saxviTi da gamoyenebiTi

xelovneba
moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo

saxviTi da gamoyenebiTi xelovneba

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 saxviTi da
gamoyenebiTi
xelovneba
V klasi
moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo

Semecneba
Tbilisi 2017
xelovneba da Semoqmedeba 5
moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo
saxviT da gamoyenebiT xelovnebaSi

jana (darejan) kaxiani (jgufis xelmZRvaneli) –
ilias saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori,
fsiqologiis da pedagogikis mecnierebaTa doqtori
Tamar kiknaZe – bavSvTa fsiqologi, skola `XXI saukunis~
saswavlo programis xelmZRvaneli
qeTevan davlianiZe _ mxatvari

redaqtori _ TaTia mTvareliZe

dizaini da dakabadoneba _ zurab wereTlis

yvela ufleba daculia.

am saxelmZRvanelos arc erTi nawili aranairi formiTa da saSualebiT,
iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri, ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

© j. kaxiani, T. kiknaZe, q. davlianiZe, 2017

© gamomcemloba `Semecneba~, 2017
Tbilisi, antonovskaias q., 9b
telefoni: 995 32 260 23 15; 995 599 55 05 54
© meore gamocema, 2017

XELOVNEBA DA SHEMOKMEDEBA (ART AND CREATION) 5

Student’s textbook in Fine and Applied Arts

Authors: Jana (Darejan) Kakhiani, Tamar Kiknadze,

Ketevan Davlianidze

Redactor: Tatia Mtvarelidze

All rights reserved

© J. Kakhiani, T. Kiknadze, K. Davlianidze, 2017
© Publishing House SHEMETSNEBA, 2017
9b Antonovskaya Street, Tbilisi, Georgia
Phone 995 32 260 23 15; 995 599 55 05 54
E-mail: info@shemetsneba.ge
www.shemetsneba.ge
© Second Edition, 2017
 saxelmZRvanelos
gamoyenebis instruqcia

gakveTilis
nomeri gakveTilis
saTauri teqsti ilustracia

daimaxsovre

35 renesansi
aRorZinebis xanis xelovanebi ara mxolod baZa-
vdnen antikuri periodis mxatvrebs, moqandakeebs da
daaxloebiT 600 wlis win italiaSi daiwyo axali epoqa _ renesansi. re- arqiteqtorebs, aramed Seqmnes axali formebi, axali
nesansi aRorZinebas niSnavs. am periodSi gaZlierda da gamdidrda italiis stili xelovnebaSi, romelsac renesans uwodeben.
qalaqebi, gafarTovda vaWroba, gaxSirda mogzauroba, ganviTarda mecnier-
eba da arnaxulad ayvavda xelovneba.
daimaxsovre!
antikuri xelovneba _
Zveli saberZneTisa da
daimaxsovre! romis xelovneba.
madona _
RvTismSobeli

2. leonardo 5. andrea del verokio. 6. sandro

da vinCi. `axalgazrda daviTi~ botiCeli.
`mona liza `madonas
/jokonda/~ dideba~

• daaTvaliere da aRwere ilustraciebi.

1. miqelanjelo
• romeli nimuSi xelovnebis romel dargs
buonaroti.
`mose~
miekuTvneba?
• rogor daaxasiaTebdi am namuSevrebs?
• moses qandakebam romeli berZnuli
qandakeba gagaxsena?
• isaubre STabeWdilebebze.
7. taZari santa maria
del fiore
(q. florencia, italia) 8. muSaobis etapebi

4. rafael santi. `mSvenieri mebaRe

3. leonardo da vinCi. (madona yrmasTan da ioane
`qalis portreti~ naTlismcemelTan erTad)~
daxate wre. nel-nela daiwye ecade Seqmna Crdilis
am periodSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoaCines daStrixva. STabeWdileba.
daxate wre.
antikuri kulturis uamravi nimuSi. swored maTi gavlenis Sedegad dain-
teresdnen italieli xelovanebi adamianis silamaziT da sidiadiT, im mSven-
davaleba
ieri bunebiT, romelic mis garSemoa. isini cdilobdnen sakuTar Semoqmede-
baSi aeRorZinebinaT antikuri xelovneba. daxate qoTani an doqi. Seqmeni moculobiTi gamosaxuleba.

78 79

muSaobis
SekiTxvebi etapebi
avtoris nimuSi
saxeli da saSinao
gverdis gvari. davaleba gverdis
nomeri namuSevris nomeri
saxelwodeba
 sarCevi

I Tavi. pirvelyofili xelovneba

1-2. .mRvimeebis mxatvroba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

II Tavi. Zveli egvipte

3. Zveli egvipte. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4. piramidebi.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5. sarkofagebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6. .reliefi da kedlis mxatvroba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7. qandakeba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8. .tansacmeli da samkauli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9. damwerloba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10. Tavisufali Tema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

III Tavi. Zveli saberZneTi

11. Zveli saberZneTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
12. arqiteqtura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
13. qandakeba .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
14. keramika. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
15. olimpiuri TamaSebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
16. Teatri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
17. .Cacmuloba da varcxniloba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
18. .literatura, damwerloba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
19-20. .msoflios Svidi saocreba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

IV Tavi. Zveli romi

21. Zveli romi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
22. arqiteqtura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
23. qandakeba .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
24-25..freska, mozaika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
26. .Cacmuloba, varcxniloba, samkauli . . . . . . . . . 66
27. garToba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
28. .Zveli romis memkvidreoba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

V Tavi. gotikuri xelovneba

29. gotika. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
30. arqiteqtura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
31. qandakeba .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
32. vitraJi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
33-34. .Cacmuloba. raindebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

VI Tavi. renesansi
35. renesansi.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
36. mxatvroba.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
37. qandakeba .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
38. arqiteqtura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
39. portreti.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
40. leonardo da vinCi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
41. miqelanjelo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
42. rafael santi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
43. ticiani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
44. muzeumebi.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

VII Tavi. saqarTvelos kulturuli

memkvidreoba
45. saqarTvelo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
46. oqromWedloba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
47. arqiteqtura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
48. .monumenturi ferwera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
49. damwerloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
danarTi a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
danarTi b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
 Sesavali

wlidan wlamde Sen ufro mets swavlob da igeb xelovnebis

Sesaxeb. mniSvnelovania, icode xatva, Zerwva, konstruireba,
sxva­dasxva masalisa da teqnikis gamoyeneba namuSevarSi.
aseve mniSvnelovania, gaecno xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargsa
da Janrs, gaigo is, Tu rogori iyo sxvadasxva droisa da epo-
qis xelovneba, misi Taviseburebebi da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.
saxelmZRvanelo dagexmareba, gaigo, Tu rogor xatavda pirve-
lyofili adamiani Tavis sacxovrebels, mRvimes, rogor samarx-
ebs aSenebdnen Zveli egviptelebi, gaecnobi Zveli berZnebisa da
romaelebis xelovnebasa da kulturas, goTuri periodis taZ-
rebs da aRorZinebis epoqis bumberaz xelovanTa Semoqmedebas.
geqneba SesaZlebloba, gaecno amave periodis saqarTvelos
xelovnebisa da kulturis ganviTarebis gzas.
sxvadasxva epoqis xelovnebisa da kulturis nimuSebis gac-
nobiT, didi xelovanebis Semoqmedebis SeswavliT ki mogecema
saSualeba, dainaxo da aRiqva samyaros mravalferovneba da si-
lamaze _ gaxde ufro ganaTlebuli, saintereso da mravalmxri-
vi adamiani!
rac ufro mets iswavli, miT ufro bevr sainteresos gaigeb.

gisurveb warmatebas!
pirvelyofili
xelovneba
altamiris mRvimis mxatvroba
 pirvelyofili
xelovneba

1-2. mRvimeebis mxatvroba

1-2 mRvimeebis mxatvroba
sul raRac 100 wlis win iTvleboda, rom msoflios xelovnebis uZve-
lesi kera egvipte iyo. mogvianebiT, dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi arqeo­
logebma aRmoaCines uZvelesi adamianebis namosaxlarebi, gamoqvabulebi,
sadac arqeologebma miakvlies qvisa da Zvlis iaraRebs, romlebzec sx-
vadasxva naxati da maT Soris adamianis figurebi iyo gamosaxuli. es nax-
atebi xelovnebis pirvel nimuSebs warmoadgenen.

1.

1, 2, 7. altamiris mRvimis mxatvroba

2.

3. tasilin-ajeris
platos mxatvroba 4.

yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc gamoqvabulebis kedlebze Sesrulebu-

li naxatebia, romlebzec cxovelebi da nadirobis scenebia gamosaxuli.
gasaocaria oci aTasi wlis winandeli mxatvrebis ostatoba, romlebic
didi sizu­stiT gadmoscemdnen cxovelis sxeulis siluets, proporcias,
moZra­obas.

12
 gamoqvabulebSi aRmoCenil naxatebs mecnierebma mRvimuri mxatvroba
uwodes. mRvimuri mxatvrobis nimuSebi naxSiriTaa Sesrulebuli. zogi-
erTi maTgani ki gacocxlebulia saRebavebis feradovani laqebiT.
pirvelyofili adamianis mxatvroba gva­­r­wmunebs imaSi, rom xelovnebi-
sadmi si­y­va­ruli gaCnda uxsovari droidan da Tan sdevs adamians arsebo-
bis yvela etapze.

5. 6.

4. 5, 6, 8. laskos
qvabulis
mxatvroba

7.

• aRwere mRvimuri mxatvrobis nimuSebi.

• ra cxovelebia gamosaxuli?
• ra ferebia gamoyenebuli?
• ramdenad realurad, bunebrivadaa
cxovelebi gamosaxuli?
• ra STabeWdileba moaxdina Senze am
mxatvrobam?
8.

davaleba
Seqmeni namuSevari `pirvelyofili adamiani~.

13
Zveli egvipte
kedlis mxatvroba
 Zveli egvipte

3. Zveli egvipte
4. piramidebi
5. sarkofagebi
6. reliefi da kedlis
mxatvroba
7. qandakeba
8. tansacmeli da
samkauli
9. damwerloba
10. Tavisufali Tema
3 Zveli egvipte
Zveli msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani civi-
lizacia Seqmnes Zvelma egviptelebma. termini civilizacia umTavresad
gamoiyeneba im xalxebis mimarT, romlebmac miaRwies ganviTarebis garkveul
dones _ daaarses qalaqebi, Seqmnes kanonebi, damwerloba, kalendari da
kulturis mniSvnelovani nimuSebi.

daimaxsovre!
piramida _ faraonis
akldama Zvel
egvipteSi.

1. gizis didi piramida da sfinqsi

2. Zvel egvipturi
damwerlobis nimuSi 3. Zvel egvipturi fila (reliefi)

Zveli egvipte mdebareobda afrikis CrdiloeTSi, mdinare nilosis nay-

ofier napirebze. Tavis qveyanas Zveli egviptelebi kemets uwodebdnen,
rac Sav miwas niSnavs.
egviptis saxelmwifo daaxloebiT 5000 wlis win gaCnda. mas marTavdnen
mefeebi _ faraonebi.

18
 Zveli egviptis kultura imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom Seiqmna special-
uri mecniereba _ egviptologia, romelic swavlobs Zveli egviptis isto-
riasa da kulturas.

daimaxsovre!
arqeologia _ mecniereba,
romelic Zveli xalxebis
kulturas da yofa-cxovrebas
swavlobs Semonaxuli
nivTebis _ Zeglebis
mixedviT.

4. Zveli egvipturi samkauli

5. faraon tutanxamonis
oqros niRabi

6. samarxis kedlis mxatvroba

• daakvirdi Zvel egvipturi

xelovnebis nimuSebs, aRwere isini.
• xelovnebis romel dargs
miakuTvneb maT?
• isaubre STabeWdilebebze.

7. skami (tutanxamonis samarxidan)

davaleba
daxate zRapruli qalaqis quCa.

