Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Zhong 2015 X D XDXD XDXD
Zhong 2015 X D XDXD XDXD
h i g h l i g h t s
Development of high performance pervious concrete (HPPC) to advance and broaden the application of pervious concrete.
Increase of strength and durability without sacrificing the hydraulic conductivity through tailored mix design.
Use of ultra-high performance matrix for pervious concrete design.
Material characterization regarding compressive behavior, hydraulic conductivity and freeze–thaw resistance.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Continued urbanization and population growth further the growth of impervious urban areas, leading
Received 5 June 2015 to concerning adverse environmental and societal impacts. Pervious concrete has remarkable potential
Received in revised form 3 August 2015 to counteract these adverse impacts while providing necessary structural integrity, thus supporting
Accepted 6 August 2015
continued urbanization. Broader application of pervious concrete could be achieved through increased
raveling resistance and enhanced durability performance. This research emphasizes the development
and characterization of high performance pervious concrete aiming at improved mechanical resistance
Keywords:
and advanced durability properties. In pursuit of this goal an ultra-high performance cement-based
Pervious concrete
High performance
matrix with compressive strengths in excess of 150 MPa (22 ksi) and high durability properties are
Compressive strength designed and applied to the mixture design concept of pervious concrete. The research results show
Hydraulic conductivity that compressive strength and elastic modulus increase by up to 150% and 100%, respectively, without
Durability sacrificing the hydraulic conductivity of the concrete. Furthermore, freeze–thaw tests have been
Freeze–thaw carried out to compare the durability performance of conventional pervious concrete with high
Porosity performance pervious concrete. Based on enhanced mechanical properties as well as improved
durability, high performance pervious concrete potentially allows extending the application of
pervious concrete and thus carries a vital potential in effectively counteracting the growth of
impervious urban areas.
Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.027
0950-0618/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
52 R. Zhong, K. Wille / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 51–60
High proportion of material surface area exposed to environ- UHPM. Fig. 3 illustrates the packing density of matrices of different
mental aggressors increases the risk of loss of structural integ- performance levels.
rity due to reduced durability.
II. Enhanced interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between matrix and
Research on long-term surface permeability has shown that aggregate. This is achieved through the incorporation of sil-
clogging particles asymptotically reduce the permeability, albeit ica fume and the use of MPEG type polycarboxylate ether
to an infiltration rate still considered to be high [13]. (PCE) based high range water reducer (HRWR). Silica fume
Additionally research results point out that the loss of permeability densifies the matrix through pozzolanic reaction and filler
depends on the clogging particle size to pore size ratio, leading to effect (Fig. 4). MPEG type PCE is able to efficiently disperse
losses in the range of negligible to 80% [14]. On-site experience has the fine particle system due to its balanced affinity to
also shown that clogging can be successfully minimized with cement, silica fume and silica powder [18]. This enables w/
proper material installation and maintenance using vacuum c ratio as low as 0.2 leading to densification of the
sweeping or pressure cleaning [15,16]. While clogging of pervious microstructure.
concrete becomes less concerning, its limited bond strength and III. Balanced aggregate to binder (A/B) ratio and tailored aggregate
durability properties remain an unresolved issue. size. High performance pervious concrete (HPPC) aims at
Motivated by the application potential of pervious concrete and higher bond strength (indirectly evaluated by the compres-
the potential benefits of enhancing bond strength and durability sive strength of the material) without sacrificing its func-
properties, this research emphasizes the development of high per- tional requirement to allow water penetrating through.
formance pervious concrete. Higher amount of matrix (lower A/B ratio) leads to reduced
total porosity and hydraulic conductivity but higher com-
2. Conceptual approach pressive strength whereas lower amount of matrix (higher
A/B ratio) results in increased total porosity and hydraulic
The following principles are followed to design high perfor- conductivity but lower compressive strength. Additionally,
mance pervious concrete (HPPC): the aggregate size affects the pore system characteristics
(total porosity, pore size and its distribution) and thus the
I. Employment of optimized ultra-high performance matrix. compressive strength and hydraulic conductivity [19].
Ultra-high performance matrix (UHPM) is replacing conven- Therefore a balanced A/B ratio and tailored aggregate size
tional matrix to cover the aggregate and bind them together are necessary to satisfy both of the competing performance
(Fig. 2). criteria.
