Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Definition:
reducing, controlling and eliminating hazards from the industries or industrial units.
The importance of industrial safety was realized because every millions of industrial
disablement of employees and involve large amount of losses resulting from danger to
More ever, from managerial perspective the importance of industrial safety in any
g) Hazards identification.
n) to prevent loss of life, permanent disability and the loss of income of worker by
o) to evaluate employee’s morale by promoting safe work place and good working
condition.
Safety Organization:
accident prevention. It means that it has to remove unsafe physical conditions and
Essential Elements: the basic elements regarding the safety organization are as under;
q) management leadership
r) assignment of responsibility
reflected in the attitude of the supervisory force. Similarly the workers attitude is
accidents will mainly rest on the interest taken by the top management.
responsibility should be given to some one for safety activities. It is usual to entrust this
function to general manager, workers manager or personnel manager but if there is full
time safety officer then this function is entrusted to him and he is usually answerable to a
Supervisor: The supervisor is the key person in any safety program. To the worker, he is
the management. It is again the supervisor who has intimated knowledge of the
temperament, attitude, sense of responsibility, physical characteristics, skill, training, etc
of the workers. In other words he has immediate control over them. Therefore, the
supervisor is indispensable ( that is not be set aside ) in any safety scheme and workers
success would depend upon the interest and participation of the supervisor. To achieve
the results, management should adopt the method of policy of associating safety as part
of good production methods and to make it known that bad safety record or poor safety
cc) Accident prevention does not occur by itself; there should be consistent of
dd)
LEGAL:
In the industrially developed countries, there exist very well defined and highly
stringent punitive codes and statutes, which are designe to maintain and improve safety,
health and welfare of employed persons. Even the developing countries have such laws,
albeit still in a some what elementary form which make them anachronistic with the
of. These laws at their best only impose a minimum standard of conduct defining them to
Traditionally, the safety specialists have been using this legal argument for
accident prevention on the basis that by being conscious about the safety or the
The economic argument also becomes relevant at this point because of the fines
that has been imposed as the result of statutory breaches, or because of the production
loss, which may result due to the closure of the enterprise ordered as a punishment for the
being tarnished and the effect of the adverse publicity received as a consequence of
prosecution and subsequent punishment under the safety laws. This indirectly could also
impact adversely in the revenues and hence the profits of the company.
In the civilized societies it must be remembered, that one of the prime social
objectives of any company is to gerarate a safe plan of work for its employees.
HUMANITARIAN:
accepted ethical and moral axiom that it is the duty of every man to ensure the physical
well being of his fellow man. This automatically holds the employer responsible, in the
eyes of every member of the society to provide a safe and healthy working environment for this
employees.
The safety specialist can therefore appeal to the conceive of the management by
emphasizing upon them that is immoral for the employer not to give due consideration to
the safety and well being of the employees by taking measures which could protect them
against pain and suffering as a consequence of unsafe practices and procedures allowed in
their enterprise.
ECONOMIC:
company money. It must however be appreciated that in order that this argument may
have an effective impact on the management. It is imperative that the costs of the
accident prevention is then seen by the senior management as good business, which
motivate the management to strive more and more to ameliorate their safety system in the
The safety specialists thus, use the economic argument as the most
powerful tool for ensuring a very elaborate and sophisticated accident prevention and
safety program. This is the foundation stone upon which the concepts or theories of risk
It is high time that these most powerful tools may be introduced in our
country, both for making its industrial enterprises safer for the workers and for making
Introduction:
inspection procedures, each developed to identify the and hazard within a particular
critical examination with the object of minimizing loss. Every component of the total
system is included. For example management policy, attitudes training, features of the
process and of the design, layout and construction of the plant, operating procedures,
Safety survey
activity. For example major key areas revealed by safety audits, individual plans and
procedures, or specific problems common to a works as a whole. These surveys are12followed by formal
report, action plan and subsequent monitoring.
