Magnetic Circuits, Materials G

Lecture 21
Magnetic
g Circuits,, Materials
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, Fourth Edition, by Allan R. Hambley, ©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Magnetic Circuits and Transformers
1. Understand magnetic fields and their interactions

with moving charges.
2 Use the right-hand
2. right hand rule to determine the direction
of the magnetic field around a current-carrying
wire or coil.
coil
3. Calculate forces on moving charges and current
carrying wires due to magnetic fields.
fields
4 Calculate the voltage induced in a coil by a

4.
changing magnetic flux or in a conductor
cutting through a magnetic field.
field
5 Use Lenz
5. Lenz’ss law to determine the polarities of
induced voltages.
6. Apply magnetic-circuit concepts to determine
the magnetic fields in practical devices.
7. Determine the inductance and mutual

inductance of coils given their physical
parameters.
8. Understand hysteresis, saturation, core loss,

and
d eddy
dd currents iin cores composedd of
magnetic materials such as iron.
9. Understand ideal transformers and solve
circuits that include transformers.
10. Use the equivalent circuits of real

g
transformers to determine their regulations
and power efficiencies.
Magnetic
g Field Lines
Magnetic fields The flux

can be visualized density vector
as lines of flux B is tangent to
that
h form
f closed
l d the
h li
lines off flux
fl
paths
B = Magnetic flux density

Magnetic
g Fields
• Magnetic
g flux lines form closed ppaths that
are close together where the field is strong and
p where the field is weak.
farther apart
• Flux lines leave the north-seeking

g end of a
magnet and enter the south-seeking end.
• When placed in a magnetic field, a compass

indicates north in the direction of the flux
lines.
Right-Hand
g Rule
Forces on Charges
g Movingg in
Magnetic Fields
f = qu
qu × B
f = quB sin (θ )
Forces on Current-Carrying
y g Wires
dl
df = dqq × B
dt
dq
= dl × B
dt
= idl × B
Force on straight wire of length l in a constant
magnetic field
i (θ )
f = ilB sin
Force on a Current Carrying
y g Wire
l = 1m
i = 10 A
B = 0.5T
θ = 90 o
f = ilB sin(θ ) = (10 A)(1m)(0.5T ) = 5 N
Flux Linkages and Faraday’s
Law
Magnetic flux passing through a surface area A:
φ= ∫A
B ⋅ dA
For a constant magnetic flux density perpendicular

to the surface:
= BA
The flux linking a coil with N turns:
λ = Nφ
Faraday’s
y Law
Faraday’s law of magnetic induction:
dλ
e=
dt
The voltage
g induced in a coil whenever its
flux linkages are changing. Changes occur
from:
• Magnetic field changing in time
• Coil moving relative to magnetic field
Lenz’s Law
Lenz’s law states that the polarity of the

induced voltage is such that the voltage
would produce a current (through an
external resistance) that opposes the
original change in flux linkages.
Lenz’s Law
US5,975,714 Renewable Energy
Flashlight
Flashlight
Flashlight
Voltages Induced in
Field-Cutting Conductors
dλ dx
λ = BA = Blx → e = = Bl = Blu
dt dt
Magnetic
g Field Intensity
y and
Ampère’s Law
B = μH H = Magnetic field intensity
W
b
A
m
μ 0 = 4π ×10 −7
μ
μr = Relative permeability
μ0
Ampère’s Law: ∫ H ⋅ dl = ∑ i
Ampère’s Law
The line integral

g of the magnetic
g field
intensity around a closed path is equal to the
sum of the currents flowingg through
g the
surface bounded by the path.
Magnetic
g Field Intensity
y and
Ampère’s Law
dl = Hdl cos(θ ) dot product