Based on prior research [17] the incorporation of silica fume Other approaches, such as reduction in A/B ratio, incorporation
(SF) and ultra-fine silica powder (SP) in tailored proportion signif- of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and addition of
icantly improves the packing density of the fine particle system of fine sand or polymer modification of matrix, are also employed
Table 1
Matrix proportion and compressive strength. 3. Experimental study
Table 2
Mixture proportions for mechanical properties test.
Series Mixture IDa A/B Aggregate size (mm) Matrix strength (MPa)
HPPC UHPM-2.5-1.19 2.5 1.19 174
UHPM-3.0-1.19 3.0 1.19 174
UHPM-3.5-1.19 3.5 1.19 174
UHPM-2.5-4.75 2.5 4.75 174
UHPM-3.0-4.75 3.0 4.75 174
UHPM-3.5-4.75 3.5 4.75 174
PC NSM-2.5-1.19 2.5 1.19 29
NSM-3.0-1.19 3.0 1.19 29
NSM-3.5-1.19 3.5 1.19 29
NSM-2.5-4.75 2.5 4.75 29
NSM-3.0-4.75 3.0 4.75 29
NSM-3.5-4.75 3.5 4.75 29
a
Identifications start with the type of matrix, followed by the aggregate to binder ratio (A/B) and the aggregate size d.
54 R. Zhong, K. Wille / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 51–60
Table 3
Mixture proportions and test conditions of matrices for F–T test.
Table 4
Mixture proportions and test conditions of pervious concrete for F–T test.
MPEG type polycarboxylate ether (PCE) high range water reducer (HRWR).
Washed aggregate with 99% content of silicon dioxide.
3.3.1. Compressive strength test under the stress versus strain curve up to the strain at peak stress (Fig. 7).
The compressive strength of matrix was determined in accordance with ASTM Furthermore linearity of the ascending part was determined using Eq. (1) following
C109/C109M-13. Loading faces of the cubic specimen were ground before testing to ASTM C469M.
assure plane surface and thus high consistency of test results (Fig. 5).
The compressive strength of pervious concrete was determined following ASTM k ¼ Et =Es ð1Þ
C39 with displacement controlled load application at a rate of 0.5 mm/min. About
6 mm (1/4 inch) was cut from each load surface of the cylinder (6 inch in height
and 3 inch in diameter). Both ends were sulfur capped prior to testing. 3.3.2. Porosity and hydraulic conductivity test
Longitudinal displacement was measured by three LVDTs as shown in Fig. 6. The procedure for porosity test has been reported in prior research and inter-
For each specimen a stress versus strain curve was obtained from which the ested readers are referred to [19] for detailed information. Since the hydraulic con-
compressive strength, elastic modulus, strain at peak stress, and energy absorption ductivity of pervious concrete (>103 m/s) is several orders of magnitude larger
capacity were calculated. The energy absorption capacity is defined as the area than conventional impervious concrete (<1012 m/s) due to the large volume and
Fig. 9. Compressive strength versus total porosity (See above-mentioned references for further information).
56 R. Zhong, K. Wille / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 51–60
Table 5
Summary of test results for different mixtures.
Table 6
Hydraulic conductivity and porosity of HPPC and PC.
Fig. 17. F–T resistance of matrices. Fig. 19. F–T resistance of pervious concrete.
(a) NSM-3.0-1.19-F
(a) NSM-F
(b) UHPM-3.0-1.19-F
Fig. 20. Damage comparison of pervious concrete subjected to 90 F–T cycles.
(b) UHSM-F
Fig. 18. Matrices subjected to 45 F–T cycles.
submerged specimens. The influence of the test condition on the
same matrix is more pronounced for NSM than UHPM series,
strength between the aggregates, and thus the compressive
which might be attributed to the lower permeability of UHPM.
strength of pervious concrete, all without sacrificing hydraulic con-
The improved F–T durability of UHPM series in comparison to
ductivity. Here, all HPPC series demonstrated increased compres-
NSM series can be explained by (1) denser and finer microstruc-
sive strength while maintaining a hydraulic conductivity over
ture, and (2) lower amount of freezable water.
