ELE 2403

Electronics I

Lab 5: Characteristics of a BJT and DC Load Line

Student Name Student ID Number

Faculty Name

Lab Instructor Shaily Khurana

Prepared by Shaily/Aisha
 Objective:

To investigate the operation of Bipolar Junction Transistor and determining DC operating

point.
Introduction:

Introduction:

The Characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) and DC Load Line Lab aims to explore
the behavior and operating characteristics of BJTs in electronic circuits. Through practical
experiments and measurements, students gain insights into the relationship between voltage and
current in BJT circuits, as well as the determination of the DC operating point using load line
analysis.

A BJT is a three-terminal semiconductor device that consists of two p-n junctions. It's a current-
controlled device that has three electrodes: emitter (E), base (B), and collector (C). Both types of
charge (electrons and holes) contribute to the current through the BJT.

 DC load line

The DC load line can be found by solving the equation Vcc = Vce + IcRc, and then joining a line
between both values.

Here are some other characteristics of a BJT:

 Low forward voltage

 Can be operated in low to high power applications

 Large gain bandwidth

 Shows better performance at high frequency

Material needed:
1- BJT BC107
2- Resistor Rb = 220KΩ, Rc = 1.5KΩ
3 – Vbb – 5V
4 – Vcc – Variable DC (0-20V) {MultiSIM - DC Interactive_Voltage with increment of 0.1%}
5 – 3 DMMs

Procedure:

1- Connect the following circuit using BC 107 BJT, 𝑅𝑏=220KΩ, 𝑅𝑐= 1.5KΩ, 𝑉𝑏𝑏= 5 V
and 𝑉𝑐𝑐 is variable DC supply (0-15 V).

Prepared by Shaily/Aisha
 Figure 1

2- Adjust 𝑉𝑐𝑐= 0 and measure the base current 𝐼𝐵

𝐼𝐵 = ( 19.6 µA)

3. Now start to increase 𝑉𝑐𝑐 in steps and continuously measure 𝑉𝑐𝑒 and 𝐼𝑐 and record these
values in the following table:

𝑽𝑪𝑬(V) 𝑰𝒄(mA) 𝑽𝑪𝑬(V) 𝑰𝒄(mA)

BreadBoard MultiSIM BreadBoard MultiSIM
0 -1.7576E-06 -1.7576E-06 4.0 -0.002607975 -0.002607975

Prepared by Shaily/Aisha
 0.1 -6.34728E-05 -6.34728E-05 5.0 -0.003265642 -0.003265642
0.2 -0.000126119 -0.000126119 6.0 -0.003922406 -0.003922406
0.3 -0.000189391 -0.000189391 7.0 -0.004576651 -0.004576651
0.4 -0.000253111 -0.000253111 8.0 -0.005223103 -0.005223103
0.5 -0.000317167 -0.000317167 9.0 -0.005726745 -0.005726745
0.6 -0.000381484 -0.000381484 10.0 -0.005795162 -0.005795162
0.7 -0.000446007 -0.000446007 11.0 -0.005863343 -0.005863343
0.8 -0.000510699 -0.000510699 12.0 -0.005931522 -0.005931522
0.9 -0.000575531 -0.000575531 13.0 -0.005999701 -0.005999701
1.0 -0.000640481 -0.000640481 14.0 -0.006067878 -0.006067878
2.0 -0.001293793 -0.001293793 15.0 -0.006136054 -0.006136054
3.0 -0.001950348 -0.001950348

4. Plot the relation between 𝑉𝐶𝐸 and 𝐼𝑐 using the previous table.

Vcc Vs I(RC)
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-0.001

-0.002

-0.003
Vcc

-0.004

-0.005

-0.006

-0.007
I(Rc)

5. Plot the DC load line for 𝑉𝑐𝑐= 10V and determine the values of 𝑉𝐶𝐸 (Q) and 𝐼𝑐(Q).

𝑉𝐶𝐸 (Q) = 1.307 V

Prepared by Shaily/Aisha
 𝐼𝑐(Q) = 5 . 8 0 mA

𝐼𝐵(Q) = 19.6 uA

6. What is the value of β at Q?

Answer:
To calculate the value of β at Q, we first need to find the collector current (IC) and base current
(IB) at point Q:
Given:
 Collector voltage (VC) at Q = 1.307 V
 Collector current (IC) at Q = 5.80 mA
 Base current (IB) at Q = 19.6 μA

We can use the formulas:

1. β= IC/ IB

Now, let's calculate:

β= 5.80mA /19.6μA
β=295.92

So, the value of β at Q is approximately 295.92

7 – Show Load Line Calculations:

Answer:

For Load Line Calculations:

Prepared by Shaily/Aisha
The load line represents the relationship between the collector-emitter voltage (VCE) and the
collector current (IC) for a given circuit. It helps visualize the operating point and determines the
maximum collector current and voltage swing.

To draw the load line, we need to find the slope and intercept of the load line using two points:
1. The point where the collector-emitter voltage (VCE) is at its maximum, typically equal to
the supply voltage (VCC).
2. The point where the collector current (IC) is at its maximum, typically when the transistor
is fully saturated or turned on.

From the provided data, we can see the values of VCC and I(RC) for different VCE values. We can
use these values to find the slope and intercept of the load line.

Let's calculate the slope (RL) and the intercept (VCE) for the load line.

To calculate the load line slope (RL) and intercept (VCE), we need to use two points from the
provided data:

Point 1: (VCC, 0)
Point 2: (0, maximum IC)

From the provided data, we can see that the maximum IC occurs when VCE is 0. Therefore, our
second point is (0, -0.006136054).

Now, we can calculate the slope (RL) using the formula:

RL= ΔVCE/ ΔIC
Where:
 ΔVCE=VCC−0 (Change in VCE)
 ΔIC=0−(−0.006136054) (Change in IC)

Let's proceed with the calculations:

ΔVCE=VCC−0=15V−0=15V
ΔIC=0−(−0.006136054)=0.006136054A

Now, we can calculate the slope (RL):

RL= ΔVCE/ ΔIC =15V/0.006136054A
RL≈2441.669Ω

So, the load line slope (RL) is approximately 2441.669 Ω.

Now, let's calculate the intercept (VCE) using one of the points (VCC, 0):
VCE=VCC−(RL×IC)
VCE=15V−(2441.669Ω×0)
VCE=15V
So, the intercept (VCE) is 15 V.

Therefore, the load line equation is:

VCE=15V−2441.669Ω×IC

Prepared by Shaily/Aisha
Conclusion:
The Characteristics of a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) and DC Load Line Lab serves as a
pivotal platform for we to deepen their understanding of transistor operation and analysis. By
engaging in practical experiments and measurements, we not only gain insights into the behavior
and operating characteristics of BJTs but also develop essential skills in circuit analysis, problem-
solving, and data interpretation.
Through hands-on exploration, we acquire a profound appreciation for the intricate interplay
between voltage and current in BJT circuits, laying the groundwork for their continued learning
and exploration in the field of electronics and electrical engineering. Furthermore, the lab cultivates
critical thinking abilities and analytical skills vital for success in both academic and professional
endeavors related to transistor-based circuit design and analysis.

Prepared by Shaily/Aisha
Prepared by Shaily/Aisha
Prepared by Shaily/Aisha