EXPERIMENT- 6

AIM:
To perform the following for the given system of figure whose data is given below
a) Load flow using MATLAB command for GS method

Bus code Impedence Line Charging

1-2 0.02+j0.08 0.00+j0.010

1-3 0.06+j0.24 0.00+j0.030

2-3 0.04+j0.16 0.00+j0.025

2-4 0.04+j0.16 0.00+j0.025

3-4 0.01+j0.04 0.00+j0.015

 Bus P(MW) Q(MVar) Assumed bus voltages

1 - - 1.06+j0

2 -20 -10 1+j0

3 10 -20 1.04+j0

4 -40 -5 1+j0

APPARATUS:
MATLAB software

THEORY:
There are several different methods of solving the resulting nonlinear system of equations. The
most popular is known as the Newton–Raphson method. This method begins with initial guesses
of all unknown variables (voltage magnitude and angles at Load Buses and voltage angles at
Generator Buses). Next, a Taylor Series is written, with the higher order terms ignored, for each
of the power balance equations included in the system of equations . The result is a linear system
of equations that can be expressed as:
 Δ   ΔP 
Δ | V    J 1  
 | ΔQ 
where ΔP and are ΔQ called the mismatch equations:
N
ΔPi   Pi   | Vi || Vk | (Gik cos ik  Bik sin ik )
k 1

N
ΔQi  Qi   | Vi || Vk | (Gik sin  ik  Bik cos  ik )
k 1

and J is a matrix of partial derivatives known as a Jacobian:

  ΔP  ΔP 
   |V |
J  
  ΔQ  ΔQ 
   | V | 

The linearized system of equations is solved to determine the next guess (m + 1) of voltage
magnitude and angles based on:

 m 1   m  Δ

| V |m 1 | V |m Δ | V |

The process continues until a stopping condition is met. A common stopping condition is to
terminate if the norm of the mismatch equations is below a specified tolerance.

A rough outline of solution of the power-flow problem is:

1. Make an initial guess of all unknown voltage magnitudes and angles. It is common to use
a "flat start" in which all voltage angles are set to zero and all voltage magnitudes are set
to 1.0 p.u.
2. Solve the power balance equations using the most recent voltage angle and magnitude
values.
3. Linearize the system around the most recent voltage angle and magnitude values
4. Solve for the change in voltage angle and magnitude
5. Update the voltage magnitude and angles
6. Check the stopping conditions, if met then terminate, else go to step 2.

MATLAB CODE:
basemva=100;
accuracy=0.001;
maxiter=12;
busdata=[1 1 1.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.0 0 20 10 0 0 0 0 0
3 2 1.04 0 50 20 60 0 -10 100 0
4 0 1.0 0 40 5 0 0 0 0 0];
linedata=[1 2 0.02 0.08 0.01 1
1 3 0.06 0.24 0.03 1
2 3 0.04 0.16 0.025 1
2 4 0.04 0.16 0.025 1
3 4 0.01 0.04 0.015 1];
busdatas.m
linedatas.m
loadflow(nb,V,del,BMva)
nrlfppg.m
pol2rect(rho,theta)
ybusppg.m

OUTPUT:

Power Flow Solution by Newton Raphson Method

Maximum Power Mismatch = 7.04385e-007

 No. of Iterations = 3

Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation--- Injected

No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar

1 1.060 0.000 0.000 0.000 50.409 10.818 0.000

2 1.046 -1.375 20.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

3 1.040 -1.664 50.000 20.000 60.000 3.292 0.000

4 1.038 -2.282 40.000 5.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Total 110.000 35.000 110.506 7.401 0.000

Line Flow and Losses

--Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer

from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap

1 50.409 10.818 51.557

2 35.757 8.826 36.831 0.245 -1.237

3 14.677 1.987 14.811 0.130 -6.094

2 -20.000 -10.000 22.361

1 -35.512 -10.062 36.910 0.245 -1.237

3 4.154 0.187 4.158 0.009 -5.402

4 11.383 -0.130 11.384 0.050 -5.229

3 10.000 -16.708 19.472

1 -14.547 -8.081 16.641 0.130 -6.094

 2 -4.144 -5.589 6.958 0.009 -5.402

4 28.743 -3.031 28.903 0.077 -2.932

4 -40.000 -5.000 40.311

2 -11.333 -5.098 12.427 0.050 -5.229

3 -28.667 0.099 28.667 0.077 -2.932

Total loss 0.511 -27.578

RESULT :
Load flow analysis has been done using Newton Raphson method.