19
4 piramidebi
Zveli egviptis xsenebaze pirvelad ra gaxsendebaT? albaT piramidebi.
swored piramidebi gadaiqca egviptis simbolod. maT faraonebis samudamo
gansasveneblad agebdnen. amiT faraonebi cdilobdnen sakuTari saxelis
ukvdavyofas.
piramidebs aSenebdnen uzarmazari qvis lodebisgan, TiToeuli maTgani
2,5 tonas iwonida.

1. gizis didi piramidebi

egvipteSi 30-ze meti piramidaa, romelTagan yvelaze cnobilia gizis

piramidebi, sadac sami faraoni da maTi colebia dakrZaluli. maT Soris
yvelaze didia xeofsis piramida. igi agebulia 2 milionze meti lodisgan
da misi simaRle 146 metria.
piramidebSi aris deref-
ne­bis qseli _ labirinTebi.
labirinTebSi uamravi cru
de­refania. ase cdilobdnen
egviptelebi faraonis sama­
r­
xis dacvas mZarcvelebi-
sgan.

20
 xeofsis piramidasTan
TiTqos mis dasacavad dgas
uzarmazari qandakeba _
sfinqsi. mas adamianis Tavi
da lomis sxeuli aqvs da
erTiani kldisganaa gamo-
kveTili.

3.

• rogor fiqrob, ratom aSenebdnen

egviptelebi uzarmazar piramidebs?
• Seni azriT, ras gamoxatavda es
4. fantastikuri arseba _ sfinqsi?
3, 4. sfinqsi

• ra STabeWdilebas
tovebs Senze kldeSi
gamokveTili ta­Za­ri?
xom ar ici rame msgavsi
arqiteqturuli
nimuSis Sesaxeb?

5. dedofal hatSefsutis taZari

(dair-el-bahri, egvipte)

es taZaric Zveli arqiteqturis

nimuSia. igi kldeSia gamokveTili.
6. hatSefsutis qandakebebi

davaleba
yuradRebiT daakvirdi sfinqsis qandakebas
da Seecade, daxato igi.

21
5 sarkofagebi
Zvel egviptelebs sjerodaT, rom sikvdilis Semdeg adamianis suli
mxo­lod kargad Senaxul sxeulSi dabrundeba, amitom cdilobdnen, sxeu-
li ucvlelad SeenaxaT. aqedan warmoiSva gardacvlili adamianis sxeulis
sagangebod damuSaveba, mumificireba _ mumiad qceva. specialuri xsnare-
biT da surnelovani zeTebiT gaJRenTili saxvevebiTa da tilos naWrebiT
gardacvlilis sxeuls mWidrod axvevdnen. saxvevebs Soris Zvirfas qvebs
ayolebdnen. am wesiT damuSavebulma mumiebma gauZles saukuneebs. arqe-
ologebi dResac pouloben maT arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas.

daimaxsovre!
sarkofagi _ qvis an
xis samarxi.

1.

1, 2. muzeumebSi daculi mumiebi

2.
mumificirebas 70 dRe sWirdeboda da es imdenad rTuli da mniSvnelo-
vani procesi iyo, rom mas specialurad ganswavluli adamiani atarebda,
romelsac Tavze turisTava mumificirebis RmerTis – anubisis niRabi
exura.

3. anubisi 4. mumificireba (kedlis mxatvroba)

22
 egviptelebi mumiebs aTavsebdnen sagangebod damzadebul kuboebSi _
sarkofagebSi. sarkofagi adamianis sxeulis formas imeorebda. mis saxur-
avze amoWrili iyo saxis nakvTebi da xelebi. sarkofagebi mdidrulad iyo
morTuli, moxatuli, inkrustirebuli Zvirfasi qvebiT.

daimaxsovre!
inkrustacia _ gamosaxuleba
an ornamenti, romelic
keTdeba sagnis zedapirze
Camagrebuli sxvadasxva
masalis firfitebiT.

5.

6. 7.

• ratom amzadebdnen mumiebs?

8.
5_8. sarkofagebi • yvelas SeeZlo mumiis damzadeba?
• rogor iyo morTuli sarkofagebi?
9. muSaobis etapebi

daarbile Tixa da mieci miRebuli forma moxate sarkofagi.

mogrZo forma. miamsgavse sarkofags.

davaleba
daxate mumificirebis RmerTi _ anubisi.

23
6 reliefi da kedlis
mxatvroba
Zveli egviptis taZrebsa da samarxebis kedlebs amSvenebda reliefebi
da freskebi. reliefebsa da freskebze gamosaxuli iyo scenebi gardac-
vlilebis cxovrebidan.
egviptelebs sjerodaT, rom xelovnebas jadosnuri Zala aqvs. maTTvis
mxatvroba sicocxlis SenarCunebis saSualeba iyo.
kedlebze ramdenime zolad ixateboda an ikveTeboda scenebi gardacv-
lilTa cxovrebidan _ omebis, monebis ayvanis, nadimis, nadirobis amsax-
veli siuJetebi, aseve yofiTi Sinaarsisac _ samosis gamocvlis, Zroxis
mowvelis, mosavlis aRebis da a.S.

1.

2.

egviptur reliefsa da freskebSi fi­

gurebis gamosaxvisas daculia garkveu­
li kanonzomiereba: Tavi da fexebi pro­
filSi gamoixateba, mxrebi da Tvali
pi­r­dapir _ anfasSi.
3.

4.
1_4. kedlis mxatvroba

24
 • gaixsene, ra ici reliefis Sesaxeb? kedlis mxatvrobis Sesaxeb?

6.

5.

7.
5_8. reliefuri gamosaxulebebi

• daaTvaliere nimuSebi, aRwere isini.

miaqcie yuradReba detalebs.
• ra aris gamosaxuli egviptur reliefebze?
freskebze? ra ferebia gamoyenebuli?
• ra STabeWdileba Segeqmna
Zveli egviptelebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb?
8.

davaleba
Seqmeni namuSevari egviptelebis cxovrebidan
(masala Tavidan airCie)

25
7 qandakeba
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCnda uamravi mrgvali qandakeba.
isini amSvenebdnen taZrebis darbazebs, ezoebs. aseTi qandakebebi napovnia
samarxebsa da akldamebSic. faraonebisa da didebulebis figurebi yov-
elTvis uZrav pozaSi gamoisaxeba, msaxurebisa da ubralo adamianebis fig-
urebi ki _ saqmianobis dros.

2. ufliswuli rahotepi

1. ufliswuli rahotepi da
misi meuRle nofreti

3. nefertiti

• rogor qandakebas eZaxian mrgvals?

• ra masalas iyeneben qandakebebis
dasamzadeblad?
• daaTvaliere qandakebebi. aRwere isini.
Seadare erTmaneTs. isaubre Sens
STabeWdilebebze.
4. gadamweri

26
 Zveli egvipturi qandakebebi xisgan an qvisgan keTdeboda da Semdeg
mkacrad dadgenili kanonebis mixedviT iRebeboda: mamakacis figura _
moagurisfro-wiTlad, qalis ki _ yviTlad. Tma Savi ferisa iyo, xolo
tansacmeli _ TeTri.

• rogor fiqrob, ratom gamoiyureboda

es qandakebebi ase `cocxlad~?
daakvirdi Tvalebs.
• aRwere, rogoraa isini gaferadebuli.

5. faraoni mikerini

Zveli egviptelebi umTavresad qmnid-

nen sami tipis mrgval qandakebebs: fexze 6. ludismxdeli qali
mdgoms, taxtze mjdomsa da fexmorTxmuls.

8. ymawvil tutanxamonis
7. kairos gadamweri Tavi 9. egviptelebi

davaleba
gamoZerwe faraoni da msaxuri.

27
8 tansacmeli da samkauli
Zveli egviptelebis samosi sada iyo. tansacmels ZiriTadad selis qso-
vilisgan amzadebdnen. qalebs viwro, koWebamde kabebi ecvaT, mamakacebi
ki muxlamde an koWamde Semoxveul qsovils atarebdnen. fexze papirusis
lerwmisgan an tyavisgan damzadebuli sandlebi ecvaT. mogvianebiT egvi-
ptelebis samosi garTulda, is Seicvala gofrirebuliT _ gaCnda tal-
Riseburi nakecebisgan damzadebuli tansacmeli.

2.

1.

• daakvirdi da Seadare
erTmaneTs egviptelebis samosi.
• ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris?

4.
3.
1_4. egvipturi samosi

egviptelebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen garegnobas. qalebi grZel

TmaSi samkaulebs, mZivebs, yvavilebs imagrebdnen. mamakacebs ki mokled
SeW­
rili Tma hqondaT. Wabukebi gadaparsul Tavze mxolod erT grZel
`siWabukis~ kululs atarebdnen.
nadimebsa da wveulebebze qalebic da mamakacebic parikebs xmarobdnen.

28
 egviptelebis Cacmulobis mniSvnelovan elements samkauli warmoad-
genda, maT Soris ki yvelaze gamorCeuli iyo egvipturi dekoratiuli
sayelo, romelsac atarebdnen rogorc mamakacebi, ise qalebi, rogorc
batonebi, ise msaxurebi.

7.
5.

6.

10.

• gaixsene da CamoTvale dekoratiul-

gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis nimuSebi.
• rogor aris gaformebuli
egvipturi samkaulebi?
9.
• ra hqvia ostats, romelic samkauls
amzadebs? ra masalas iyenebs igi
8. namuSevris Sesaqmnelad?
11. muSaobis etapebi

daWeri `sawrupi~ milebi. moamzade samagrebi, akinZe da daamzade

gauyare Toki. sayelo.

davaleba
daamzade an daxate egvipturi samkaulebi.

29
9 damwerloba
piramidebis, sasaxleebis, taZrebis kedlebze mecnierebma ucnauri nax-
atebi da niSnebi aRmoaCines. aseTive niSnebiT iyo dafaruli akldamebis
kedlebi, qandakebebi da reliefebi. es egvipturi damwerlobis nimuSebi _
ieroglifebia. maTi gaSifvra da amokiTxva aucilebeli iyo egviptis is-
toriisa da kulturis Sesaswavlad.

1. 2.

3.

1_4. Zveli egvipturi

damwerlobis nimuSebi 4.

Zveli egvipturi damwerloba 750 niSans iTvlis. TiToeuli niSani

zogjer TiTo asos aRniSnavda, zogjer _ ors, zogjer ki _ sams. egvi-
ptelebi Tvlidnen, rom damwerloba, iseve rogorc xelovneba, religiis
nawili iyo da rom igi sibrZnis RmerTma _ ToTma Seqmna.

30
 bevrma mecnierma scada gaeSifra egvipturi damwerloba, magram es
mxo­lod frangma mecnierma Jan-fransua Sampolionma moaxerxa 1822 wels.
ieroglifebis wakiTxva SeiZleba marcxnidan marjvniv, marjvnidan
marc­xniv an zemodan qvemoT.

5.

swored am dafebis
gaSifvriT moaxerxa
Sampolionma
ieroglifebis
amokiTxva.

8.

6.

• daakvirdi egviptur
ieroglifebs. ra figurebia
maTze gamosaxuli? riT
gansxvavdeba ieroglifebi
sxva damwerlobisgan?

9.
5_9. damwerlobis nimuSebi

daakvirdi nimuSebs (9). yoveli winadadebis dasawyisSi aris erTi da

igive simbolo _ Citi. swored is migvaniSnebs, Tu saidan unda daviwyoT
kiTxva. Zveli egviptelebi lerwmis erT-erTi jiSisgan _ papirusisgan
amzadebdnen sawer masalas (misi qarTuli saxelwodebaa Wili). papirusebs
gragnilis forma hqondaT da maTze iwereboda mniSvnelovani sabuTebi.

davaleba
daamzade dokumenti kompiuterul saxatav programaSi.

31
10 Tavisufali Tema
Zveli egviptis kulturiT, miTologiiT, damwerlobiT, religiiT
xSirad interesdebodnen xe­lo­vnebis sxvadasxva dargis warmomadgenlebi.
albaT, swored amitom, Zveli egviptis Temaze dawerilia romani, Seqm-
nilia opera, dadgmulia bale­ti, gadaRebulia mxatvruli da animaciuri
filmebi. rogor fiqrob, ra aris amis mizezi?

