INTRODUCTION

ACUTE BRONCHOPNEUMONIA

Bronchopneumonia is an illness of lung which is caused by different organism

like bacteria, viruses, and fungi and characterized by acute inflammation of the walls of
the bronchioles. It is also known as pneumonia. It is common in women and causes to the
6% deaths. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae
both are the common bacterium which causes bronchopneumonia in the adults and
children.

Acute inflammation of the walls of the smaller bronchial tubes, with varying
amounts of pulmonary consolidation due to spread of the inflammation into
peribronchiolar alveoli and the alveolar ducts; may become confluent or may be
hemorrhagic.

Patient’s Profile

Name: Agent X44

Address:
Birthdate: September 9, 1965
Age: 44 years old
Sex: Male
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Married
Religion: Roman Catholic
Date Admitted: July 6, 2010

Chief Complaint: Difficulty of breathing

 Complaining of chronic productive cough associate with episode

of difficulty of breathing, easy fatigue ability anorexia,
 5 PTA, patient’s experienced increased severity of difficulty in
breathing
 Shortness of breathe and paroxysms of cough with minimal blood
streaked phlegm

Past History

 Hypertension
 Diabetes Mellitus
 Bronchial Asthma
 (+ PTB 2009- 6 months)
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

THE LUNGS: The Bronchioles

The Lungs are the principal organs

of respiration. Each lung is cone-shaped,
with its base resting on the diaphragm and
its apex extending superiorly to a point
about 2.5 cm above the clavicle. The right
lung has three lobes called the superior,
middle and inferior lobes. The left lung has
two lobes called the superior and inferior
lobes. The lobes of the lungs are separated
by deep, prominent fissures on the surface
of the lung. Each lobe is divided into
bronchopulmonary segments separated
from one another by connective tissue
septa, but these separations are not visible
as surface fissures. There are nine
bronchopulmonary segments in the left
lung and ten in the right lung.

The main bronchi branch many times to form the tracheobronchial tree. Each main
bronchus divides into lobar bronchi as they enter their respective lungs. The lobar
(secondary) bronchi, two in he left lung and three in the right lung, conduct air to each
lobe. The lobar bronchi in turn give rise to segmental (tertiary) bronchi, which extend to
the bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs.
The bronchi continue to branch many times,
finally giving rise tobronchio les. The
bronchioles also subdivide numerous times to
give rise to terminal bronchioles, which then
subdivide into respiratory bronchioles. Each
respiratory bronchiole subdivides to form
alveolar ducts, which are like long, branching
hallways with many open doorways. The
doorways open into alveoli, which are small air
sacs. The alveoli become so numerous that the
alveolar duct wall is little more than a succession
of alveoli. The alveolar ducts end as two or three
alveolar sacs, which are chambers connected to
two or more alveoli. There are about three
million alveoli in the lungs.
 The bronchioles are very small airways that extend from the bronchi to the
alveoli. The bronchioles are made up of smooth muscle cells and are smaller than 1
millimeter in diameter. The bronchioles do not have glands or cartilage. The epithelial
cells of the bronchioles are cuboidal in shape.