Safety inspection
accompanied by the safety advisor. The inspection would check maintenance standards,
imployee involvement, working practices, fire precaution, use of guards and adherence to
safe working procedures etc, and be more immediate than the wide-reaching or in-depth
Safety tours
carried our by any one-of a range of personnel from works directors to safety
level, or that obvious hazards are removed or to ensure that generally safety standards are
observed. Typically tours last only fifteen minutes and are conducted at weekly intervals.
Safety sampling
This focuses attention on the particular safety matter and highlights the observation of
possible hazards.
The safety sample chosen can be concerned with plant, equipment, guarding, methods of
operation, lack of adherence to safe systems of work, non use of permit to work system,
forklift truck driving and training or any other. Safety samples should be carried out
engineering intentions of now facilities to assess the hazard potential from mal operation
facility as a whole. Remedial action cam then be planned at a very early stage of the
project with maximum effectiveness and at minimum cost. The techniques can also be
Whilst unsuspected hazards may be revealed by any of the above techniques, the use of a
formal checklist in project engineering design helps to ensure that the plant complies with
statutory requirement, and that account is taken of the best current safety techniques and
practices. Hearth and safety requirement should also be incorporated at the design stage
rather than taken on as an afterthought once the plant or process is in full operation.
The safety adviser has a contribution to make and should be a member of both the design
Fire:15
Fire like industrial accident is rarely experienced by most individuals on the other hand
fire is likely to affect directly large no: of people. The main causes of fire in industries
are
ii) Electrical equipment.
jj) Smoking.
To prevent and control the accidents, it is necessary to act upon the following guidelines.
pp) Management must accept that a fire prevention policy must be set up and
regularly revised.
qq) An estimate should be made of possible effects of fire in loosing buildings, plant
rr) Identifying the fire risks, considering sources of ignition, combustion material and
Common Precautions
xx) Daily at the start of the business the doors which may be used for escape purposes
be unlocked and escape roots unobstructed.
yy) Daily at closing, down fire doors and fire shutters should be closed.
zz) All out side doors, windows and other means of access secured against intruders
aaa)Heating apparatus and main switches turned off daily at close down.
ccc)Inspection of whole premises, especially store rooms and other parts rarely
ddd)Smoking only is permitted where adequate no: of ash trays available and no
fff) Combustible materials kept well clear from heaters and other burning parts.18
ggg)Gluecattles pressing and soldering and similar appliances clear off vombustible
material and with non combustible stand holders.
hhh)Flame able liquids containers be closed and kept away from sources of ignitions.
iii) Waste bins ash trays and waste paper baskets emptied at regular intervals and
nnn)Special care with cutting and welding equipment used by maintenance men or
contractors daily.
ppp)Fire instructions, fire exit and no smoking notices clearly be displayed weekly.
qqq)Cods on the factory floor be clearly stored so as not to impede fire at different
intervals.
The term electrocution is used when worker come into electrical shock. The three
electrical factors which are come in the categories of the electrocution. i.e. Resistance,
Current, Voltage. Electric resistance is opposition to the flow of current and measured in
ohms. There is wide degree of variation in body resistance. A shock may fatal to any
Voltage is the pressure that causes the flow of electric current in a circuit; its unit
against shocks.
vvv)Before working on the main lines first switch off the supply of electricity.
www)If it is not possible to switch off the main see that your hands and feet are not
wet.
xxx)If a person gets an electric shock rescue him with the help of insulator. If the
insulator is not available use your feet not hands to rescue him.
zzz)if any person who is shocked by the electricity is in contact with the electrical
machine or an apparatus then one person for saving him should stand on a dry
wooden chair while removing the victim other wise pull him with the help of a
dry coat , dry rope etc.
aaaa)Don’t close any switch unless you are familiar with the circuit that it controls
cccc)Keep material or equipment at least 10 feet away from high voltage overhead
power lines.
eeee)when installing new machinery, ensure that all metal frame work is efficiently
For a safe and smooth running system an employer may give trainings and education to
the worker to work safe and accordingly. Following are the duties on employer:
ffff)Provide and maintain plant and system of work that are safe and without risks to
gggg)insure that the use, handling, storage and transport articles and substances is
iiii)Ensure that any work shop under his control is safe and healthy and that proper
jjjj)Keep the work place environment safe and healthy so that the atmosphere is such
as not to give rise to poisoning, gassing or the encourage met of the development
of diseases. Adequate welfare facilities should be providing.
kkkk)To prepare and keep up to date a written safety policy supported by information
on the organization and arrangements for carrying out the policy. The safety
llll)To consult with any safety representatives appointed by recognized trade unions
representatives.