1 mm/s. It is worth noting that pervious concrete with compressive
Due to the incorporation of MPEG type PCE based HRWR and
strength in excess of 50 MPa and with hydraulic conductivity
optimized powder size distribution, a better particle packing and
higher than 1 mm/s is achievable (HPPC UHPM-3.0-1.19).
distribution of these fine particles for UHPM series can be achieved
which ultimately result in a denser microstructure. This is con-
4.4. Durability firmed by the larger spread value at lower w/c ratio (340 mm)
[19]. Furthermore, the direct consumption of portlandite and for-
Pervious concrete has demonstrated excellent performance in mation of additional C–S–H gel due to pozzolanic reaction of silica
the Southeastern U.S., but has seen limited use in environments fume (SF) in UHPM series refines the pore system in the matrix
with significant freeze–thaw cycles, such as Canada and the leading to a finer microstructure. The denser and finer microstruc-
Northern United States [32–34]. Using durable UHPM matrix to ture of UHPM series leads to a reduced pore to pore distance and a
cover and bind the aggregates aims at significantly improved dura- lower possibility of F–T failure based on Power’s hydraulic pressure
bility. Fig. 17 illustrates the F–T test results for the two matrices theory [35].
under half (H) and full (F) saturation conditions. Additionally, enhanced F–T performance can be partially attrib-
The NSM-F specimens served as reference values and disinte- uted to the difference in w/c ratio of matrix. The w/c ratio of UHPM
grated severely after 30 F–T cycles as shown in Fig. 18a while the series (0.22) is significantly lower than that of NSM series (0.55).
UHPM-F specimens remained intact (Fig. 18b). It should be noted Therefore the amount of freezable water is much less for UHPM
that no matrix specimens included any air entrainment. series than that of NSM.
Furthermore, it has been observed that the deterioration rate of Fig. 19 summarizes the F–T testing results for pervious con-
partially submerged specimens is lower than that of fully crete. In general, HPPC series demonstrated better F–T durability
R. Zhong, K. Wille / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 51–60 59
than PC series. This may be explained by (1) better durability per- References
formance of UHPM in comparison to NSM, (2) improved interface
transition zone (ITZ) and thus improved bond strength between [1] United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects – The 2014 Revision,
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2014, 32 p., ISBN 978-92-1-
aggregate and matrix. 151517-6.
It is observed that partially submerged specimens outper- [2] American Concrete Institute, Concrete Technology, ACI CT-13, p. 78, 2013.
formed fully submerged specimens for both HPPC and PC. A similar [3] United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA, Storm Water
Technology Fact Sheet: Porous Pavement, 832-F-99-023, September 1999,
trend was reported by Guthrie et al. [36]. It should be noted that 6 p.
the difference is more pronounced at higher F–T cycles (after 90 [4] L. Haselbach, M. Boyer, J.T. Kevern, V.R. Schaefer, Cyclic heat island impacts on
F–T cycles), which could be associated to increased crack formation traditional versus pervious concrete pavement systems, J. Transp. Res. Board
2240 (2011) 107–115.
and thus larger permeability. Fig. 20 compares the damage of spec-
[5] G. Grant, L. Engleback, B. Nicholson, Green Roofs: Their Existing Status and
imens subjected to 90 F–T cycles. No visible damage was seen for Potential for Conserving Biodiversity in Urban Areas, Report Number 498,
UHPM-3.0-1.19-F specimen whereas the NSM-3.0-1.19-F specimen English Nature Research Reports, 2003, 61 p.
was severely damaged. It is worth pointing out that the designed [6] R. Vingarzan, B. Taylor, Trend Analysis of Ground Level Ozone in the Greater
Vancouver/Fraser Valley Area of British Columbia, Environment Canada –
HPPC in this research can survive 210 F–T cycles under fully sub- Aquatic and Atmospheric Sciences Division, 2003.
