Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF
SIX WEEKS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING,UNDERTAKEN
AT
DOORDARSHAN KENDRA,JALANDHAR
ON
“TRANSMISSION OF CHANNEL”
This is to certify that Himanshu Gupta, a candidate of B.E. from Chitkara University,
Himachal Pradesh completed 6 week Industrial Oriented Summer Training program at
Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar under my guidance and direction.
Acknowledgement
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We are very thankful to all the persons who with their views and participation
helped us to complete this training successfully. It is with pleasure that we find
ourselves penning down these lines to express my sincere thanks to various people to help
me along the way in completing the training.
Lastly, we would like to thank the almighty and our parents for their moral support
and our friends with whom we shared our day-to-day experience and received lots
of suggestions that improved our quality of work.
Preface
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This report is a brief introduction about Doordarshan, enclosing the topics that deal with all
types of applications & with various aspects related to new researches. I hope, this report will
be extremely expedient for grasping the basis knowledge of various fields of communication.
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Contents
III.1 Studio……………………………………………………….....9-24
III.2 ENG……………………………………………………………25-32
III.3 NLE…………………………………………………………....33-34
III.5 OB……………………………………………………………..37-38
III.7 Transmitter…………………………………………………….46-56
IV Industry Applications………………………………………. 57
V Future Enhancements………………………………………..58
VIConclusions…………………………………………………....59
VII Bibiliography………………………………………………….60
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I. Company Profile
I.1 Overview
Prasar Bharti
The major objectives of the Prasar Bharati Corporation as laid out in the Prasar
Bharati Act, 1990 are as follows:
To uphold the unity and integrity of the country and the values enshrined in
the Constitution;
To promote national integration;
To safeguard citizens’ rights to be informed on all matters of public interest
by presenting a fair and balanced flow of information;
To pay special attention to the fields of education and spread of literacy,
science & technology;
To create awareness about women’s issues and take special steps to protect
the interests of children, aged and other vulnerable sections of the society;
To provide adequate coverage to diverse cultures, sports and games and
youth affairs;
To promote social justice, safeguarding the rights of working classes,
minorities and tribal communities.
To promote research and expand broadcasting faculties & development in
broadcast technology.
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language TV channel, DD Punjabi, which was launched in 1998 and covers most of
the state of Punjab, India
The transmission was initially limited to few hours in a day. Besides the regional
language Punjabi, some programmes in Hindi and Urdu were also telecast. Even
programmes in Haryanvi and Himachali languages were telecast from this Kendra
as these states did not at that time have their own Kendras.
With the introduction of Regional Language Satellite Services, all regional centers
of Doordarshan started generating programmes in their respective regional
languages. And thus, DD Punjabi came into existence along with many other
channels of Doordarshan. A satellite earth station built at the cost of 82.5 million
(US$1.4 million), was inaugurated at the station on 7 August 1998, to allow Punjabi
language programs broadcasted from the station, available to neighboring countries
like Pakistan, Afghanistan, Oman, Qatar and Nepal.
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II. Introduction
Each of these departments are discussed in detail with due stress to therelevant
engineering aspects.
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III. Description
III.1 Studio
III.1.1 Studios A,B,C:Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar have three main studios named Studio
A, Studio B, Studio C.Each Studio has got its own PCR Room over it. PCR stands for
Programme Control Room.
Requirement of TV studios are:-
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Studio A
Studio is the largest studio of Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar. This studio is mainly
used to shootthe very renowned programmes likeLishkara, Star-Nite, Sur Sangam,
etc.Studio A consists of 34 lights to control the lighting system and all systems in
studio A are operated manually by worker there.
Studio B
Studio B is multipurpose studio. It is used for shooting various programmes like
sajjari saver , hello doordarshan , krishi darshn , and all discussions Studio B has got
two PCR rooms and 12 Lights over it and one man to control all this.
Studio C
Studio C is the smallest studio of Doordarshan Kendra Jalandhar. This Studio Mainly
used to telecast New Bulletin. Doordarshan Kendra, Jalandhar Telecast News From
regional channel twice a day i.e. 5:00 PM and 7:00 PM.
Lighting system in studio Lighting for television is very exciting and needs creative
talent there is always a tremendous scope for doing experiment to achieve the
required effect . Light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a visible spectrum
from red to violet i.e. wavelength from 700 nm to 3800 nm respectively.