Safety equipment
There are following equipment are use in the industries for the safety purpose.
nnnn)Goggles
oooo)Glasses
pppp)Hand gloves
qqqq)Apron
rrrr)Safety shoes
Introduction25
workers loss their lives every year in the world. Accidents may cause injury, which
can be judged by the following figures. In Pakistan, casualties per industrial accidents at
any yearly average are nearly 50 to 60 thousands, out which nearly 600 causes death,
while in UK the average casualties per year nearly 2.5 lacs out which nearly 3000 causes
death. The figure is maximum in USA where average casualties are nearly 20 lacks out
which nearly 15,000 causes death. Statistics shows that 98% accidents can be avoided;
only 2% accidents cannot be prevented. (Ind: Org: & Engg: Eco)
this theme is that an accident is an outcome of an event that is not desired. Accidents do
not just "happen" they are caused. An unsafe act and / or unsafe condition cause the
a person.
Every accident has one or more identifiable causes. The employer is responsible
for ensuring a safe system of work is in place and therefore must take action to prevent
For some, this concept still causes difficulty. The term "accident" suggests that an
event occurred itself, with some degree of chance and it implies no blame or
responsibility. Some people associate or equate an accident
health of man, suddenly occurring and originating from external sources, and which is
OR
An event that takes place all of a sudden unexpectedly resulting in some thing
bad is called an accident. For example a plant catches fire or a person receiving an
electric current or any labor cuts his finger in a machine or some bad incidents, which
OR
"Any occurrence that interferes with the orderly progress of activity" (Industrial
Organization)
Question No: 1
Discuss the events leading up to an accident by considering domino sequence theory28& multiple
causation theory.
"A chain or sequence of events can be listed in chronological order to show the
Each event may have more than one cause i.e. be multicausal.
He postulates five factors or stages in the accident sequence, with the injury invariably
caused by the accident and the accident in turn the result of the factors that immediately
precedes it.
o The injury.
Heinrich likens these five stages to five dominoes standing on edge in a line next to each
other, so that when the first domino falls it automatically knocks down its neighbor which
in turn knocks down its neighbor and so on. Removal of any one of the first four will
the middle or third domino, representing the unsafe act, mechanical or physical hazard,
During accident investigation, in addition to asking `what action has been taken to
prevent recurrence', the investigator needs to be aware of the chain of events leading up
to the accident, and tracing it back. Similarly, on safety audits and inspections, when the
risk of an accident has been identified, possible event chain should be investigated and
Bird and loftus have extended this theory to reflect the influence of
management in the cause and effect of all accidents that result in a wastage of the
proximate causes of
This modified sequence can be applied to all accidents, and is fundamental to loss control
management.
Multicausality refers to the fact that there may be more than one cause to any accident.
Like cause A can lead to accident, cause B can lead to same accident and in this
Each of these multicauses is equivalent to the third domino in the Heinrich theory
and can represent an unsafe act or condition or situation. Each of these can itself have
multicauses and the process during accident investigation of following each branch back
"
possible. In reality, the accident model is a combination of both the domino and
multicausality theories.