1. afiSa `kleopatra~
(egviptis dedofali) 3. `kleopatra~
(msaxiobi vivien li)

2. `kleopatra~
(msaxiobi
elisabed teilori)

4. kadri filmidan `kleopatra~

• daaTvaliere ilustraciebi.
aRwere isini. miaqcie
yuradReba Cacmulobas,
varcxnilobas, samkauls.
5. kadri filmidan `faraoni~

• ginaxavs mxatvruli, animaciuri filmi an speqtakli,

romelic Zveli egviptis Temazea Seqmnili?
mouyevi Tanaklaselebs.

32
 rodesac mxatvrebi qmnian kostiumebisa da dekoraciebis eskizebs
kinofilmebisa da speqtaklebisTvis, isini ecnobian im epoqisa da qveynis
istorias, eTnografiasa da kulturas, romelzec muSaoben.
rogor fiqrob, ratom?

6. afiSa _ opera `aida~

7. opera `aida~
(speqtaklis foto)

8. baleti `kleopatra~

daimaxsovre!
eskizi (swrafi, mosamzade­­ 9. leon baqsti,
beli naxati) _ Canaxati, `kleopatra~
winaswari monaxazi _ (eskizi)
naxatis, skulpturis,
Teatraluri dekoraciis
da a.S.

10. `kleopatra~

davaleba
Seqmeni egvipturi kostiumis eskizi.

33
 Zveli
saberZneTi
erexTeioni, kariatidebis aivani
 Zveli saberZneTi

11. Zveli saberZneTi

12. arqiteqtura
13. qandakeba
14. keramika
15. olimpiuri TamaSebi
16. Teatri
17. Cacmuloba da varcxniloba
18. literatura, damwerloba
19-20. msoflios Svidi saocreba
11 Zveli saberZneTi
xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, egeosisa da ion-
iis zRvebs Soris mdebareobs qveyana _ saberZneTi. aq berZnebi cxovroben.
didi xnis winaT ki am adgilas maTi winaprebi _ elinebi binadrobdnen. isi-
ni Tavis qveyanas eladas uwodebdnen. elinuri civilizacia gansakuTre-
bulia, didia misi roli xelovnebis istoriis ganviTarebaSi.

1. artemisi (romauli asli)

2. aTena lemnea
(romauli asli)

3. zevsis pergamonis sakurTxeveli (fragmenti)

elinebi niWieri, mamaci da silamazis moyvaruli xalxi iyo. maT Seqmnes

mdidari, saintereso, ganumeorebeli kultura, xelovnebis SesaniSnavi
nimuSebi da arqiteqturuli Zeglebi.

38
Zveli berZnuli kulturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawilia miTebi.
xom ar ici romelime berZnuli miTi?

daimaxsovre!
miTi _ Zveli xalxuri
Tqmuleba RmerTebsa da
gmirebze, samyaros
Seqmnasa da sicocxlis
warmoSobaze.

4. Zveli berZnuli taZari

5, 6, 8. Zveli berZnuli
keramikis nimuSebi

6.
5.

• daasaxele xelovnebis romel dargs

miekuTvneba es nimuSebi, aRwere isini.
• isaubre STabeWdilebebze.
• romeli mogewona gansakuTrebiT?
daasabuTe Seni arCevani.

7. aTenas Tavi
8.

davaleba
moiZie da gaecani berZnul miTebs.

39
12 arqiteqtura
berZnebs sjerodaT, rom yvela RmerTs unda hqonoda saxli. swored
amitom qalaqebis amaRlebul adgilze _ akropolisze _ maTTvis aSenebd-
nen taZrebs. qalaq aTenis akropoliss amSvenebda ramdenime taZari. dRemde
SemorCenilia maTi nangrevebi, romelTa naxvisas Segeqmneba STabeWdileba
berZnuli arqiteqturis TviTmyofadobaze.

1.

1_3. qalaq aTenis

akropolisi

2.

3.

40
 aTenis akropolisis mTavari taZari – parTenoni sworkuTxa formis,
marmarilossvetebiani Senobaa, romelic safexurebian saZirkvelze dgas.
svetebs eyrdnoba samkuTxedis formis saxuravi, romelsac amSvenebda sx-
vadasxva reliefi da skulptura. parTenoni aigo qalRmerT aTenas pa-
tivsacemad. reliefebi da skulpturebi asaxavdnen epizodebs qalRmerTis
cxovrebidan, xolo taZris SuagulSi aRmarTuli iyo aTenas uzarmazari
qandakeba.

4. parTenoni (aTenas taZari

q. aTenis akropolisze)
5. parTenonis asli 6. kariatidi
(q. neSvili, aSS)

8. erexTeioni, kariatidebis aivani

• daakvirdi berZnuli taZrebis

svetebis nimuSebs.
7. berZnuli svetebi • riT gansxvavdeba isini erTmaneTisgan?
• Seadare erTmaneTs Zv. egviptis da Zv.
saberZneTis arqiteqturis nimuSebi.

davaleba
daxate Zveli berZnuli taZari.

41
13 qandakeba
berZnuli xelovnebis erT-erT did miRwevad iTvleba xuroTmoZRvreb-
isa da qandakebis ostaturi Serwyma. yvela berZnuli taZari morTuli iyo
reliefebiTa da qandakebebiT. isini amSvenebdnen rogorc Senobis fasads,
aseve mis Sida nawilsac.

2. afrodite
(romauli asli)

1. zevsi (romauli asli)

• vis pativsacemad agebdnen

berZnebi taZrebs?
• daakvirdi da aRwere zevsisa
da aTenas qandakebebi.
yuradReba gaamaxvile detalebze.
3. aTena (romauli asli)

taZrebis centralur nawilSi idga im RvTaebis qandakeba, romlis pa-

tivsacemad iyo es taZari agebuli. gamoCenilma berZenma moqandakem fidi-
asma gasaocari ostatobiT Seqmna qalRmerT aTenas 12-metriani qandakeba
parTenonis taZrisTvis da zevsis giganturi, 14-metriani qandakeba qalaq
olimpiis taZrisTvis. orive qandakeba oqrosa da spilos Zvlis firfite-
biT iyo Semkuli da mnaxvelze did da dauviwyar STabeWdilebas axdenda.

42
 Zveli berZeni moqandakeebis mizani iyo srulyofili, Zlieri, lamazi
adamianis gamosaxulebis Seqmna. isini umTavresad marmarilosgan qmnidnen
qandakebebs. cdilobdnen, zustad gadmoecaT adamianis sxeuli rogorc
mSvid, uZrav pozaSi, aseve moZraobaSi.

6. samoTrakiuli nike

4. eirene
(romauli asli) 5. poliklitosi,
`doriforosi~ (Subosani)

• Seadare erTmaneTs
berZnuli da egvipturi
qandakebebi.
• romeli mogewona
gansakuTrebiT? ratom?

8. mironi.
`badrosmtyorcneli~
7. Wabuki (romauli asli)

xatvis Seswavlisas axalgazrda mxatvrebi, romlebsac surT, daeuflon

adamianis sxeulis proporciebis, misi mSvenierebisa da saxis nakvTebis
sworad gadmocemis teqnikas, nimuSad swored berZnul qandakebas iyeneben.

davaleba
daxate Zveli berZnuli RmerTi an qalRmerTi.

43
14 keramika
Zveli saberZneTis kulturis Semadgenel mniSvnelovan nawils meTu-
neoba warmoadgens. keramikuli WurWeli moxatuli iyo naxatebiT, romel-
sac `larnakul mxatvrobas~ uwodebdnen.

1. 2. 3.

Tu adreuli periodis WurWels berZnebi geometriuli ornamentebiT

rTavdnen da ornamentebs Soris adamianebis da cxovelebis figurebs xat-
avdnen, mogvianebiT larnakebs miTologiuri da sayofacxovrebo scenebiT
aformebdnen.

4.

5.

• daaTvaliere nimuSebi.
aRwere isini, isaubre siuJetebze.

6.

44
 `larnakuli mxatvroba~ gansxvavebuli iyo. meTuneebi larnakebs wiTe-
li Tixisgan amzadebdnen da maTze Savi feris figurebs xatavdnen _ aseT
larnakebs `Savfiguruls~ uwodebdnen. an piriqiT, figurebs tovebdnen
Tixis wiTel ferad da fons Savi feriT avsebdnen. maT `wiTelfiguruls~
uwodebdnen.

7.

1_8. Zveli berZnuli 8.

keramikis nimuSebi

• larnakebi mravalferovani iyo

rogorc formiT da zomiT,
agreTve daniSnulebiTac.
• ginaxavT Tu ara aseTi formis
WurWeli? ra daniSnulebis iyo igi?
• aRwere da isaubre berZnul
WurWelze.

9. berZnuli WurWlis nimuSebi 10. muSaobis etapebi

gabere buSti; buStze daawebe daamzade saxelurebi,

daamzade Ziri. qaRaldebi. yeli da morTe larnaki.

davaleba
daxate wiTelfiguruli an Savfiguruli larnaki.

45
15 olimpiuri TamaSebi
saberZneTis qalaq olimpiaSi zevsis sadideblad imarTeboda sportu-
li Sejibrebebi. isini 4 weliwadSi erTxel ewyoboda da 5 dRes grZelde-
boda. es TamaSebi imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom omebic ki wydeboda,
raTa xalxi usafrTxod Casuliyo olimpiaSi.

2.

1. olimpiuri TamaSebi
4.

3.

7. dafnis
2_6. Zvel berZnul gvirgvini,
WurWelze Semonaxuli romliTac
6.
olimpiuri TamaSebis ajildoebdnen
amsaxveli scenebi gamarjvebuls

Sejibrebebi tardeboda sportis sxvadasxva saxeobaSi: diskosa da Subis

tyorcnaSi, sirbilSi, xtomaSi, WidaobaSi, krivsa da cxenosnobaSi. gamarj­
vebulebs ajildoebdnen ubralo dafnis gvirgviniT. amave dros olimpiur
TamaSebSi gamarjveba gmirobis tolfasi iyo.

46
 saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi olimpiuri TamaSebis Catarebis tradicia da-
karguli iyo. es tradicia aRorZinda mxolod 1896 wels, rodesac qalaq
aTenSi Catarda pirveli Tanamedrove olimpiuri TamaSebi.
olimpiuri CiraRdani inTeba olimposis mTaze, mzis sxiviT da gadae-
cema im qveyanas, romelic olimpiur TamaSebs maspinZlobs.

daimaxsovre!
proporcia _ laTinuri
sityvaa da nawilebs Soris
Tanafardobas niSnavs.

8. lisipe. `aTleti~

Zveli berZnebi adamianis figuris gamosax-

visas icavdnen garkveul proporcias _ Tavis
zoma Seadgenda mTeli sxeulis daaxloebiT
1/7 an 1/8 nawils.

• sportis romel saxeobebSi tardeba dRevandeli olimpiadebi?

• ra ici zamTris olimpiur TamaSebze?
• daasaxele, romelma qveyanam umaspinZla bolo olimpiur TamaSebs?

davaleba
daxate sportsmeni Sejibrebis dros.

47
16 Teatri
berZnebi RmerTebisadmi miZRvnil dResaswaulebze sportuli Sejibre-
bebis garda Teatralur warmodgenebsac marTavdnen. warmodgenebi tarde-
boda moedanze, Ria cis qveS. mayureblebi moednis irgvliv naxevarwriu-
lad ganlagebul kibe-kibe amaRlebul adgilebze isxdnen.

1. Zveli berZnuli Teatri

2.
2_9. Zveli berZnuli niRbebi
3.

Teatralur warmodgenebSi monawileobdnen mxolod mamakacebi. maT

niRbebi ekeTaT imis saCveneblad, Tu vis asaxierebdnen _ kacs Tu qals,
moxucs Tu axalgazrdas. niRbebze sxvadasxva ganwyobileba, emocia iyo ga-
mosaxuli. zogjer niRbebi ormxrivi iyo. erT mxares mSvidi gamometyvel-
ebiT, meore mxares ki _ gabrazebuli.