Fire 1930 K
Fluroscent 6500 K
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III.1.2. PCR:The PCR stand for Production Control Room. The PCR is where the
post production activities like minor editing and management of feed during a live
program takes place. The production manager sits in the PCR and directs the camera
men and selects the angles sound parameters etc during the production stage in the
PCR. It is in the PCR that we can control all the studio lights and all the microphones
and other aspects. The PCR has a vision mixer and an audio mixer. Its working and
other aspects are discussed in detail in the following pages. The PCR is where the
phone in console and other systems are also kept. The PCR usually of the various
equipments like:-
•Vision Mixer(VM)
•Audio Mixer(AM)
III.1.2.1 Camera control unit or CCU: It is in the studio that all aspects related to
the production of a video takes place. The Camera Control Unit is typically part of
a live television broadcast "chain". It is responsible for powering the professional
video camera, handling signals sent over the camera cable (multicore
cable, triax or fiber) to and from the camera, and can be used to control various
camera parameters such as iris remotely. The CCU contains control for
Aperture
Optical Focus
Zoom of the lens system
Beam Focus
Selecting Gain
Color Temperature
Contours (Camera Details)
Gamma
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III.1.2.2 Vision Mixer (VM):A vision mixer or video switcher enables the program
producer to select the desired sources or a combination of the sources in order to
compose the program. The vision mixer is typically 10x6 or 20x10 crossbar
switcher selecting any one of the 10 or 20 input sources to 6 to10 different output
lines. The input sources include: Camera-1, Camera-2, Camera-3, Telecine-1,
Telcine-2, VTR-1, VTR-2, Test Signal etc. The vision mixer provides the following
operational facilities for the editing of the TV programs.
Take –selection of any input
source, or cut-switching cleanly
from one source to another.
Dissolve-fading in or fading out
Lap Dissolve-dissolving from one
source to another with an overlap
mixing.
Superposition of two sources-keyed
caption when the selected inlay is superposed on the background picture
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Mix:A mix is a transition from one picture to another where the new picture fades in as the
existing picture fades out. During a standard mix transition a superimposition of both
pictures, each at a lower intensity, is visible.
Wipe:A wipe is a transition from one picture to another in which the edge of a shape moves
across the screen, revealing the new picture. Wipe transitions can be applied to background,
to keys, or to both simultaneously. A wipe transition shape can be selected from a variety of
patterns, and these patterns can be adjusted in several ways (position, aspect ratios, edge
attributes, etc.).
Keying:
Keying inserts part of one picture into another to create a composite picture.
Keying involves three signals:
• Background,
• Key cut, used to specify where to cut a hole in the background, and
• Key fill, used to fill the hole in the background.
The fill can be an incoming video signal or it can be an internally generated matte fill. A
separate key cut input signal is not necessarily required for keying. For example, a self key
(also called a video key) uses the same input signal for both key cut and key fill.
The KayakDD system supports the following types of keys:
• Additive Key
• Luminance Key
• Linear Key
• Chroma Key
• Preset Pattern
The KayakDD system also supports self keys and split keys.
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Fig: Linear Keying
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Fig: Chroma Keying
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III.1.2.3. VTR: The VTR is the next section where copies of all programs are stored.
All the programs shot in the camera are simultaneously recorded in the VTR. Also
the VTR plays back all the videos as and when required. Videos of pre-recorded
events are queued up in the VTR and are played back without a break. Videos of
famous people and important events are stored in the central film pool.
III.1.2.4. Audio Mixer: In professional audio, a mixing console, or audio mixer, also called
a mixing desk, audio production console, soundboard or simply mixer is an electronic device
for combining (also called "mixing"), routing, and changing the level, timbre and/or
dynamics of audio signals. A mixer can mix analog or digital signals, depending on the type
of mixer. The modified signals (voltages or digital samples) aresummed to produce the
combined output signals.Mixing consoles are used in many applications, including recording
studios, public address systems, sound reinforcement systems,broadcasting, television,
and film post-production. An example of a simple application would be to enable the signals
that originated from two separate microphones (each being used by vocalists singing a duet,
perhaps) to be heard through one set of speakerssimultaneously. When used for live
performances, the signal produced by the mixer will usually be sent directly to an amplifier,
unless that particular mixer is "powered" or it is being connected to powered speakers.
Among the highest quality bootleg recordings of live performances are the so-
called soundboard recordings that are sourced from this mixer output to the speakers.