Peterson has compared and contrasted both theories and gives an example which
multicausality theory and concludes that this has severely limited the identification and
the characteristics of the ‘host’(accident victim), of the agent (the injury deliverer) and of
causes could be achieved than by following the Domino Technique of looking for a single
cause only. Essentially, Gordon’s theory is that the accident is the result of a complex and
random interaction between the host, the agent and the environment, and can not be
As we know that an accident is an unplanned incident and for each such incident there is
Mechanical Factors
Environmental Factors.
v. Defective devices
2. Human causes: Any unsafe act by the person concerned are due to his ignorance
bbbbb)Age
ccccc)Health
fffff)Fatigue
jjjjj)Mental worries
kkkkk)Non-use of safety devices
As we know that an accident is an unplanned incident but it doesn't means that we should
not prepare our self in advance or take any preventive measures to safe guard both
machine and man of any industry. Thus, to overcome the accidents generally the
wwwww)Habit of safety
xxxxx)Motivating safety
Although most of the accidents take place because of unsafe act of the
employees, the role of the workplace layout cannot be ignored in determining the cause
dddddd)Worker operating on the machine should have easy access to the safety
natural daylight.
improved. The temperature, air purity, humidity of air in the working premises should not
be so such that it may lead to discomfort because it has a direct affect on the workers
health as well as to some machines also. Not only in enclosed rooms, even otherwise
proper ventilation is a must if the manufacturing processes give rise to dust, smoke,
fumes, etc. The illumination provided should be installed at correct angle and should be
sufficient in amount whether it is natural or artificial; also it should be free from glare. A
high level of noise at the workplace impair (damage or weaken) men at work and may
endanger them therefore proper measures should be taken to reduce noise level by using
minimum accidents will occur. Moreover workers should be trained and encouraged to
worker, information about his age, experience, mental health, sex, intelligence, physical
qualities, etc should be collected and then depending on these facts work should be
Many accidents occur because the operators using machines have not been
trained in the correct use of them. It is always better, therefore to have trained a person in
the use of a machine, in its maintenance, before allowing him to handle them.
It has been established that one important cause of accident is fatigue. Hence one
one of the best ways of eliminating fatigue is to provide properly timed rest intervals at
frequent intervals so that the worker can regain his energy and avoid reaching a stage of
complete exhaustion. Besides these proper hours of working and by creating atmosphere
greater than that, which is desirable. Therefore the speed of the worker in an office or
factory should be controlled. Workers should be encouraged to work at such a speed that
they can maintain their efficiency and work throughout the day without unnecessary
fatigue.
psychologist is the formation of safety committee. Such committees help to train the
worker, make him more safety conscious and also help to develop or invent new safety
techniques.
Safety campaigns and posters:
and office. Posters and slogans can also be used in such a campaign. These will help the
Habits of safety:
Despite all the satiety measures adopted, by far the best and the most
successful method is the creation of habits of safety. Such habits can be developed
Motivating Safety:
increase the salary of those workers who follow the safety regulations.
ensure the safety of the workers engaged in material handling. The transport workers
should not be asked to lift more than the permissible load. Proper material handling
For any type of industrial worker it is always advisable to use personal43protective devices such as
safety hard hats, ear protector, face mask, welding helmets,
goggles gas mask, gloves, safety body belt, apron etc. All and other more safety devices
ultimately help the worker to safe guard himself from any sudden mishap.
Effects Of an accident:
I. Personal Effects.
2. Social Effects.
3. Other Effects.
1. Personal Effects: They include;
a death,
b disability,
c physical suffering,
d. Psychological suffering
3. Other Effects:
a. Loss of man hours.
c. Loss of material
d. Damaged machinery
e. Damaged property
f. Loss of capital
g Loss of capital
Types of Accidents:
employer.
The effect is minor so that the worker can resume duty after getting
(a) Fatal.
(b)Burns
(c) Fractures
(d) Cuts
(e) Sprain (sudden pull of wrist causing pain but not dislocation)47
Categories of accidents
There are mainly five different categories of accidents;
1. Minor accidents.
2. Reportable accidents.
3. Fatal accidents
4. Dangerous occurrences.
1. Minor Accidents: As it is clear from the word "MINOR" that this category of
accident includes only those accidents that are less harmful in nature to workers and thus
preventing the employee from working for the period less than 48 hours from the time of
the accident. !t also means that these accidents are not reported to the higher management
from working for the period of 48 hours or more. Thus, it is the duty of supervisor to
report to the higher management to temporary arrange an other worker so that the
3. Fatal Accidents: This category includes the highly complicated accidents that
could result in the death of the injured worker. The death could occur on the spot of the
accident or due to unbearable injuries causes to the worker means when worker could not
4. Dangerous Occurrences:
(a) Bursting of vessel for containing steam under pressure greater than
atmospheric pressure.
