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D Chiew SP - ConSteel Seminar - 6aug14 PDF
D Chiew SP - ConSteel Seminar - 6aug14 PDF
Concrete Structures
Chiew Sing-Ping
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Scope
Materials
Concrete
Reinforcing steel
Structural steel
2
Structural Eurocodes
SS EN 1990 (EC0): Basis of structural design
SS EN 1991 (EC1): Actions on structures
3
Concrete structures (EC2)
BS EN 10138
BS EN 13670 Prestressing
Execution of steel
structures
BS EN 10080
SS EN 1992 Reinforcing
BS EN 206-1
Design of concrete structures steel
Specifying
concrete
BS 4449
National Annex Reinforcing
BS 8500 steel
Specifying
concrete
BS 8666
Reinforcing
scheduling
4
Concrete
Normal concrete
• Strength class C12/15 – C90/105
• Density 2400 kg/m3
Lightweight concrete
• Strength class LC12/13 – LC80/88
• Density ≤ 2200 kg/m3
Six density classes of lightweight concrete are defined in EN206-1.
Density class 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Density (kg/m3) 801- 1001- 1201- 1401- 1601- 1801-
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Density Plain concrete 1050 1250 1450 1650 1850 2050
(kg/m3) Reinforced concrete 1150 1350 1550 1750 1950 2150
fcm (MPa) 20 24 28 33 38 43 48 53 58 63 68 78 88 98
fctm (MPa) 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0
fctk, 0.05 (MPa) 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5
fctk, 0.95 (MPa) 2.0 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.2 4.6 4.9 5.3 5.5 5.7 6.0 6.3 6.6
Ecm (GPa) 27 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 42 44
εc1 (‰) 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.25 2.3 2.4 2.45 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8
6
Concrete
Strength and deformation characteristic for lightweight concrete
flck (MPa) 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80
flck,cube (MPa) 13 18 22 28 33 38 44 50 55 60 66 77 88
flcm (MPa) 17 22 28 33 38 43 48 53 58 63 68 78 88
8
Creep and Shrinkage
Creep coefficient is determined by the following factors:
• Relative humidity
• Element geometry
• Strength class
• Age at loading
• Cement class
• Stress/strength ratio at loading
9
Creep and Shrinkage
The total shrinkage is taken as the sum of the autogenous shrinkage and
drying shrinkage:
εcs = εca + εcd
The autogenous shrinkage is related to concrete class.
The drying shrinkage is estimated by the following factors:
• Relative humidity 250
• Element geometry
• Strength class
• Cement class 200 C90/105
Autogenous shrinkage
C80/95
150 C70/85
C60/75
C55/67
100 C50/60
C45/55
C40/50
C35/45
50 C30/37
C25/30
C20/25
0
0 100 200 300 400
10
Time (days)
Stress-strain relations
Parabolic-Rectangular Bi-Linear
c
n
C90/105
60
C80/95
50
C70/85
40 C60/75
C55/67
C50/60
30 C45/55
C40/50
C35/45
20 C30/37
C25/30
C20/25
10
0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035 0.004
ε
Concrete stress-strain relations
12
Stress-strain relations
EC2 permits a rectangular stress block to be used for section design
Coils
Reinforcing bars
Profiling Rollers
- Dia. Reduction
Finished Wire Coils e.g. 8mm > 7mm
Dia. 5mm to 13mm,
YS : 500 N/mm2
15
Welded fabric
Computerised Machine
16
Welded Mesh
Reinforcing steel
EC2 does not cover the use of plain or mild steel reinforcement.
Principles and rules are given for deformed bars, de-coiled rods, welded
fabric and lattice girders.
17
Reinforcing steel
Performance requirements
• Strength (fyk or f0.2k, ft)
• Ductility (εuk and ft/fyk)
• Weldability
• Bendability
• Bond characteristics (fR)
18
Reinforcing steel
Strength
Yield strength fyk or f0.2k and tensile strength ft.
Ductility
Ratio of tensile strength to yield strength ft/fyk
Elongation at maximum force εuk.
19
Stress-strain relations for reinforcing steel
Tensile test
21
Properties of reinforcement
Properties of reinforcement (Annex C – EC2)
Product form Bars and De-coiled rods Wire fabrics
Class A B C A B C
Characteristic yield strength
400 to 600
fyk or f0.2k (MPa)
≥1.15 ≥1.15
k = (ft/fy)k ≥1.05 ≥1.08 ≥1.05 ≥1.08
<1.35 <1.35
Characteristic strain at
≥2.5 ≥5.0 ≥7.5 ≥2.5 ≥5.0 ≥7.5
maximum force εuk(%)
Bendability Bend/Re-bend test -
Maximum bar size
± 6.0
deviation from ≤ 8mm
± 4.5
normal mass (%) > 8mm
The UK has chosen a maximum value of characteristic yield strength, fyk= 600 MPa,
But 500 MPa is the value assumed in BS4449 for normal supply.
22
Higher strength reinforcing steel
There is a push to use reinforcing steel with higher yield
strength of 600 MPa because EC2 permits it.
23
Structural steel (EC3)
Performance requirements
24
High strength steel (HSS)
Normal strength steel: Steel grades S235 to S460
High strength steel: Steel grades greater than S460 up to S700
Compared to normal strength steel, high strength steel has lower
ductility.
25
Why use HSS
When strength-to-weight is important, for example, in
bridges to facilitate construction and crane structures.