48
 berZnul TeatrebSi idgmeboda tragediebi da komediebi. avtorebis
saxelebi dRemdea cnobili _ esqile, sofokle, evripide, aristofane. maT
mier Seqmnili piesebi dResac idgmeba sxvadasxva TeatrSi.

5.
4. 6.

7.

8.

10. saxis sqematuri gamosaxuleba

• yuradRebiT daaTvaliere adamianis saxis

sqematuri gamosaxulebebi.
• amoicani gansxvavebuli emociebi.
• ipove msgavsi gamometyvelebis mqone niRabi. 9.
11. muSaobis etapebi

daxate mowyenili da amoWeri piris da morTe da miawebe

mxiaruli niRbebi. Tvalebis adgilebi. `samagri~.

davaleba
daxate an gamoZerwe berZnuli Teatris nageboba.

49
17 Cacmuloba da varcxniloba
Zveli berZnebis Cacmuloba metad sada da imavdroulad daxvewili iyo.
qalebis samosi _ qitoni ori marTkuTxa qsovilisgan Sedgeboda, romelsac
mxrebze balTebiT imagrebdnen, welze ki qamars SemoiWerdnen. qsovilis
naoWebi xazs usvamda da kargad gadmoscemda adamianis sxeulis silamazes.
qalebi Tmas lentebiT an oqros salteebiT imagrebdnen.

2, 4. Zveli
berZnuli
samosi

3. Zveli berZnuli
1. Zveli berZeni varcxniloba
qalis samosi

1. Zveli berZeni
4. mamakacis samosi

mamakacebis samoss tunika erqva. axalgazrdebi mokle, xolo xnierebi

koWamde tunikebs atarebdnen. Tma-wveri mokled SeWrili hqondaT. mog-
vianebiT ki wveris gaparsva daiwyes. mamakacebic da qalebic fexze tyavis
– Tasmebian sandlebs, atarebdnen.

davaleba
daxate berZeni qalis an mamakacis figura.

50
 literatura, damwerloba 18
yvela Tanamedrove evropuli anbani Zveli berZnulidan ganviTarda.
anbanis Seqmnamde ambebi da Tqmulebebi Taobebs umTavresad zepiri gziT
gadaecemodaT. berZnebis yvelaze cnobili poeti iyo homerosi, romelmac
Seqmna ukvdavi nawarmoebebi `iliada~ da `odisea~.

1.
2. homerosi

1, 3, 4. Zveli berZnuli
damwerlobis nimuSebi

4.

3.

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi homerosis mier moTxrobili troas omis ambebi

SeTxzul miTebad da homerosis fantaziis nayofad iyo miCneuli. 150-ze
meti wlis win gamoCnda erTi germaneli biWi, hainrix Slimani, romelmac 5
wlis asakSi gadawyvita, rom homerosis poemebSi asaxuli troa namdvilad
arsebobda da mas es dakarguli qalaqi unda epova. marTlac, 1870-1890
wlebSi Slimanma SeZlo bavSvobis ocnebis ganxorcieleba da dRevandeli
TurqeTis teritoriaze, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad, qalaq troas
nangrevebi aRmoaCina. Slimanis aRmoCenis Semdeg troas omis ambebma miTi-
dan istoriaSi gadainacvla.

davaleba
Seadgine werili sxvadasxva xerxis gamoyenebiT da
eleqtronulad gadaugzavne Tanaklasels.

51
19- msoflios Svidi saocreba
20
Zvel msoflioSi Seiqmna mravali SesaniSnavi Zegli. Zvelma berZnebma
maT Soris gamoyves Svidi da maT msoflios Svidi saocreba uwodes.
msoflios Svidi saocreba gvacnobs am periodis xelovnebasa da ar-
qiteqturas, maTi Semqmnelebis ostatobasa da gemovnebas.
dRes Svidi saocrebidan erTaderTi _ gizis piramidebia SemorCenili,
danarCenebis Sesaxeb ki mxolod gadmocemiT da werilobiTi wyaroebidan
viciT.

albaT gagikvirdebaT, roca

gaigebT, rom Turme msoflios
Svidive saocreba arc erT mog­
zaurs da arc erT mwerals Tvi­
Ton ar unaxavs, radganac es
sa­o­crebebi sxvadasxva dros ar­-
sebobda. isinic cnobebs mxo­
­ l­
od gadmocemiT iRebdnen.

rukaze aRniSnulia msoflios Svidi

saocrebis adgilmdebareoba.

52
 msoflios Svidi saocrebaa: rodosis kolosi (1), halikarnasis mavzole­
umi (2), zevsis qandakeba olimpiaSi (3), babilonis dakidebuli baRebi (4),
gizis piramidebi (5), aleqsandriis Suqura (6), artemisis (artemidas) taZari
efesosSi (7).
2.
1.

3.

5.
4.

7.

• aRwere msoflios Svidi saocreba.

• isaubre STabeWdilebebze.
xom ar Seavsebdi am sias?
ras daasaxelebdi merve saocrebad?
6.

davaleba
daxate merve saocreba.

53
Zveli romi
 imperatori
oqtaviane avgustusi
 Zveli romi

21. Zveli romi

22. arqiteqtura
23. qandakeba
24-25. freska, mozaika
26. Cacmuloba, varcxniloba,
samkauli
27. garToba
28. Zveli romis memkvidreoba
21 Zveli romi
Zveli msoflios erT-erTi udidesi da Zlevamosili romis imperia
dRevandeli italiis teritoriaze aRmocenda. mas dasabami misca mdinare
tibris napirze patara dasaxlebam _ romma.
legendis Tanaxmad, romi daaarsa tyupma Zmam _ romulusma da remusma,
romlebic Zu mgelma gadaarCina da gamokveba. rodesac Zmebi gaizardnen,
gadawyvites qalaqis aSeneba, magram erTmaneTSi dava mouvidaT, romulus-
ma Zma mokla da marto gaagrZela qalaqis mSenebloba, romelsac Tavisi
saxeli uwoda.

1. imperatori
2. Zu mglis qandakeba
oqtaviane avgustusi

3. romis forumi

58
 qalaqi romi Svid borcvzea ganlagebuli. erT-erTze dgas Zu mglis
brinjaos qandakeba, romelic tyup Zmas kvebavs. es romis simboloa.

4. koliseumi

5. kedlis mxatvroba

3. imperator gaius iulius

7. mozaika keisris biusti

• ra ici Zveli romis Sesaxeb?

• xom ar wagikiTxavs wigni, ginaxavs dokumenturi, mxatvruli an
animaciuri filmi, romelSic Zveli romis cxovrebaa aRwerili?
• xom ar ginaxavs mocemuli nimuSebidan romelime? ra ici mis Sesaxeb?

davaleba
moiZie informacia romis imperiaze.

59
22 arqiteqtura
romaulma arqiteqturam udidesi wvlili Seitana msoflios samSene­
blo xelovnebaSi. romaeli xuroTmoZRvrebi qmnidnen didebul taZrebs,
stadionebs, amfiTeatrebs, abanoebs, xidebs, gzebs, wyalgayvanilobis sis-
temebs, sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis sxvadasxva Senobas.

1. romis panTeoni
/misi gumbaTi
43 metria/

2. jovani paolo pininis naxati

`romis panTeonis interieri”

3. titusis triumfaluri TaRi

romaelebis taZrebi da sazogadoebrivi Senobebi gamoirCeoda zome-

biT. aseTi nagebobebis mSenebloba SesaZlebeli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac maT
gamoigones axali samSeneblo masala _ betoni. betonis gamoyenebiT ro-
maelebi aSenebdnen mravalsarTulian saxlebs.

60
 romauli arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebelia TaRebisa da gumbaTebis
gamoyeneba. TaRebs isini iyenebdnen ara marto Senoba-nagebobebis asage-
bad, aramed xidebisa da wyalgayvanilobis sistemis mSeneblobebisTvis,
romlebic imdenad myari iyo, rom zogierTi maTgani dRemdea SemorCenili.

4.
4, 5. xidebi
5.

daimaxsovre!
rodesac koliseumis formis
sagans (cilindrs) xatav,
misi Ziri da zeda mxare unda
iyos ovaluri, ufro ganieri
unda iyos is adgili, romelic
ufro metadaa daSorebuli
horizontis xazs.

horizontis xazi

romis koliseumi _ ovaluri formis

uzarmazari amfiTeatri, romelic
itevda 50 aTas adamians.
igi dRemdea SemorCenili da
gancvifrebaSi mohyavs
romSi Casuli yvela adamiani.

davaleba
kompiuterul saxatav programaSi Seqmeni gumbaTiani
Senoba. morTe sxvadasxva detaliT.

61
23 qandakeba
Zvel romaelebs Zalian uyvardaT Senoba-nagebobebis, taZrebisa da
qala­qebis morTva qandakebebiT. Tu moedansa da taZrebSi RmerTebis, im-
peratorebisa da mxedarTmTavrebis didi qandakebebi idga, sacxovrebel
saxle­bSi winaprebis skulpturebi hqondaT.

2. sokrates biusti

1. imperatori markus avreliusi

3. imperatori oqtaviane avgustusi 4. markus avreliusis biusti

Tuki Zveli berZnebi qmnidnen idealur figurebs, romaelebi upira­

te­
sobas realuri adamianebis portretebs aniWebdnen, e.i. cdilobdnen
msgavsebis gadmocemas namuSevrebSi.

62
 moqandakeebi cdilobdnen zustad (Seulamazeblad) gadmoecaT adami-
anebis garegnoba. amitom gamosaxavdnen maT naoWebs, Rababs, meWeWs. moqan­
dakeebis mTavari mizani iyo, gadmoecaT qandakebaSi zusti msgavseba.

5. imperator
filipe arabis
biusti

7. moxucis Tavi

6. dominicia longina

daimaxsovre!
biusti _ qandakeba,
romelic gamosaxavs
adamianis sxeulis
zeda nawils (Tavsa
da gulmkerds)
8. imperator
gaius iulius
keisris biusti

• daaTvaliere da aRwere qandakebebi.

moqandakeebi masalad
brinjaos an marmarilos
iyenebdnen. Tma da tansac-
meli zogjer feradi mar-
marilosgan iyo damzade-
buli.
yuradReba gaamaxvile saxis nakvTebze,
gamometyvelebaze, detalebze.
• aris Tu ara gadmocemuli adamianis
xasiaTi namuSevrebSi?
• isaubre miRebul STabeWdilebebze.

davaleba
plastiliniT an TixiT gamoZerwe axloblis portreti.

63
24- freska, mozaika
25
romaelebs uyvardaT silamazesa da fufunebaSi cxovreba. maTi taZre-
bi da sacxovrebeli saxlebi mTlianad moxatuli iyo freskebiT. freske-
bis Tematika mravalferovania: ornamentebi, peizaJi, natiurmorti, scen-
ebi miTologiidan da yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan. naxatebi kedelze didi
ostatobiT iyo Sesrulebuli.

daimaxsovre!
baTqaSi _ kedlis
Sesalesi masala.

1.

2.

3.
• gaxsovs rogor ixateba freska?
svel baTqaSze wylis saRebavebiT.
romauli freskebi dResac
1_3. romauli freskebi
inarCuneben kaSkaSa, mkveTr ferebs.
• gaixsene, sad ginaxavT freskebi.

64
 taZrebisa da Senobebis iatakebi morTuli iyo mozaikebiT, romelic
rTuli, mravalferovani ornamentebisgan iyo Sedgenili. xandaxan masze
miTologiur da yofiT scenebsac gamoxatavdnen.

4.
5.

6.

7.
• daaTvaliere da aRwere
mozaikebi, maTze mocemuli
gamosaxulebebi.
8. • gaxsovs ra aris smalta?
4-8. romauli mozaika • xom ar ginaxavs mozaika? sad?

romaelebi mozaikas amzadebdnen patar-patara kubebisgan. kubebi

sxvada­sxva feris qvis, marmarilos, keramikis an minisgan iyo Camosxmuli.

davaleba
daamzade mozaika feradi kenWebisa an plastilinisgan.