merged test condition which outperforms those developed by [7] Urban Drainage and Flood Control District (UDFCD), Pervious Concrete
Guthrie et al. [36] with air entrainment. In addition, research has Evaluation Materials Investigation, Denver, Colorado. Project # CT14, 571–
356. Prepared by Thompson Materials Engineers Inc, 2008.
shown that incorporation of appropriate amount of fiber reinforce- [8] K.M. Houle, Winter Performance Assessment of Permeable Pavements – A
ment could further improve the F–T durability of pervious concrete comparative study of porous asphalt, pervious concrete, and conventional
[37]. asphalt in a northern climate, M.S. Thesis, University of New Hampshire,
September 2008, 142 p.
[9] C.J. Pratt, A.P. Newman, P.C. Bond, Mineral oil bio-degradation within a
permeable pavement: long term observations, Water Sci. Technol. 39 (2)
5. Conclusions (1999) 103–109.
[10] N. Neithalath, Development and Characterization of Acoustically Efficient
Cementitious Materials, PhD thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN,
Based on the experimental study and the parameters investi- 2004, 269 pp.
gated in this research, the following conclusions can be drawn: [11] J. Olek, W.J. Weiss, N. Neithalath, A. Marolf, E. Sell, W.D. Thornton,
Development of quiet and durable porous Portland cement concrete paving
materials, Final report SQDH 2003–5, Purdue University, September 2003, 172
1. Use of optimized ultra-high performance matrix (UHPM) along pp.
with balanced aggregate to binder ratio (A/B) and tailored [12] S. Park, M. Tia, An experimental study on the water-purification properties of
porous concrete, Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (2004) 177–184.
aggregate size could potentially advance and broaden the appli-
[13] E.Z. Bean, W.F. Hunt, D.A. Bidelspach, A field survey of permeable
cation of pervious concrete without sacrificing its hydraulic pavement surface infiltration rates, ASCE J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 133 (3)
conductivity, leading to high performance pervious concrete (2007) 249–255.
[14] O. Deo, M. Sumanasooriya, N. Neithalath, Permeability reduction in pervious
(HPPC).
concretes due to clogging: experiments and modeling, ASCE J. Mater. Civil Eng.
2. HPPC shows higher modulus of elasticity, higher energy absorp- 22 (7) (2010) 741–751.
tion capacity and increased linearity behavior under compres- [15] <http://www.worldsweeper.com/Environmental/CleanPerviousConcrete12.11.
sion in comparison to conventional pervious concrete (PC). html> – December 2014.
[16] V.R. Schaefer, J.T. Kevern, An Integrated Study of Pervious Concrete Mixture
3. The relationship between elastic modulus and square root of Design for Wearing Course, Final Report – DTFH61-06-H-00011, National
compressive strength of HPPC and PC is similar to impervious Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa State University, October 2011,
concrete. 158 p.
[17] K. Wille, A.E. Naaman, G.J. Parra-Montesinos, Ultra high performance concrete
4. Pervious concrete with a compressive strength exceeding with compressive strength exceeding 150 MPa (22 ksi): A simple way, ACI
50 MPa, hydraulic conductivity in excess of 1 mm/s and accept- Mater. J. 108 (1) (2011) 46–54.
able F–T durability can be achieved when properly designed. [18] C. Schröfl, M. Gruber, J. Plank, Preferential adsorption of polycarboxylate
superplasticizers on cement and silica fume in ultra-high performance
5. HPPC possesses significantly better F–T durability than conven- concrete (UHPC), Cem. Concr. Res. 42 (2012) 1401–1408.
tional pervious concrete. It is able to survive 300 accelerated F– [19] R. Zhong, K. Wille, Compression response of normal and high strength pervious
T cycles and thus shows the potential to be used under aggres- concrete. Construction and Building Materials 2015, Conditionally accepted for
publication.
sive environment such as northern areas where cyclic freezing
[20] H. Fujiwara, R. Tomita, T. Okamoto, A. Dozono, A. Obatake, Properties of high-
and thawing is not uncommon. strength porous concrete, ACI Spec. Publ. 179 (1998) 173–188.
