(bx); 2) ax > bz and xa > xb, if p(a) < p(ax) and p(b) > p(bx) or p(a)
> p(ax) and p(b) < p(bx). For T-genus o r d e r e d groups t h e r e a r e proved theorems analogous to a s s e r t i o n s on
semihomogeneously ordered groups.
~,-Ordered Groups. In the mid-1960s Todorinov introduced the concept of w - o r d e r e d group, i . e . , a
p a r t i a l l y o r d e r e d group in which for any element g ~ e which is not generalized periodic, one can find an in-
t e g e r n such that gn > e. The p r o p e r t i e s of such groups and c e r t a i n of their generalizations were considered
in [58, 60, 61, 63]. For other variants of the definition of o r d e r e d n e s s on a group, cf. [17, 44, 174].

6. Extensions of Partiai Orders

Vinogradov [15] gave a sufficient condition for the existence on a t h r e e - s t a g e solvable group of a non-
trivial partial o r d e r . Mura and Rhemtulla [178] proved that in any t o r s i o n - f r e e g r o u p from the manifold
any maximal partial o r d e r is isolated. Extension of partial o r d e r s to interpolational o r d e r s was considered
by Todorinov [59]. Mura and Rhemtulla [184] constructed examples of orderable nonhyperorderable groups
with new interesting p r o p e r t i e s . Extension of partial o r d e r s in s y s t e m s s i m i l a r to groups was considered
in [192] and [194].

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218. K. M. Van M e t e r , " L e s s o u s g r o u p e s d'un g r o u p e q u a s i - r ~ t i c u l ~ , " Semin. P. Dubreil. Alg~bre Univ.
P a r i s , 25, No. 1, 4 / 1 - 4 / 1 3 (1971-1972(1973)).
219. H . - J . Vogel, "Gruppen in~iquivalenter z - E r w e i t e r u n g e n linear g e o r d n e t e r a b e l s c h e r Gruppen mit natiir-
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220. A. Wirth, " L o c a l l y c o m p a c t tight R i e s z g r o u p s , " J . Austral. Math. S o c . , 1__9_9 , No. 2, 247-251 (1975}.
221. S. Wolfenstein, " V a l e u r s n o r m a l e s dans un groupe r 6 t i c u l ~ , " Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei. Rend. C1. Sci.
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5/1-5/9 (1971-1972 (1973)).
223. S. Wolfenstein, " R e p r e"s e n t a t i o n d'une c l a s s e de g r o u p e s a r c h i m ~ d i e n s , " J . A l g e b r a , __ 42, No. 1 , 199-
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224. F. Z i e m k e , "Ordnungsfh~ige topologische G r u p p e n , " Diss. Dokt. N a t u r w i s s . Fak. Math. N a t u r w i s s .
Techn. Univ. Hanover (1978).

MODULES

V. T. Markov, A. V. Mikhalev, UDC 512.553

L. A. Skornyakov, and A. A. Tuganbaev

A s u r v e y is given of r e s u l t s on modules o v e r r i n g s , covering 1976-1980 and continuing the s e r i e s

of s u r v e y s "Modules" in Itogi Nauki.

The p r e s e n t s u r v e y c o v e r s the m a t e r i a l s f r o m the reviewing journal M a t e m a t i k a for 1976-1980 and can

be c o n s i d e r e d as a continuation of the s u r v e y s [130, 131, 99, 100, 137] on m o d u l e s , covering the m a t e r i a l s
of 1961-1962, 1963-1965, 1966-1968, 1969-1971, and 1972-1975, r e s p e c t i v e l y , and also the s u r v e y [97] on
rings of e n d o m o r p h i s m s . In p a r t i c u l a r , in citing p a p e r s r e f l e c t e d in these s u r v e y s , the r e a d e r , as a r u l e ,
is r e f e r r e d to the c o r r e s p o n d i n g s u r v e y p a p e r . R e f e r e n c e s to the bibliography of the s u r v e y s cited a r e f o r -
mulated as [M62:000], [M65:000], [M68:000], [M71:000], [M75:000], and [KE:000], r e s p e c t i v e l y . For e x a m -
ple, [M65:121] m e a n s that one has in mind p a p e r 121 f r o m the s u r v e y M65 -- [131], r e l a t i n g to 1963-1965.
R e f e r e n c e s of the type P a r a g r a p h 3.1 indicate Section 3 P a r a g r a p h 1 of the p r e s e n t s u r v e y . In the bibliography
as a r u l e , we do not include r e p o r t s to c o n f e r e n c e s or s e m i n a r s , if the c o r r e s p o n d i n g r e s u l t s have a l r e a d y a p -
p e a r e d in the f o r m of journal publications. An exception is made only for s u r v e y r e p o r t s . Definitions of c o n -
cepts which a r e in the m o n o g r a p h s of L a m b e k [M71:59] and Faith [161] a r e usually not given.

T r a n s l a t e d f r o m Itogi Nauki i Tekhniki, Seriya A l g e b r a , Topologiya, G e o m e t r i y a , Vol. 19, pp. 31-134,

1981.

2642 0090-4104/83/2306-264257o50 9 1983 Plenum Publishing C o r p o r a t i o n