Studies show that the ratio of the tensile residual stress
to yield stress of the member seems to decrease with
increasing yield strength in hot-rolled sections.
More favorable buckling curves may be used for high
strength steel for S460.
Higher buckling resistance due to favorable buckling
curves.
26
Buckling curves
27
Buckling curves
28
Ductility requirements
EC3 has additional ductility requirements compared to
BS5950 in terms of stress ratio, elongation and strain ratio.
29
Problem
Some product standards only have requirements on nominal yield and
tensile strength, or their minimum values. The stress ratio calculated
according to these nominal values cannot comply with EC3.
Standard Grade Nominal yield strength (MPa) Nominal tensile strength (MPa) Stress ratio
G450 450 480 1.07
AS 1397 G500 500 520 1.04
G550 550 550 1.00
AS 1595 CA 500 500 510 1.02
S 550MC 550 600 1.09
S 600MC 600 650 1.08
EN 10149
S 650MC 650 700 1.08
S 700MC 700 750 1.07
EN 10326 S550GD 550 560 1.02
ISO 4997 CH550 550 550 1.00
30
Structural steel and reinforcing steel
Comparison of structural steel and reinforcing steel
Reinforcement Structural steel
A B C Normal strength High strength
Yield strength > 460
400 to 600 ≤ 460
(MPa) ≤ 700
Modulus of
200 210
elasticity (GPa)
≥ 1.15 ≥ 1.05
ft/fy or fu/fy ≥ 1.05 ≥ 1.08 ≥ 1.10
< 1.35 ≥ 1.10 (NA)
Elongation (%) ≥ 2.5 ≥ 5.0 ≥ 7.5 ≥ 15 ≥ 10
Ultimate strain εu ≥ 15εy
31
Material comparison
These ranges in EC4 are narrower than those given in EC2 ( C12/15 –
C90/105) and EC3 ( ≤ 700 N/mm2) because there is limited knowledge
and experimental data on composite members with very high strength
concrete and high strength steel.
32
Material for seismic design
Material limitations for ’primary seismic members’
DCL DCM DCH
Ductility Class
(Low) (Medium) (High)
Concrete grade No limit ≥ C16/20 ≥ C20/25
Steel Class (EC2,
B or C B or C Only C
Table C1)
Longitudinal bars only ribbed only ribbed
33
Detailing for seismic design
In addition, for seismic detailing, there are stringent
requirements for reinforcing steel mainly focusing on:
Bar diameter
Bar spacing
Minimum bar numbers
Minimum reinforcement area
Maximum reinforcement area
34
Detailing for primary seismic beams
DCH DCM DCL
Longitudinal bars
ρmin 0.5 fctm/fyk Max 0.26 fctm fyk ; 0.13%(EC2)
ρmax ρ'+0.0018fcd/(μφεsy,dfyd) 0.04 (EC2)
35
Detailing for primary seismic columns
DCH DCM DCL
Cross-section hc,bc,min 250 mm - -
Longitudinal bars
ρmin 1% Max 0.1NEd fyd ; 0.002A c (EC2)
ρmax 4% 4% (EC2)
dbl,min 8 mm
Bars per column side 3 2 (EC2)
Transverse reinforcement
Out critical regions
spacing Min {20dbl;bc; hc; 400} (EC2)
dbw Max {0.25dbl; 6} (EC2)
Within critical regions
dbw,min
Max 6;0.4dbl fyd fywd Max {0.25dbl; 6} (EC2)
spacing Min{b0/3;125;6dbl} Min{b0/2;175;8dbl} -
Volumetric ratio ωwd 0.08 -
αωwd 30μφ ν d ε sy,d bc b0 -0.05 -
In critical region at
column base:
ωwd 0.12 0.08 -
αωwd 30μφ ν dε sy,d bc b0 -0.05 -
36
Detailing for primary seismic walls
DCH DCM DCL
Boundary elements:
In critical region:
Longitudinal bars
ρmin 0.5% 0.2% (EC2)
ρmax 4% (EC2)
Transverse bars
dbw,min
Max 6;0.4dbl fyd fywd 6 mm Max {0.25dbl; 6} (EC2)
spacing Min{b0/3;125;6dbl} Min{b0/2;175;8dbl} Min {20dbl;bc; hc; 400} (EC2)
Volumetric ratio ωwd 0.12 0.08 -
30μφ ν dε sy,d bc b0 -0.05
αωwd -
Web:
Vertical bars
ρv,min Wherever εc >0.2%: 0.5%; elsewhere 0.2% 0.2% (EC2)
ρv,max 4% (EC2)
dbv,min 8mm -
dbv,max bwo/8 -
spacing Min (25dbv; 250mm) Min (3bwo; 400mm) (EC2)
Horizontal bars
ρh,min 0.2% Max (0.2%; 0.25ρv) (EC2)
dbv,min 8mm -
dbv,max bwo/8 -
spacing Min (25dbh; 250mm) 400mm (EC2)
37
Conclusions
There is a push to use higher strength concrete, higher
strength reinforcing steel and structural steel in
Structural Eurocodes.
Be careful with steel products, some product standards
may not comply with more stringent Eurocodes ductility
requirements, for e.g. AS1397, SS2 vs. SS560, etc.
For seismic design, there are more stringent
requirements for ductility in reinforcing steel in terms of
higher steel class (B or C only).
In addition, there are more stringent requirements for
seismic detailing for reinforcing steel in terms of bar
diameter and bar spacing, and minimum and maximum
reinforcement.
38