65
26 Cacmuloba, varcxniloba,
samkauli
romaelebis siyvaruli fufunebisa da silamazis mimarT vlindeboda
maT CacmulobaSi, varcxnilobasa da samkaulebis tarebaSic. Cacmulo-
bis mixedviT SegviZlia vimsjeloT maT sazogadoebriv mdgomareobaze.
mdidari romaelebis tansacmeli bambisa da abreSumisgan mzaddeboda,
romelic Zalian Zvirad fasobda.

1. mSvidobis sakurTxevlis reliefi

2. imperatori
oqtaviane
avgustusi

3. oqtaviane
avgustusis
meuRle
livia
druzila
4. romauli varcxniloba

mamakacebis mTavari samosi tunika iyo. tunikis zemodan mosasxams xma­

robdnen, romelsac toga erqva. qalebis samoss stola erqva, mosasxams ki
_ pala. qalebic da mamakacebic fexze sandlebs atarebdnen.
togis tareba mxolod romis moqalaqeebs SeeZloT. togebi sxvadasxva
Seferilobis iyo. warCinebuli romaelebis togebs mewamuli zoli amSven-
ebda. mTlianad mewamuli togis tarebis ufleba ki mxolod imperatorebs
hqondaT.

66
 romaeli mamakacebi gaparsuli piriTa da mokled SekreWili TmiT
gamoirCeodnen, qalebi aTasnair rTul varcxnilobas ikeTebdnen: Tmas ix-
vevdnen, ikululebdnen, xmarobdnen parikebs, romlebsac Zvirfasi sarWe-
biT imagrebdnen.

8.
7.

9.
5. qalbatonis biusti 10.
6_10. samkauli

qalebic da mamakacebic uamrav samkauls atarebdnen. romaeli ostate-

bi saocrad daxelovndnen qvaze an sxva masalaze portretebisa da sxva-
dasxva siuJetis kveTaSi. aseT nakeTobas kamea hqvia.

• ra hqvia ostats, romelic

Tmis varcxnilobaze
zrunavs? tansacmels
amzadebs? fexsacmels?
• mogwons Zveli romaelebis
moda?
11. kamea gonzaga 12. tiberiusis kamea Seadare Tanamedrove
CacmulobasTan.
13. muSaobis etapebi

muyaoze daxate wre da dafare plastiliniT da morTe kamea.

amoWeri. amokawre profili.

davaleba
daxate portreti profilSi.

67
27 garToba
Zveli romaelebis cxovrebaSi mdidrul sanaxaobebs didi mniSvneloba
eniWeboda. sanaxaobebi iwyeboda didi aRlumebiT, romelSic monawile-
obdnen musikosebi, mocekvaveebi, Jongliorebi. sanaxaobebs eswrebodnen
warCinebuli romaelebi da imperatorebic. romaelebis erT-erTi usayvar-
lesi sanaxaoba gladiatorTa brZolebi iyo.
gladiatorebi ebrZodnen erTmaneTs an cxovelebs.
daWrili gladiatoris beds mayurebeli wyvetda. Tu cera TiTs maRla
aswevdnen, is cocxali rCeboda, Tu dabla _ mas mowinaaRmdege moklavda.

• romeli Tanamedrove
sanaxaobebi gagonebs
Zveli romaelebis
sanaxaobebs?

1. Jan leon Jeromi. `TiTebi qveviT~

2. gladiatorebi

3. doRi romaul cirkSi

es brZolebi imarTeboda uzarmazar amfiTeatrebSi.

etlebis rbola _ doRi specialur sarben bilikze, e.w. cirkusze tar-
deboda. etlSi ori an oTxi cxeni iyo Sebmuli, xSirad ufro metic, raTa
sanaxaoba ufro mZafri gamxdariyo.

68
 romaelebs Zalian uyvardaT Teatraluri sanaxaobebi.
Tavdapirvelad romaelebi berZnuli tragediebisa da komediebis
mixedviT dgamdnen speqtaklebs. mogvianebiT sakuTari stili SeimuSaves.
msaxiobebi niRbebs da samoss iyenebdnen personaJebis xasiaTis, warmomav-
lobis ukeT gamosaxatad: wiTeli _ Rarib, mewamuli _ mdidar moqalaqes,
TeTri _ xnier gmirebs asaxavda.

4. romauli mozaika,
romelzec msaxiobebi
arian gamosaxulni

idgmeboda iseTi speqtaklebic, rom-

lebSic msaxiobebi mxolod moZraobiT
gamoxatavdnen moqmedebebs, xolo piesis
Sinaarss _ teqsts gundi mReroda. amg-
var speqtaklebs pantomima erqva.

• ra iciT pantomimis
Teatris Sesaxeb?
ginaxavT aseTi
speqtakli?

5. niRbebi (mozaika)

davaleba
moiZie informacia gladiatorebze.

69
28 Zveli romis memkvidreoba
Zvelma romaelebma ara marto uzarmazari imperia Seqmnes, aramed udi­
desi wvlili Seitanes kulturisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi.
romaelebs hqondaT sakuTari damwerloba, ricxvebi, kalendari. isini
kargi eqimebi, astronomebi da literatorebi iyvnen.
romaelebis ena laTinuri iyo. laTinur
anbanSi 23 asoa. asoebic da ricxvebic swori
xazebisgan Sedgeboda. laTinur enaze dRes
aravin laparakobs, mas mkvdar enas uwode-
ben. Tumca laTinuri sityvebi sxvadasxva
enaSi dResac gamoiyeneba: veterani, pacien-
ti, deputati, kriminali da a.S.

1, 2. Zveli romaelebis
damwerlobis nimuSebi

2.

• ginaxavs aseTi asoebi?

• romel enaze wer aseTi
asoebiT?

3. saaTi romauli cifrebiT

Cveni kalendris Tveebis saxelwodebebic laTinuridan modis: marti _

romauli RmerTis marsis saxelidan, aprili _ qalRmerT afrodites sax-
elidan, maisi _ qalRmerT maias saxelidan da sxva.
planetebsac romauli RmerTebis saxelebi hqviaT: iupiteri, marsi,
venera, saturni da a.S.

70
 romaelebs sakuTari fulic hqondaT. romauli monetebi sxvadasxva
liTonisgan mzaddeboda. isini mxatvrulad brwyinvaled iyo Sesrulebu-
li. maTze umTavresad imperatorebis portretebs an maT did samxedro
miRwevebs gamosaxavdnen.

4.

mxedarTmTavrebs samxedro gamarjve-

bebis aRsaniSnavad ajildoebdnen medle-
biT. medlebi iTvleboda sapatio jildod
da maT samosze atarebdnen. medlebiT da-
jildoebis tradicia swored Zveli romi-
4, 5. monetebi
dan modis.

6. medlebi

7. muSaobis etapebi

daxate wre da amoWeri. morTe medali. daumagre sakidi.

davaleba
kompiuterul saxatav programaSi daamzade sigeli.

71
 gotikuri
xelovneba
reimsis taZari
gotikuri xelovneba

29. gotika
30. arqiteqtura
31. qandakeba
32. vitraJi
33-34. Cacmuloba. raindebi
29 gotika
Sua saukuneebSi gaizarda qalaqebis, cixesimagreebis, koSkebisa da
taZrebis raodenoba. sazogadoebaSi eklesiis rolma da gavlenamac imata,
daiwyo xelovnebisa da kulturis aRorZinebis xana. am periodis maxasiaTe-
belia aseve muzaradiani raindebi, maTi Sejibrebebi, brZolebi da Tavga-
dasavlebi.

2. parizis RvTismSoblis
taZris interieri

1. parizis RvTismSoblis
taZari /notr-dami/
(q. parizi, safrangeTi)

daimaxsovre!
gotika (goTika) _ gvian
Sua saukuneebSi evropis 3. parizis RvTismSoblis taZris portali
qveynebSi gavrcelebuli
stili xelovnebaSi.

daaxloebiT 800 wlis win evropis qveynebSi, xelovnebaSi aRmocenda ax-

ali stili _ gotikuri xelovneba. gotikis epoqaSi wamyvani roli arqite-
qturas ekava. gotikuri taZrebi Sendeboda qalaqis SuagulSi. mis mSen-
eblobaSi moqalaqeTa yvela fenas Sehqonda Tavisi wvlili. mSenebloba
SemowirulobebiT xorcieldeboda da xSirad aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi
grZeldeboda. taZrebi uxvad iyo morTuli qandakebebiT, reliefebiT,
TaRebiT da vitraJebiT.

76
 garda taZrebisa, am periodSi daiwyes sa­
moqalaqo Senobebis agebac: qalaqis mmar-
Tvelobis, saavadmyofoebis, saaTiT Semkuli
saTvalTvalo koSkebis, mdidar moqalaqeTa
qvis saxlebis da a.S.

daimaxsovre!
portali _
morTuli
Sesasvleli.

5. parizis RvTismSoblis
taZris interieri

4. samoqalaqo Senoba /ratuSa/

(q. bremeni, germania)

6. raindis
aRWurviloba

7. kelnis
sakaTedro
taZari

• daaTvaliere Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis nimuSebi.

aRwere isini, isaubre Sens STabeWdilebebze.

8. muSaobis etapebi

daxate gvirgvini. frTxilad amoWeri. morTe gvirgvini.

davaleba
moiZie masala Sua saukuneebis istoriasa da xelovnebaze.

77
30 arqiteqtura
gotikuri taZari Tavisi sidiadiT, simaRliT da morTulobiT dResac
ganacvifrebs mnaxvelebs. zeatyorcnili koSkebis, svetebis, isriseburi
TaRebisa da fanjrebis, moCuqurTmebuli kedlebi da gamWvirvale mina
qmnis simsubuqisa da zecisken swrafvis STabeWdilebas.

2. Sartris
sakaTedro taZari
(q. Sartri, safrangeTi)

1. domeniko qualios naxati,

`reimsis sakaTedro taZari~

3. `qvis maqmani~
4. reimsis taZris interieri
gotikuri taZrebi uxvad aris morTuli qandakebebiT da reliefebiT,
moCu­qurTmebuli detalebiT. amis gamo, iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom isini
qvi­sgan ki ara, maqmanisganaa Seqmnili. goTuri taZris morTulobas `qvis
maq­mans~ uwodeben.

78
 gotikuri xelovneba warmoiSva da ganviTarda safrangeTSi. male am
stilma mniSvnelovani adgili daikava evropis qveynebSi. ulamazesi go-
tikuri taZrebis naxva dRemdea SesaZlebeli safrangeTSi, inglisSi, es-
paneTSi, germaniaSi, CexeTSi, poloneTSi.

6. milanis sakaTedro taZari

(q. milani, italia)

5. strasburgis
sakaTedro taZari
(q. strasburgi, safrangeTi) 7. strasburgis taZris portali

• daaTvaliere gotikuri taZrebi. aRwere isini.

rogoria maTi morTuloba?
• rogor fiqrob, ra qmnis am taZrebis simsubuqis STabeWdilebas?
• Cans, rom isini qvisganaa agebuli?

8. muSaobis etapebi

gadakecil furcelze frTxilad amoWeri. amoWrili nawilebi

daxate taZris silueti. miawebe erTmaneTs.

davaleba
daxate Sua saukuneebis koSki an cixesimagre.

79
31 qandakeba
qandakeba gotikuri taZris ganuyofeli nawilia. gotikuri taZari
mTlianad dafarulia qandakebebiT, romlebic mosarTavis _ samkaulis
rols asrulebs. qandakeba imdenadaa Serwymuli arqiteqturasTan, rom
maTi cal-calke arseboba warmoudgenelia. orive erTad ki gamoxatavs
zeciuri samyarosken swrafvas.

2. samefo portalis reliefi

1. Sartris RvTismSoblis taZris

samefo portali

4.

3, 4. samefo portalis
3. qandakebebi

taZris zeda nawilebSic uamravi qandakebaa, romelic adamianis Tvalis­

Tvis TiTqmis miuwvdomelia. arsebobs gamonaTqvami, rom qandakebebi go-
Tur taZrebSi Citebisa da angelozebisTvisaa gankuTvnili.
rogor fiqrob, ras gulisxmobs es gamonaTqvami?

