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T7-Host Interactions
Researchers are showing renewed interest in learning how phages
interact with bacterial hosts, adapting to and overcoming their defenses
Udi Qimron, Stanley Tabor, and Charles C. Richardson
Genetic map of bacteriophage T7. T7 DNA is depicted as a black line. Boxes represent The lytic cycle of T7 phage is divided
genes or promoters. Genes and elements relevant to this review are indicated in the into several steps, including adsorption,
map. DNA penetration, DNA replication,
and DNA packaging (Fig. 2). During
adsorption, T7 attaches its tail fiber
FIGURE 2 proteins to lipopolysaccharide mole-
cules (LPS) on the outer membrane of a
host cell. Loss of function of any of the
nine nonessential genes in the LPS core-
biosynthesis pathway of the host con-
fers resistance to T7 infection, and the
frequency of these mutations in the lab-
oratory is about 10-5. However, T7
phage can overcome this resistance by
acquiring mutations in genes encoding
its tail proteins. In fact, by selecting for
T7 phages that infect LPS mutants, we
isolated T7 phages that adsorb to the
host in a LPS-independent manner.
These mutants extend their host range
about 200-fold compared to wild-type
T7.
The mainstay of resistance to phage
is the bacterial restriction system, which
recognizes and cleaves specific DNA se-
quences. By having underrepresented
recognition sequences, T7 phage evades
restriction enzymes, particularly the
type II restriction systems. The phage
genome also encodes gene product (gp)
0.3, a protein that mimics the structure
of a DNA molecule and specifically
binds to and inactivates the type I re-
striction enzyme. As an additional pro-
tective measure, the DNA sequence en-
Obstacles arising in the T7 lytic cycle. Modification to the host LPS may eliminate
recognition by the phage receptor in the adsorption step. Host restriction systems, coding gene 0.3 lacks any sequence
nucleases, as well as the CRISPR system cleave the newly incoming DNA in the recognized by the type I restriction sys-
penetration step. The phage has to generate high enough nucleotide pool and to maintain tem. Further, the sequences located to-
it during the DNA replication step. Finally, the phage has to inactivate the host RNA
polymerase in order to maintain DNA integrity during the packaging step. See text for ward the middle and end of the T7
details. genome enter the cell only after gene 0.3
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