6. The F–T durability of HPPC can be explained by (1) denser [21] M.A.R. Bhutta, K. Tsuruta, J. Mirza, Evaluation of high-performance porous
concrete properties, Constr. Build. Mater. 31 (2012) 67–73.
matrix microstructure, and (2) lower amount of freezable water
[22] Y. Chen, K. Wang, X. Wang, W. Zhou, Strength, fracture and fatigue of pervious
in the matrix. concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 42 (2013) 97–104.
[23] Y. Chen, K. Wang, D. Liang, Mechanical properties of pervious cement concrete,
Despite the advantage of improved mechanical performance J. Cent. South Univ. 19 (2012) 3329–3334.
[24] C. Lian, Y. Zhuge, S. Beecham, The relationship between porosity and strength
and enhanced durability properties of HPPC, further research is for porous concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2011) 4294–4298.
needed to address concerns such as potential shrinkage cracking [25] J. Yang, G. Jiang, Experimental study on properties of pervious concrete
and higher material cost prior to the application of this material. pavement materials, Cem. Concr. Res. 33 (2003) 381–386.
[26] M.S. Sumanasooriya, N. Neithalath, Pore structure features of pervious
concretes proportioned for desired properties and their performance
prediction, Cement Concr. Compos. 33 (2011) 778–787.
Acknowledgements [27] O. Deo, N. Neithalath, Compressive behavior of pervious concretes and a
quantification of the influence of random pore structure features, Mater. Sci.
Eng., A 528 (2010) 402–412.
This research has been supported by a fellowship from the State [28] R. Zhong, K. Wille, Equal arc segment method for averaging data plots
Scholarship Fund of China, the China Scholarship Council (CSC), exemplified for averaging stress versus strain curves of pervious concrete,
and the University of Connecticut. The authors express their great ASCE J. Mater. Civil Eng. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-
5533.0001345. 04015071, published online May 2015.
gratitude for the support. Special thanks are also due to L. Zhang, J. [29] M. Sivaraja, S. Kandasamy, Characterization of concrete composites for energy
Ren, W. Zhong and Y. Li for their valuable assistance with the scan- absorption, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 27 (2) (2008) 135–144.
ning electron microscope. Additionally, the authors would also like [30] A.W., Beeby, R.S. Narayanan, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete and Commentary, ACI Committee: 318–2000, American Concrete
to acknowledge the support from the following companies: Elkem Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
Materials and Lehigh White Cement Company.
60 R. Zhong, K. Wille / Construction and Building Materials 98 (2015) 51–60
[31] N. Neithalath, J. Weiss, J. Olek, Characterization enhanced porosity concrete [34] N. Delatte, D. Miller, M. Mrkajic, Portland cement pervious concrete: field
using electrical impedance to predict acoustic and hydraulic performance, performance investigation on parking lot and roadway pavements, Final report
Cem. Concr. Res. 36 (2006) 2074–2085. of the RMC Research and Education 2007, Silver Springs, MD.
[32] K. Wang, V.R. Schaefer, J.T. Kevern, M.T. Suleiman, Development of mix [35] T.C. Powers, A working hypothesis for further studies of frost resistance, J. Am.
proportion for functional and durable pervious concrete, NRMCA Concr. Inst. 16 (4) (1945) 245–272.
Concrete Technology Forum: Focus on Pervious Concrete 2006, [36] W.S. Guthrie, C.B. DeMille, D.L. Eggett, Effect of soil clogging and water
Nashville, TN. saturation on freeze–thaw durability of pervious concrete, Transp. Res. Rec.
[33] V. Henderson, S.L. Tighe, J. Norris, Pervious concrete pavement 2164 (2010) 89–97.
integrated laboratory and field study, J. Transp. Res. Board 2113 [37] J.T. Kevern, K. Wang, V.R. Schaefer, Pervious concrete in severe exposures,
(2009) 13–21. Concr. Int. 30 (7) (2008) 43–49.