80
 taZris kedlebi dafarulia rogorc bibliuri scenebis amsaxveli
reli­efebiT, aseve gancalkevebiT mdgomi wmindanebis qandakebebiT.

6. moRimari
angelozi
(reimsis
taZari)

5. mariamisa da elisabedis
Sexvedra (reimsis taZari)

• daakvirdi mariamisa da elisabedis

qandakebebs (5). ra msgavseba da
gansxvavebaa maT Soris?
romelia ufro axalgazrda?

7. oqros
RvTismSobeli
(amienis taZari)

• rogori gamometyveleba aqvs angelozs? (6)

• aRwere iosebis qandakeba. SeZlo avtorma
xasiaTis gadmocema? (8)
• ra STabeWdileba datova Senze
gotikurma qandakebam?
8. iosebi (reimsis taZari)

davaleba
gamoZerwe figura. Seecade, gadmosce ganwyobileba.

81
32 vitraJi
gotikuri taZrebi, qandakebebisa da reliefebis garda, morTulia vit-
raJebiT. vitraJebidan Semosuli feradi Suqi qmnis gansakuTrebul, am-
aRlebul ganwyobilebas. vitraJebze gamosaxulia rogorc ornamentebi,
aseve saxarebis amsaxveli siuJetebi da calkeuli wmindanebis figurebi.
vitraJebi TiTqos didi feradi wignis furclebia da mnaxvels bibliur
siuJetebs uambobs.

2.

1.

daimaxsovre!
vitraJi _ feradi minisgan
damzadebuli dekoratiuli 3.
an figuruli gamosaxuleba,
romelic sarkmelSi
gamoiyeneba. • ginaxavT vitraJebi? sad?
• daaTvaliere da aRwere
mocemuli nimuSebi?

gotikuri taZris fasads amSvenebs mrgvali formis vitraJi _ vardu-

la. misgan wamosuli feradi Suqi taZarSi zRaprul ganwyobilebas qmnis.

82
 vitraJis damzadeba rTuli iyo da did ostatobas moiTxovda. ostati
codnas mxolod ojaxis wevrebs gaandobda. vitraJis dasamzadeblad jer
iqmneboda eskizi, Semdeg mozaikis msgavsad, minis TiToeuli naWeri is-
meboda tyviis wvril CarCoSi. samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg mas svamdnen
rkinis budeSi da amagrebdnen sarkmelSi.

4.

5.

7.
6. 1_7. vitraJebi
8. muSaobis etapebi

daxate ornamenti amoWril adgilebze daawebe gaxede sinaTlis

da amoWeri. celofanis naWrebi. Suqze.

davaleba
Seqmeni vitraJi minaze.

83
33- Cacmuloba, raindebi
34
ra iyo damaxasiaTebeli gotikuri xelovnebisTvis?
rogori iyo taZrebi, qandakebebi?
rogor fiqrob, rogori tansacmeli iqneboda modaSi?
tansacmeli gamoirCeoda vertikaluri xazebis simravliT, wagrZelebe-
biT, haerovnebiT, simsubuqiT.

• daakvirdi da aRwere Sua saukuneebis

periodis adamianis Cacmuloba.
• ras mogagonebs igi?

1. hugo van der gusi,

`sakurTxeveli 2. hugo van der gusi, 3. dirk boutsi
portinari~ (fragmenti) `sakurTxeveli monforti~ (ufrosi),
(fragmenti) `gamocda cecxliT~

• rogor fiqrob, dRes aseTi

tansacmlis tareba mosaxerxebeli
iqneboda? daasabuTe Seni mosazreba.

4.

Sua saukuneebis tansacmels zRa­

pr­
uli ieri aqvs. albaT amitomaa,
rom dResac filmebsa da speqtakle­
bSi mezRapreebsa da jadoqrebs am
epoqis tansacmeli acviaT. 4, 5. gotikuri samosi

84
 SeuZlebelia, isaubro Sua saukuneebze da ar axseno raindebi. maT mTa-
var saqmianobas omebSi monawileoba warmoadgenda. cxenze amxedrebuli
raindi mZime abjars da muzarads atarebda, fariTa da maxviliT iyo Seia-
raRebuli. raindebi keTilSobili adamianebi iyvnen. omebs Soris period-
Si monawileobdnen SejibrebebSi _ turnirebSi, sadac erTmaneTs saomar
xelovnebaSi ejibrebodnen.

6. raindebis turniri

7. raindebis turniri
(wignis ilustracia)

• ra ici raindebis Sesaxeb?

• xom ar ginaxavs mxatvruli an
animaciuri filmi raindebze? 8.
8, 9. raindis
• xom ar wagikiTxavs wigni? aRWurviloba
romeli?
9.
10. muSaobis etapebi

amoWeri marTkuTxedi daamzade cilindri da morTe bumbuliT an

sami mxridan. wre kbilanebiT. feradi qaRaldebiT.

davaleba
moiZie da waikiTxe rame saintereso raindebis Sesaxeb.

85
renesansi
 rafael santi.
`siqstis madona~
 renesansi

35. renesansi
36. mxatvroba
37. qandakeba
38. arqiteqtura
39. portreti
40. leonardo da vinCi
41. miqelanjelo
42. rafael santi
43. ticiani
44. muzeumebi
35 renesansi
daaxloebiT 600 wlis win italiaSi daiwyo axali epoqa _ renesansi. re-
nesansi aRorZinebas niSnavs. am periodSi gaZlierda da gamdidrda itali-
is qalaqebi, gafarTovda vaWroba, gaxSirda mogzauroba, ganviTarda mec-
niereba da arnaxulad ayvavda xelovneba.

daimaxsovre!
madona _
RvTismSobeli

2. leonardo
da vinCi.
`mona liza
/jokonda/~

1. miqelanjelo
buonaroti.
`mose~

4. rafael santi. `mSvenieri mebaRe

3. leonardo da vinCi. (madona yrmasTan da ioane
`qalis portreti~ naTlismcemelTan erTad)~

am periodSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoaCines

antikuri kulturis uamravi nimuSi. swored maTi gavleniT dainteresd-
nen italieli xelovanebi adamianis silamaziT da sidiadiT, im mSvenieri
bunebiT, romelic mis garSemoa. isini cdilobdnen, sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi
aeRorZinebinaT antikuri xelovneba.

90
 aRorZinebis xanis xelovanebi ara mxolod hbaZa-
vdnen antikuri periodis mxatvrebs, moqandakeebs da
arqiteqtorebs, aramed Seqmnes axali formebi, axali
stili xelovnebaSi, romelsac renesanss uwodeben.

daimaxsovre!
antikuri xelovneba _
Zveli saberZneTisa da
romis xelovneba.

5. andrea del verokio.

`axalgazrda daviTi~
6. sandro
botiCeli.
`madonas
dideba~

• daaTvaliere da aRwere ilustraciebi.

• romeli nimuSi xelovnebis romel dargs
miekuTvneba?
• rogor daaxasiaTebdi am namuSevrebs?
• moses qandakebam romeli berZnuli
qandakeba gagaxsena?
7. taZari santa maria • isaubre STabeWdilebebze.
del fiore
(q. florencia, italia)
8. muSaobis etapebi

daxate wre. nel-nela daiwye ecade, Seqmna Crdilis

daStrixva. STabeWdileba.

davaleba
daxate qoTani an doqi. Seqmeni moculobiTi gamosaxuleba.

91
36 mxatvroba
aRorZinebis periodi bumberazi xelovanebis epoqaa. isini erTdrou-
lad mxatvrebi da moqandakeebi, arqiteqtorebi da poetebi, inJinrebi da
gamomgoneblebi iyvnen. mxatvrebisa da moqandakeebisTvis mTavari iyo
lamazi, Wkviani da Semoqmedi adamianis gamosaxva.

2. piero dela franCeska,

`sakurTxeveli montefeltro~

1. leonardo da vinCi,
`madona mRvimeSi~

4. rafael santi,
3. rafael santi, `qalis portreti~ `mariamis dawindva~

miuxedavad imisa, rom siuJetad umTavresad religiur an miTologiur

Temebs iyenebdnen, namuSevrebi gamoirCeoda bunebriobiT. isini TiTqos
tkbe­­
bodnen adamianiTa da bunebiT, saxlebisa da sasaxleebis interier-
ebiT, arqiteqturiT, samosiT. maTTvis yvelaferi mniSvnelovani iyo _
pawawina de­talic ki.

92
 imisaTvis, rom namuSevrebi bunebrivi, sinamdvilesTan miaxloebuli,
damajerebeli yofiliyo, mxatvrebi swavlobdnen maTematikas, adamianis
agebulebas, sinaTlis, feris da perspeqtivis kanonebs.

daimaxsovre!
perspeqtiva _ sibrtyeze (naxatze)
siRrmisa da moculobis
STabeWdilebis Seqmnis wesebi.

6. sandro
5. karlo kriveli, `xareba~
botiCeli,
`xareba~

• gaixsene xatvisas sivrcis gadmosacemad ra xerxebs mimarTav?

• wina planze rogor figurebs xatav? ukana planze?
• rogor ferebs iyeneb wina planis dasaxatad? ukana planis?
• daaTvaliere namuSevrebi. aRwere isini. ra xerxebs mimarTes
mxatvrebma sivrcis gadmosacemad?

8. fra filipo lipi,

7. andrea mantenia, Weris moxatuloba `madona CvilTan erTad~

davaleba
daxate namuSevari naxevartonebis gamoyenebiT.

93
37 qandakeba
renesansis epoqis moqandakeebi cdilobdnen, aeRorZinebinaT antikuri
periodis memkvidreoba. maTi qandakebebi mrgvalia, realurTan miaxloe-
buli. moqandakeebis mizani iyo ara marto adamianis garegnuli msgavsebis,
aramed misi xasiaTis Taviseburebebis gadmocemac.
iseve rogorc mxatvrebi, moqandakeebic cdilobdnen, SeeqmnaT Zlieri,
fizikurad da sulierad srulyofili adamianis saxe.

1. donatelo, daviTi
2. donatelo,
kondotier gatamelatas Zegli

Tu gotikur xelovnebaSi qandakeba arqiteqturis Semadgeneli nawili

iyo, aRorZinebis epoqis skulptura damoukidebeli gaxda. mxedarTmTavre-
bis, gmirebis qandakebebi idgmeboda qalaqebis centralur moednebze.
aseve, sxva­­dasxva Temaze Sesrulebuli qandakebebiT rTavdnen taZrebsa da
sasaxleebs.

94
3. miqelanjelo buonaroti, `qristes datireba~ 4. donatelo,-
`wminda giorgi~
• daaTvaliere qandakebebi.
• Seadare gotikuri da aRorZinebis epoqis qandakebebi
erTmaneTs
ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris?
• romel namuSevarSi Cans adamianis xasiaTi?
• romeli qandakeba mogwons gansakuTrebiT? ratom?

5. muSaobis etapebi

mavTuliT daamzade nel-nela dafare mTlianad dafare

adamianis figuris karkasi. karkasi plastiliniT. karkasi plastiliniT.

davaleba
moiZie informacia renesansis epoqis romelime Zeglis Sesaxeb.

95
38 arqiteqtura
Tu gaecnobi aRorZinebis epoqis arqiteqturis nimuSebs, advilad dain-
axav maT msgavsebas antikur xelovnebasTan. arqiteqtorebi safuZvlianad,
guldasmiT swavlobdnen antikuri periodis Zeglebs da maTi tradiciis
safuZvelze qmnidnen sakuTar stilsa da formas arqiteqturaSi.

2. bazilika san lorenco,

1. wminda petres taZari
interieri
(wminda petres moedani, vatikani)
(q. florencia, italia)

4. bazilika santa maria novela

3. taZari santa maria del fiore (q. florencia, italia)
(q. florencia, italia)

aRorZinebis epoqis erT-erTi brwyinvale warmomadgeneli, arqiteqtori

filipo bruneleski 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlobda romSi SemorCenil
antikur nagebobebs. man miRebuli codnis gamoyenebiT qalaq florenciaSi
aaSena santa maria del fiores taZari, romelic dResac aRafrTovanebs
mnaxvels da msoflio arqiteqturis brwyinvale nimuSad rCeba.