(c) Explosion or fire causing damage to any room or place where persons are
employed or fire in the room of cotton pressing factories when a cotton opener is
in use.
(d) Explosion of receiver or container used for storage at a pressure greater than
(e) Collapse or subsidence of any floor, glary, roof. Bridge, tunnel or chimney,
wall or building50
(Textile, Cement, Stone crushing, flourmills, Coalmines, Chimneys, etc) causing disease
1. Sense of insecurity.
1. Injured person:
(ii) Worry
2, Supervisor:
{i) Worry
3. Management:
(a) Direct:
(1) Compensation
(ii) Payments
(b) Indirect:
(v) Cost due to damage to machines, tools, and other properties due to
spoilage of material
(vii) Cost under employee welfare and benefits schemes. (Company will
pay them.
specified period.
Accident Investigation:
I. Minor Accidents.
2. Reportable Accidents
I. Minor Accidents:
As it is clear from the word "M1NOR" that this category of accident includes
only those accidents that are less harmful in nature to workers and thus preventing
the employee from working for the period less than 48 hours from the time of the
reported to the higher management and they are easily controlled by the foremen and
supervisor.
2. Reportable Accidents:
In this category the nature of accident is little bit complicated then the minor
accidents. Here injuries caused to the worker prevent him from working for the
person for inquiry after receiving report of supervisor. Also it is the duty of
3. Fatal Accidents:
This category includes the highly complicated accidents that could result in
the death of the injured worker. The death could occur on the spot of the accident or
due to unbearable injuries causes to the worker means when worker could not sustain
those injuries.
through messenger;
a. Safety officer
b. Workers manager
a. Inspector of factory
Further Investigation: The enquiry committee while investigating the accidents will
witnesses
llllll)Contact to the injured person on the spot or in the hospital with the
future.
HAZARDOUS IDENTIFICATION, EVOLUTION AND CONTROL
as to reduce or eliminate accidents. It can be said that accidents result from the
“The result of a departure from the normal situation, which has the
o Evaluation or Assessment
responsibility to identify, evaluate and control hazards that are likely to result in
injury, damage or loss.
under their control. They should also examine on a regular basis, job methods and
Hazard Identification
nnnnnn)Workplace inspections
pppppp)Independent audits.
Workplace Inspection
Workplace inspections are undertaken with the aim of identifying hazards and
managers, safety advisers, supervisors and safety representatives. The key aspect is
that results of all such inspections should be coordinated by one person within the
• Informing those persons who reported the hazard as to what action has been
taken.
Workplace inspections tend to follow the same format but are given many
different names including: safety sampling, safety audits, safety inspections, hazard
surveys, etc but all have the same aim that is "Hazard Identification" and same
format to follow as discussed below;61
Formal discussions take place during meetings of the safety committee with informal
management/worker discussion.
viewpoint. The hazard spatter must he kept fully informed of any action taken to
prevent injury, damage or lass arising from the hazard he has noted.
Independent Audit
Independent audit can also be used to identity hazards. The term independent
here refers to those who are not employed of the organization, but who from time to
time undertake either general or specific workplace audit or inspection. Such
• Engineer surveyors
• Claims investigators
• Outside consultants
aspect of a process at the design stage, in order to eliminate hazards from the process
at that early stage, rather than to find them later and have to modify the plant to
eliminate them.
Once a list of hazard within a company has been developed, each hazard on the list
should be evaluated in order to assess what its impact on the company would be if
control action were not taken. This assessment should take account of legal,
times spotted), the potential severity (number of persons at risk) and the maximum or
worst possible injury, damage or loss that might occur. Consideration should also be
given to the probability that the hazard will result in loss. From these assessments a
list of priorities for hazard control can be established and used as the basis of control
action.
