Figure 4. Uplift pressures and drainage system options.

Figure 5. Cracking options: Effect of cracking on the drainage system.

Inertia forces

opening
closing

Initial uplift distribution

zero uplift pressure in crack

(USBR 1995, CDSA 1997 (high seismicity))

Pre-earthquake uplift pressures in crack

(USACE 1995, FERC 1991, CDSA 1997 (low seismicity))

Full uplift pressures in crack

(ICOLD 1986)

Figure 6. Transient evolutions of uplift pressures in seismically induced crack.