96
 aRorZinebis epoqis arqiteqtorebi aSenebdnen grandiozul, gumbaT-
ian eklesiebs, taZrebs. aseve mdidari moqalaqeebis sasaxleebs _ pala-
coebs. palacoebs berZnuli aso П-s forma aqvT da qmnian Sida ezos. ezos
mxridan Senobas gasdevs gadaxuruli TaRovani Ria derefani _ lojia. is
TiTqos Senobis SigniT epatiJeba stumars.

6. lojiebi

5. saaRmzrdelo saxli
(q. florencia, italia)

• Seni azriT, ra saerTo aqvs aRorZinebis epoqis arqiteqturas

antikurTan?
• riT gansxvavdeba aRorZinebis epoqis taZrebi gotikurisgan?
• romeli periodis arqiteqtura ufro mogwons? ratom?

8. skuola /saqvelmoqmedo saxli/

7. vila la rotonda (q. viCenca, italia) san marko (q. venecia, italia)
9. muSaobis etapebi

daxate da amoWeri dafare Sabloni miaxate detalebi.

sxvadasxva zomis TaRebi. saRebaviT da dabeWde.

davaleba
daamzade namuSevari matricis gamoyenebiT.

97
39 portreti
aRorZinebis epoqis mxatvrobaSi miTologiuri da religiuri siuJe­
tebis garda didi adgili ekava portrets. am periodSi mxatvrebi ara mar-
to mefeebisa da maTi meuRleebis, aramed sxva didgvarovnebisa da dide-
bulebis portretebsac qmnidnen. yvelas SeeZlo SeekveTa mxatvrisTvis
sakuTari portreti.

1. hans holbain umcrosi, 2. rafael santi,

`georg gitcis portreti~ `anjelo donis portreti~

3. piero dela franCeska,

`federiko da montefeltros
portreti~ 4. hans holbain umcrosi, `elCebi~

portretebSi mniSvnelovani iyo ara marto adamianis zusti garegnu-

li msgavsebis gadmocema, aramed misi Sinagani bunebis, xasiaTis xazgasma.
portretebze didi mniSvneloba eqceoda garemos gamosaxvasac (peizaJi,
interieri). es yvelaferi gvexmareba adamianis warmomavlobis, saqmianobis
ukeTesad aRqmaSi da saerTo ganwyobilebis SeqmnaSi.

98
 renesansis epoqis mxatvrebi xSirad xatavdnen avtoportretebs.
daaTvaliere leonardo da vinCis, rafaelis, ticianis avtoportretebi.
rogor fiqrob, SeZles mxatvrebma sakuTari xasiaTis, ganwyobilebis
gadmocema?

5. leonardo da vinCi,
`avtoportreti~

6. ticiani, `avtoportreti~

• daaTvaliere portretebi. rogor aris

figurebi gamosaxuli?
• ra migaxvedrebs gamosaxuli adamianis
vinaobas? saqmianobas?
• SeZleb misi xasiaTis amocnobas?
• rogori foni, garemoa gamosaxuli?
yuradReba miaqcie detalebsac.

7. rafael santi,
`avtoportreti~

davaleba
daxate gaxarebuli an mowyenili adamiani.

99
40 leonardo da vinCi
`me vici ageba xidebisa, me vici, rogor keTdeba sabrZolo farebi,
saieriSo iaraRi, me vici xerxi nebismieri cixis aRebisa, me vici qvemex-
ebis Camosxma da iseTi gemebis ageba, romelTac ar eSiniaT yvelaze didi
qvemexebis... sazogadoebriv da kerZo nagebobaTa mSenebloba. me SemiZlia,
Sevasrulo skulpturuli samuSaoebi marmarilos, brinjaosa da Taba-
Sirisgan da rogorc mxatvarma, Sevasrulo nebismieri SekveTa~.
es aris nawyveti leonardo da vinCis werilidan, saidanac Cans, Tu ro-
gori niWieri da mravalmxrivi adamiani iyo igi.

2. `madona yaryumiT~

1. `madona lita~

leonardo da vinCi aRorZinebis epo-

qis bumberazi mxatvaria. amave dros, ar
darCenila mecnierebis arc erTi dargi,
romlis ganviTarebaSic mas wvlili ar
Seetana. igi swavlobda maTematikas, me-
dicinas, biolo­­ gias, astronomias, iyo
gamomgonebeli da inJineri, kargi musiko-
si da mWevrmety­veli. 3. `benuas madona~

100
 leonardos ainteresebda, ratomaa horizonti vardisferi mzis Casv-
lisas, ratom vxedavT ufro mkafiod axlomdebare sagnebs, Soreuls ki
_ bundovnad... rogor icvleba ferebi sxvadasxva ganaTebisas... bunebasa
da adamianebze dakvirvebiT, maTi SeswavliT leonardom Seqmna xatvisa da
ferweris kanonebi da wesebi, romelsac dResac iyeneben mxatvrebi.

5. `brZola angiarTan~

4. `wminda ojaxi~

6, 7. Canaxatebi 6.
7.

8. `saidumlo seroba~

• daaTvaliere namuSevrebi da aRwere isini.

• isaubre STabeWdilebebze.
• rogor aris gamoxatuli wina da ukana plani?
• romeli namuSevrebi mogwons metad, ratom?

davaleba
gaakeTe Canaxatebi.

101
41 miqelanjelo
italiis erT-erT uZveles da ulamazes qalaq florencias amSvenebs
oTxmetriani bibliuri mefe daviTis qandakeba. misi avtori aRorZinebis
epoqis kidev erTi bumberazi xelovani _ miqelanjeloa. igi, leonardos
msgavsad, mravalmxrivi xelovani iyo _ iyo moqandake, mxatvari, arqiteq-
tori da poeti.

2. `mwuxare biWi~

3. `madona mediCi~

4. `madona
piti~
1. `daviTi~

• miqelanjelos qandakebebidan romeli

mogwons gansakuTrebiT? ratom?

miqelanjelo bavSvobidan xatavda. 13 wlis asakSi igi miabares mxatv­

ris saxelosnoSi Segirdad, sadac mas xatvas da saRebavebis damzadeba-
sac aswavlidnen. 20 wlis miqelanjelo ukve damoukidebeli xelovani iyo.
man cxovrebis manZilze Seqmna ganumeorebeli qandakebebi, grandiozuli
freskebi da arqiteqturis brwyinvale nimuSebi. Tanamedroveebi mas `RvTa­
ebriv~ miqelanjelos eZaxdnen.

102
 oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi miqelanjelom xaraCoze zurgze mwoliarem,
martom moxata siqstis kapelis Weri (siqstis kapela romis papis reziden-
ciaSi _ vatikanSia), romelzec bibliuri siuJetebia gamosaxuli samyaros
Seqmnidan warRvnamde.

daimaxsovre!
kapela _
kaTolikuri
samlocvelo.

5. siqstis kapelis Weri

6. `adamis Seqmna~, siqstis kapela

7. `delfos sibila~,
siqstis kapela

8. `madona doni~
• daaTvaliere namuSevrebi.
• daasaxele, romeli
9. vatikanis wm. petres
namuSevari xelovnebis
taZris uzarmazari gumbaTi
romel dargs miekuTvneba.
miqelanjelos Seqmnilia

davaleba
Seqmeni namuSevari Tavisufal Temaze.

103
42 rafael santi
mxatvari da arqiteqtori, aRorZinebis epoqis kidev erTi didi Semo-
qmedi rafael santi daibada italiis patara qalaq urbinoSi, mxatvris
ojaxSi. mas mxatvrobis anbani mamam Seaswavla. axalgazrda rafaelma swav-
la ganagrZo gamoCenil mxatvrebTan. masze didi gavlena moaxdina leon-
ardosa da miqelanjelos Semoqmedebam. miuxedavad amisa, rafaelma SeZlo
Seeqmna sakuTari gansakuTrebuli, gansxvavebuli stili.

2. `madona mdeloze~
(`belvederuli madona~)

• ra ganwyobilebas
giqmnian es namuSevrebi?
1. `siqstis madona~

3. `madona 4. `madona
konestabile~ aldobrandini~

rafaelis SemoqmedebaSi didi adgili ukavia RvTismSoblisa da yrmis

gamosaxulebas. es namuSevrebi bunebriobiT gamoirCeva. yvela naxatze
RvTis­mSobeli _ madona axalgazrda, nazi, mSvenieri, mosiyvarule dedaa.

104
 rafaelis fre­­skebi amSvenebs vati­
ka­­n­is darbazebs; zedmiwevniT zusti
msga­ vsebiT Seqmnili TanamedroveTa
portretebi, arqiteqturis brwyinva-
le nimuSebi _ eklesiebi, sasaxleebi,
vi­lebi.

6. `pap leo X-is portreti~

• daaTvaliere rafaelis madonebi.

romeli mogwons metad?
5. `baldasare kastiliones
portreti~ • aRwere portretebi. Cans adamianis
xasiaTi maTze?
• ra STabeWdilebas giqmnis freska
`aTenis skola~? igrZnoba sivrce?

7. `pap iulius II-is

portreti~
8. `aTenis skola~

davaleba
daamzade CarCo namuSevrisTvis.

105
43 ticiani
italiis erT-erT ulamazes qalaq veneciaSi cxovrobda da moRvawe-
obda udidesi fermweri ticiani. ticianis Semoqmedeba mravalferovania.
igi xatavda bibliur da miTologiur siuJetebs. gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina
Tavi rogorc portretistma.

1. `jakopo da stradas portreti~

2. `avtoportreti~

3. `imperator karl V-is portreti~ 4. `laura de diantis portreti~

ticians portretebs ukveTdnen mefeebi da romis papebi, kardinalebi da

didgvarovnebi. Turme espaneTis imperator karl V-is portretis xat-visas
mas funji dauvarda. imperatori daixara da miawoda ticians funji, Tan
dasZina: `imperatorisTvisac pativia, samsaxuri gauwios ticians~.

106
 ticianis namuSevrebi gamoirCeva ferTa ganumeorebeli SexamebiT, si-
ZlieriT, mravalferovnebiT. igi iTvleba yvela drois saukeTeso fermw-
erad, xolo Tanamedroveni masze ambobdnen, rom igi iyo `mze mcire var-
skvlavTa Soris~. rogor fiqrob, ras gulisxmobdnen isini?

6. `qriste da fariseveli~

5. `mariam RvTismSoblis amaRleba~

• daaTvaliere portretebi, aRwere

isini.
• SegiZlia am adamianebis xasiaTze
isaubro?
• ra aqvs ticians gamoyenebuli
namuSevrebis fonad?
• ra ferebi aqvs gamoyenebuli
namuSevrebSi?
• ra ganwyobileba geufleba am
namuSevrebis daTvalierebisas?
• romeli namuSevari mogewona
gansakuTrebiT? ratom?
7. `wminda sebastiani~

davaleba
daxate ori gansxvavebuli ganwyobilebis namuSevari.

107
44 muzeumebi
Zveli berZnebi xelovnebis qalRmerTebs _ muzebs swiravdnen sxvadasx-
va Zvirfas nivTebs, nakeTobebs. saganZuri inaxeboda muzebis pativsacemad
agebul taZrebSi. moqalaqeebi, damTvaliereblebi am saganZuris sanaxavad
xSirad dadiodnen.

1. drezdenis
samxatvro galerea
(q. drezdeni, germania)

2. luvri
(q. parizi,
safrangeTi)

3. erovnuli galerea
(q. londoni,
didi britaneTi)

aRorZinebis epoqis didgvarovnebis sasaxleebs

amSvenebda uamravi naxati, skulptura, Zvirfasi
aveji, iaraRi da WurWeli. didgvarovnebi dro-
dadro stumrebs da moqalaqeebs am koleqciebis
daTvalierebis saSualebas aZlevdnen. swored am
dros gaCnda termini `muzeumi~.