H • dl
If the magnetic field H has a constant

magnitude and points in the same direction
as the incremental length dl Hl = Σi
Magnetic
g Field Around a Longg
Straight Wire
Hl = H 2π r = I
I
H=
2π r
μI
B = μH =
2π r
Flux Density
y in a Toroidal Core
Hl = H 2πR = NI
NI
H=
2πR
μNI
B=
2πR
Flux Density
y in a Toroidal Core
μNI 2
φ = BA = πr
2πR
μNIr 2
=
2R
μN Ir
I 2 2
λ = Nφ =
2R
Example 15.7
∫ H • dl = Σi
= 10A for path 1
=0 for path 2
= −10A for path 3
Example 15.8
Find the force between
these two wires if they
are 1 m long and
separated
p by
y 0.1 m:
μ 0 I1
B1 (0.1m) =
2πr
(4πx10 −7 )(10 A)
=
2π (0.1m)
= 20μT
f1→ 2 = i2 lB1 sin(θ )
= (10 A)(1m)(20 μT )
= 200μN repulsive
Magnetic Circuits
IIn many engineering
i i applications,
li ti we needd to
t
compute the magnetic fields for structures that
l k sufficient
lack ffi i t symmetry
t for
f straight-forward
t i ht f d
application of Ampère’s law. Then, we use an
approximate
i t method
th d known
k as magnetic-circuit
ti i it
analysis.
magnetomotive force (mmf) of an N-turn
current carrying coil
current-carrying
F =NI Analog:
g Voltage
g ((emf))
reluctance of a path for magnetic flux
l
R =
μA
Analog:
g Resistance
F = Rφ
Analog: Ohm’s Law
Reluctance ↔Resistance
1⎛l ⎞ ⎛l ⎞
R = ⎜ ⎟ ↔ R = ρ⎜ ⎟
μ ⎝ A⎠ ⎝ A⎠
Magnetic
g Circuit for Toroidal Coil
l = 2πR A = πr 2
1 ⎛ l ⎞ 1 ⎛⎜ 2πR ⎟⎞ 1 ⎛⎜ 2 R ⎞⎟
R = ⎜ ⎟= ⎜ 2 ⎟= ⎜ 2 ⎟
μ ⎝ A ⎠ μ ⎝ πr ⎠ μ ⎝ r ⎠
F = NI
F μ Nr
N I 2
φ= =
R 2R
Advantage of the
Magnetic-Circuit
g Approach
pp
The advantage
Th d off the
h magnetic-circuit
i i i approachh
is that it can be applied to unsymmetrical
magneticti cores with
ith multiple
lti l coils.
il
Magnetic
g Circuit with an Air Gap
Find what current is required to generate a flux density

of Bgap=0.25 T in the air gap.
Magnetic
1 l 1 (4 x6 − 0.5)cm
Rcore = =
μ A μ r μ 0 (2cm)(3cm)
1 23.5 x10 − 2 m
=
(6000)(4πx10 −7 ) 6 x10 − 4 m
= 5.195 x10 4
μ r = 6000
Fringing
g g
We approximately account for fringing by
g the length
adding g of the gap
g p to the depth
p and
width in computing effective gap area.
Agap = (2cm + 0.5cm) x(3cm + 0.5cm)

= 8.75 x10 − 4 m 2
μ gap ≈ μ 0 = 4πx10 −7
1 0.5 x10 − 2 m
R gap =
4πx10 −7 8.75 x10 − 4 m 2
= 4.547 x10 6
Magnetic
Rtotal = Rcore + R gap