Simple hazard assessment formula involving the frequency, severity and maximum
Numerical scales for assessing severity, M.P. L and probability will be needed
to work out the hazard rating. This then enables priorities to be set, and corrective
action to be planned.
HAZARD CONTROL
requires careful planning and its achievement will involve both short term i.e.
The long-term aim must always be to eliminate the hazard at source, but whilst
attempting to achieve this aim, other short term actions e.g; Utilization of the
protective equipment will be necessary. This list indicates an 'order-of priority for
system, adequate heating and lighting, and general provision of good working
conditions.
work and training for the work force to make them aware of the hazards in their
work areas, and of the methods for the control of such hazard.
Accident Proneness
Introduction: Examination of safety records often show that out of all the workers
doing the same job and being subjected to the same physical environments, only few
have substantially more accidents than the rest. Such few workers, who are found
consistently to experience more accidents than the other workers, are classified as
person.
them, while some are involved very frequently, while the majority of the people are
at a stage somewhere between the two extremes. It means that there are some people
2. If the accidents are due to circumstances then it will be seen that people
who suffer from many accidents in a particular period will be comparatively free of
4. If the accidents are due to some particular qualities of the individuals then
people obtaining a particular grade in a particular accident will obtain the same grade
in future accidents.
Psychologist has been able to come to same conclusion about the causes of
accidents. Most studies have indicated that some individuals are so contracted that
they are involved in more accidents then other and are also the causes of involving
other people in accidents Individuals of this kind are called accident-prone; normally
there is always some scope for more or less accident proneness in every sphere
(I) Inattentiveness and day dreaming: It means that the worker is not paying
proper attention towards his work due to various causes from home to job
(2) Visual defects and hearing problems: It means that the worker might be
suffering from any eye disease (color blindness) due which he cannot see his job
properly and that could be resulted in a fatal accident. This type of causes is not only
It could create problems for other workers. On the other hand if the worker is
unable to hear correctly due hearing problem, this could also lead to a major
accident. For example in case of emergency, his supervisor asks him to cut the power
of the machine and if he could not hear it properly and thus did not cut the power, it
(3) Lack of stamina Or low degree of muscular condition- This is also major
causes of accident proneness because if the worker is not healthy enough or the
management have not given him the work according to his physical condition then
the chances of accident are high. Thus the worker would not be able to perform his
jab well and thus losses his stamina quickly.
(4) Improper working conditions: It means that if the worker is not provided
with the suitable working condition, it could be resulted in accident. Because poor
working condition can causes fatigue, mental stress, deterioration of health, etc to the
worker thus he could not be able to given his maximum performance. For example
the body needs, proper lightning should be there so that worker could easily see his
job, etc.
(5) Distaste of the job: This factor very much influences the ratio of accident
proneness. Because if the worker is not happy with the jab offered to him, the study
shows that he will not perform well and causes more accidents. Thus it is very
important to give the worker the job he is interested to do, this will reduce his
worker after appointed for any job should be trained properly because research
shows that people who are not clearly aware of their jab causes more accidents then
those who are fully trained in their job means that they should be proficient in their
work. It is also necessary to verify the skills of the worker and then accordingly
place him to his proper job. For example a worker who is skilled in doing welding
(7) Unsafe behavior of worker: This is another cause that leads us to accident
proneness. Because some time workers intentionally do not use safety devices
because of there over confidence that not only cost them their life but also put other
needs some degree of intelligence and this degree vary from job to job. Thus if the
worker is not enough intelligent to perform his job, he should be moved to the job
(9) Immature age: This cause indicates that while appointing the worker for any
job, the age factor should be kept in mind. Because asking a teenage boy to perform
the worker of some mature man or vice versa, finally results in accident proneness.
Thus, it is very important to specify the age requirement of each job to avoid
accidents.
(10) Sex: Sex is another important cause of accident proneness. As we all know
that there are some working categories means there are some jobs that are only for
men and other only for women. So to avoid accident proneness it is important to
aaaaaaa)Lack of maintenance