108
 mogvianebiT muzeumis eqsponatebs aTavsebdnen specialurad agebul
SenobebSi an amisTvis iyenebdnen Zvel sasaxleebs, romlebic xSirad Ta-
vadac xelovnebis nimuSebs warmoadgenden. muzeumebSi xdeba eqsponatebis
ara marto gamofena, aramed dacva, Senaxva, restavracia.

4. vatikani

5. saxelmwifo ermitaJi
(q. sanqt-peterburgi, ruseTi)

6. prado
(q. madridi,
espaneTi)

• gaixsene da daasaxele, romeli mxatvris

namuSevari romel muzeumSia daculi.
• romel muzeumSi xar namyofi?
• ra naxe? ra dagamaxsovrda?

davaleba
gamarTe saxlSi Seni namuSevrebis gamofena.

109
saqarTvelos
kulturuli
memkvidreoba
samTavisis taZari
 saqarTvelos
kulturuli
memkvidreoba

45. saqarTvelo
46. oqromWedloba
47. arqiteqtura
48. monumenturi ferwera
49. damwerloba
45 saqarTvelo
mecnierTa azriT, adamianis winapari milionobiT wlis win afrikaSi
cxovrobda.
saqarTveloSi, dmanisSi, arqeologebma aRmoaCines uZvelesi adamianis
ConCxi. kompiuteris daxmarebiT mecnierebma aRadgines Tavis qalebi da
amiT mogveca saSualeba, gvenaxa, Tu rogori iyo uZvelesi adamiani. aR-
moCenil adamianis winaprebs pirobiTad zezva da mzia daarqves.

2.

3.

1. zezva da mzia

7. 5.

6. Tixis WurWeli 8.

2_5. isris da danis pirebi

7_9. samuSao iaraRi

9.
dmanisis gaTxrebze arqeologebma aRmoaCines uZvelesi, gadaSenebuli
cxovelebis ConCxebic: Jirafis, martorqis, xmalkbila vefxvis... agreTve
qvis iaraRi da WurWeli. kacobriobis istoriis am periods qvis xana
ewodeba.

114
 saqarTvelos teritoriaze, sxvadasxva periodSi arqeologiuri gaTx­
rebis Sedegad, napovnia udidesi saganZuri: samuSao da sabrZolo iara-
Rebi, samkauli, WurWeli, monetebi da sxva. zogierTi eqsponati 250-200
aTasi wlis winandelia. aRmoCenili samarxebiT da namosaxlarebiT Segvi-
Zlia gavigoT, Tu rogor cxovrobdnen, ras saqmianobdnen Cveni winaprebi.

11. Tixis WurWeli

10. sabrZolo iaraRi

12. qvaze amokawruli

uZvelesi naxatebi

• xom ar yofilxar arqeologiur gaTxrebze?

• ginaxavs gaTxrebSi napovni nivTebi
13. Tixis WurWeli
muzeumSi?
• romeli cnobili arqeologi gagigia?
14. muSaobis etapebi

daxate figura. frTxilad amoWeri trafareti daade

konturis Sida nawili. furcelze da bambis
gundiT dafare.

davaleba
moamzade proeqti `arqeologi~.

115
46 oqromWedloba
Zveli berZnebi kolxeTs `oqromraval~ qveyanas uwodebdnen da maTve
aRweres, Tu rogor moipovebdnen kolxebi oqros. es wesi dRemdea Semor-
Cenili svaneTSi. kavkasionidan gamomdinare nakadulebs oqros qviSa mo-
hyveba. kolxebi mdinareSi cxvris tyavs Caafendnen, raTa oqro masze
daleqiliyo.

1.
2.

3.

4.

5.
6. 7.

oqrosa da vercxlisgan saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan amzadebdnen

samkaulebs: beWdebs, samajurebs, gulsabamebs, gvirgvinebs da diademebs.
samkaulebi didi ostatobiTaa damuSavebuli da morTulia ulamazesi
Zvirfasi qvebiT.

116
 samkauls odiTganve avgarozis daniSnulebac hqonda. igi `avi Tvalis-
gan~ icavda mflobels. es rwmena jer kidev Zveli egviptidan modis. oqro-
sa da vercxlisagan damzadebul samkaulebs mdidrebi da didgvarovnebi
atarebdnen, spilenZisa da brinjaos samkauls ki _ ubralo adamianebi.

8.
10.
9.

12.

1_12. qarTuli
11.
oqromWedlobis
nimuSebi

• daaTvaliere qarTuli oqromWedlobis nimuSebi.

• xom ar mogagonebs zogierTi maTgani Tanamedrove nakeTobas?
• xom ar ici rame oqrosmaZieblebis Sesaxeb?

davaleba
daamzade oqromWedlobis romelime nimuSi.

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47 arqiteqtura
saqarTvelos yvela kuTxe mdidaria arqiteqturuli nimuSebiT: eklesia-
monastrebiT, cixesimagreebiT, galavnebiT… zogierTi maTgani 1000-1400
wlis win aris agebuli, magram dResac aRafrTovanebs mnaxvels.
xuroTmoZRvrebi sagangebod irCevdnen adgils eklesia-monastrebis
asagebad, iTvaliswinebdnen garemos Taviseburebebs, landSafts. amitom
iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos Zegli bunebis nawilia.

1. ufliscixe

2. anCisxati

3. jvris monasteri

qarTuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebis daTvalierebisas gansakuTrebul

STabeWdilebas gviqmnis sagangebod Tlili qvis wyoba, svetebi da TaRebi,
kamarebi da gumbaTi. zogierTi taZari uxvadaa morTuli reliefebiT da
ornamentebiT.

118
 mTel saqarTveloSi arqeologebis mier aRmoCenilia ramdenime uZvele­si
naqalaqari. maT Sorisaa ufliscixe _ kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi, romelic daax-
loebiT 2000 wlisaa. misi daTvalierebisas naxavT kldeSi gamokveTil dar-
bazebs, eklesiebs, sacxovrebel saxlebs, karibWeebs, quCebsa da moednebs.

4. sveticxoveli 5. alaverdis monasteri

6. bagratis taZari
7. samTavisi

• daaTvaliere da aRwere es
eklesia-monastrebi.
• arian isini garemosTan Serwymuli?
romels aRniSnav?
• isaubre maT morTulobaze.
• isaubre Sens STabeWdilebebze.
8. qarTuli ornamenti

1000 wlis win saqarTveloSi daiwyo xelovnebis, kulturis, mecnier-

ebis gansakuTrebuli aRmavloba. swored am periodSi Sendeba iseTi taZ-
rebis, rogoricaa sveticxoveli, bagrati da alaverdi. isini ara marto
qarTuli, aramed msoflio arqiteqturis brwyinvale nimuSebia.

davaleba
Seagrove informacia romelime Zeglze.

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48 monumenturi ferwera
qarTul arqiteqturul Zeglebze saubrisas SeuZlebelia gverdi aua-
ro maT Sida morTulobas. Tqven ukve iciT, rom ferwera iyofa or Ziri-
Tad saxed: dazgur da monumentur ferwerad. monumenturi ferweris sax-
eebia: freska, mozaika da vitraJi.

2. RvTismSobeli yrmiT (alaverdi)

1. yinwvisis angelozi
(yinwvisi)

3. `saidumlo seroba~
(ubisa)

5. `saidumlo seroba~
4. mTavarangelozi (fragmenti)
(atenis sioni) 6. atenis
1_6. qarTuli freskebi sioni

saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg daiwyo eklesia-monas-

trebis mSenebloba da maTi morTva monumenturi mxatvrobis nimuSebiT _
freskebiT da mozaikiT. dResac uamravi eklesia-monasteria, romelSic
monumenturi xelovnebis brwyinvale nimuSebia SemorCenili.

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 naklebadaa Semonaxuli qarTuli mozaika. misi uZvelesi nimuSi napovnia
mcxeTis raionSi aRmoCenili antikuri taZris iatakze. qristianuli peri­
odis biWvinTis taZris mozaikaze gamosaxulia mcenareebi, cxovelebi,
Tevzebi, irmebi, Svlis nukri. gelaTis taZris sakurTxevels amSvenebs
RvTismSoblis mozaikuri gamosaxuleba oqrosfer fonze. igi gamoirCeva
feradovnebiT da Sesrulebis maRali ostatobiT.

8. gelaTis taZris
mozaika (fragmenti)

7. RvTismSobeli yrmiT (gelaTi)

• gaixsene, rogor da ra masaliT

mzaddeba freska, mozaika da vitraJi.
• daasaxele SenTvis nacnobi
monumenturi mxatvrobis nimuSebi.
• romeli monumenturi xelovnebis
nimuSi gaqvs nanaxi, sad? aRwere igi.

9. biWvinTis taZris 7_9. qarTuli mozaika

mozaika (fragmenti)

davaleba
moiZie informacia romelime qarTvel xelovanze,
romelmac saxeli gauTqva sakuTar sofels, qalaqs an raions.

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49 damwerloba
damwerloba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda. Tavidan asoebis
magivrad iyenebdnen naxatebs, romlebic raime azrs gadmoscemdnen. Semdeg
TiTo niSani TiTo marcvals gamoxatavda. mogvianebiT ki TiTo aso TiTo
bgeris aRmniSvneli gaxda. es cvlilebebi damwerlobis gasamartiveblad
aucilebeli iyo.

1_3. qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis nimuSebi

istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom qarTve-

lebs anbani uZvelesi droidan hqondaT. daaxloebiT
2300 wlis win saqarTveloSi mefobda farnavaz mefe.
swored mas miaweren qarTuli anbanis Seqmnas. qar-
Tulma damwerlobam ganviTarebis rTuli da xangr-
Zlivi gza gaiara. arsebobs misi sami saxe: asomTav-
ruli, nusxuri, mxedruli. Zvel qarTul anbanSi 38
aso iyo, amJamad 5 maTgani aRar gamoiyeneba.

122
 qarTuli damwerlobis nimuSebis naxva SesaZlebelia xuroTmoZRvre-
bis sxvadasxva Zeglze, aseve uZveles wignebSi. wignebis gadawera saqarT-
veloSi sapatio xelobad iTvleboda. gadamwerebi mxatvrobaSic iyvnen
daostatebulebi da gansakuTrebulad aformebdnen abzacis pirvel _
mTavrul asos. Zveli wignebi morTuli iyo naxatebiT _ miniatiurebiT,
ornamentebiT, aseve sagangebod irTveboda maTi ydebic.

daimaxsovre!
miniatiura _ patara,
feradi suraTi an
moxatuli mTavruli
aso Zvel xelnawerebSi,
wignebSi.

4.

7. miniatiura qarTuli
xelnaweri saxarebidan
5. xelnaweri teqsti

6. mTavruli
asos nimuSi

9.

• gaixsene da daasaxele, romel

Zvel damwerlobebs gaecani.
8. • xom ar ginaxavs Zveli qarTuli
damwerlobis nimuSebi?
4, 8, 9. xelnaweri wignebi

davaleba
dawere werili asomTavruli asoebis gamoyenebiT.

123
 danarTi a

124
evropa

125
 azia

126
afrika

127
 danarTi b

damatebiTi inforamcia
www.museum.ge.
www.hermitagemuseum.org.
http://www/museum.ru/gmii.
www.skd-dresden.de/en/museen/kunstgewerbemuseum.html.
www.louvre.fr.
http://ka.wikipedia.org/; http://en.wikipedia.org; http://ru.wikipedia.org/
http://www.artcyclopedia.com/
http://smallbay.ru/
http://www.abcgallery.com/
http://www.artprojekt.ru/
virtual.parkland.edu
dardel.info/museu/
http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/pyramids-of-egypt/index.php;
http://shvidisaocreba.narod.ru/piramidebi.html;
http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ egviptis piramidebi.
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0056937/
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038390/
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060401/
http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ჯუზეპე_ვერდი; http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/აიდა_
(ოპერა); http://musicmp3.spb.ru/album/22698/opera_aida_aida.htm

128