= 5.195 x10 4 + 4.547 x10 6 = 4.600 x10 6
φ = B gap Agap = (0.25T )(8.75 x10 − 4 m 2 )
= 2.188 x10 − 4 Wb
F = φR = (2.188 x10 − 4 )(4.600 x10 6 )
= 1006 A turns
= Ni
F 1006 A turns
i= = = 2.012 A
N 500 turns
Exercise 15.9
Determine the current required to establish a flux

density of 0.5T in the air gap
Exercise 15.9
Agap = (2cm + 1cm) x(2cm + 1cm)
= 9 x10 − 4 m 2
−7
μ gap ≈ μ 0 = 4πx10
−2
1 1x10 m
R gap = −7 −4
4πx10 8.75 x10 m 2
= 8.842 x10 6
Exercise 15.9
1 l 1 (2 x8 + 2 x6 − 1)cm
Rcore = =
μ A μ r μ 0 (2cm)(2cm)
−2
1 27 x10 m
= −7 −4
(5000)(4πx10 ) 4 x10 m
= 107.4 x10 3
Exercise 15.9
Rtotal = R gap + Rcore
= 8.842 x10 6 + 0.107 x10 6 ≈ R gap
φ = B gap Agap = (0.5T )(9 x10 − 4 m 2 )
= 0.45mWb
Rtotal φ
i=
N
(8.842 x10 6 + 0.107 x10 6 )(0.45 x10 −3 )
=
1000
= 4.027 A
A Magnetic Circuit with Reluctances
in Series and Parallel
Find the flux density in each gap
A Magnetic Circuit with Reluctances
in Series and Parallel
1
t t l = Rc +
Rtotal
1 1
+
Ra Rb
Ni
φc =
Rtotal
Rb
φa = φc (current divider )
Ra + Rb
Ra
φb = φc
Ra + Rb
φa
Ba =
Aa
φa
Ba =
Aa
Magnetic
g Materials
Magnetic Materials
The relationship between B and H is not linear for

the types
yp of iron used in motors and transformers.
B-H curves exhibits

“h t
“hysterysis”
i”
Magnetic
g Materials T t l alignment
Total li t
Residual
alignment at
H=0
Alignment
2-3
Linear 1-2
• Magnetic field of atoms within small domains are aligned

• Magnetic fields of the small domains are initially randomly
oriented
• As the magnetic field intensity increases, the domains tend to
align, leaving a residual alignment even when the applied field
is reduced to zero
Energy
gy Considerations
t t φ
dφ
∫
W = vi dt = N
0
∫
0
dt
i dt = Ni dφ∫
0
Ni = Hl and dφ = AdB
B B
∫
W = AlH dB = Vcore H dB
0
∫
0
B
∫
W
= WV = H dB
V
0
Energy
gy Considerations
B
W
Wv = = ∫ H dB
Al 0
The area between the B-H curve and the B axis represents
p
the volumetric energy supplied to the core
Core Loss
Power loss due to hysteresis
y is pproportional
p to
frequency, assuming constant peak flux.
Eddy-Current
y Loss
As the magnetic
g field changes
g in a material, it
causes “eddy currents” to flow. Power loss due
y currents is proportional
to eddy p p to the square
q of
frequency, assuming constant peak flux.
2
v
P=
R
Energy Stored in the
Magnetic
g Field
B 2
B B
Wv = ∫ dB =
0
μ 2μ

Magnetic Circuits, Materials G

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Magnetic Circuits, Materials G

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Lecture 21

1. Understand magnetic fields and their interactions

4 Calculate the voltage induced in a coil by a

7. Determine the inductance and mutual

8. Understand hysteresis, saturation, core loss,

10. Use the equivalent circuits of real

Magnetic fields The flux

B = Magnetic flux density

• Flux lines leave the north-seeking

• When placed in a magnetic field, a compass

f = ilB sin(θ ) = (10 A)(1m)(0.5T ) = 5 N

For a constant magnetic flux density perpendicular

Lenz’s law states that the polarity of the

The line integral

dl = Hdl cos(θ ) dot product

If the magnetic field H has a constant

reluctance of a path for magnetic flux

Find what current is required to generate a flux density

Agap = (2cm + 0.5cm) x(3cm + 0.5cm)

Rtotal = Rcore + R gap

Determine the current required to establish a flux

Find the flux density in each gap

The relationship between B and H is not linear for

B-H curves exhibits

• Magnetic field of atoms within small domains are aligned

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