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III.1.3. CAR:In broadcast facilities, a Central Apparatus Room (CAR, pronounced
"C-A-R"), central machine room, or central equipment room (CER), or central
technical area (CTA), or rack room is where shared equipment common to all
technical areas is located. Some broadcast facilities have several of these rooms. It
should be air-conditioned, however low-noise specifications such as acoustical
treatments are optional.This is the nerve centre for the TV station, the main activities
in this area include
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Audio Router:Used for transporting audio signals from inputs to outputs. The
number of inputs and outputs varies dramatically. The way routers are described is
normally number of inputs by number of outputs e.g. 2x1, 256x256. The type of
signals transported - switched can be analogue - Analog - audio signals
or Digital. Digital audio usually is in the AES/EBU standard for broadcast use.
Broadband routers can route more than one signal type e.g. analogue or more than
one type of digital. Because any of the inputs can be routed to any output, the
internal arrangement of the router is arranged as a number of crosspoints which can
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Software Character Generators:Software CGs run on standard off-the-shelf
computer hardware and are often integrated into video editing software such as non-
linear editing system (NLE)
Optical Fibre: An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made
of high quality extruded glass (silica) or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It
can function as a waveguide, or “light pipe”, to transmit light between the two ends
of the fiberOptical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which
permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than
other forms of communication. Optical fibers typically include
transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with a lower index of
refraction. Light is kept in the core by total internal reflection. This causes the fiber
to act as a waveguide.
Sync Pulse Generator: A sync pulse generator is a special type of generator which
produces synchronization signals, with a high level of stability and accuracy. These
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devices are used to provide a master timing source for a video facility. The output of
an SPG will typically be in one of several forms, depending on the needs of the
facility:
Procedure in recording
2. Lighting, Audio and placement of the cameras is arranged as per floor Plan.
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4. Recording begins and desired camera/mike are selected through VM/Audio
console as per command of producer. Program is recorded on VCR.
Procedure in Transmission
2. After getting D-link caption from Delhi end program is played from VCR/Server.
The program is uplinked by Earth Station.
3. During our slot, both live as well as recorded programs are transmitted.
Video Signal Generation Video is nothing but a sequence of pictures. The image we
see is maintained in our eye for 1/16th sec. So if we see images at the rate more than
16 pictures per second, our eyes cannot recognize the difference and we see the
continuous motion. In movie camera and Movie projector it is found that 24 fps
(frames per second) is better for human eyes. TV system could use this rate but in
PAL system 25 fps is selected. In TV cameras image is converted in electrical signal
using photosensitive material. Whole image is divided into many micro particles
known as pixels. These Pixels are small enough so that our eyes cannot recognize
pixels and we see continuous image. Thus ,at any particular instance there are almost
infinite numbers of pixels that need to be converted in electrical signal
simultaneously for transmitting picture detail . However this is not possible practical
because it is no feasible to provide a separate path for each pixel. In practice this
problem is solved by method known as scanning in which information is converted
one by one pixel. Line by line and frame by frame.
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Video Chain
The video we see at our home is either pre-recorded in the studio or live telecasted.
Block diagram illustrates different chains of video recording, video playback, news
and live broadcasting. In first chain we will understand studio program recording. In
first chain we will understand studio program recording. Camera output from the
studio hall is to CCU where many parameters of video signals are controlled. Output
signal of CCU after making all corrections is sent to VM in PCR-1 (production
control room). Output of 3 to 4 cameras comes here and final signal is selected here
using VM according to a director’s choice.
Earth station
through
Optical Fibre
Vision LOGO
Sources Distributor
Mixer Generator
STL
Link
Analog to AES
Convertor
Earth station
through
Audio Optical Fibre
Distributor
Sources
Console
STL 22 | P a g e
Link
The final signal from VM is sent to VTR. VTR uses both analog and digital tape
recording system. At time transmitting this prerecord program cassettes is played in
to respective in VTR room .Signal from VTR is sent to PCR-2.PCR-2 has one VM,
video monitoring system, a CG (Computer graphics). From PCR-2, signal travels
from MSR to transmitter or earth station for terrestrial and satellite transmission.
MSR is the main control room between studio and transmitter or receiver.
Audio Chain In studio program, Audio from studio microphones is directly fed to
the AUDIO CONSOLE placed in PCR-1. It is used to mix the audio from different
sources and maintained its output. From AC, signal is directly recorded on tape with
video signal in VTR. While playing back audio is extracted from tape and fed to
another audio console placed in PCR-2 and then travels with the video signal.
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Schematic of Signal Transmission Through OB VAN and Studio
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- Digital reference
- Downstream key facility
- Redundant power.
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III.2.1.1. Parts of SONY Digital HD Video Camera RecorderNX5M
1. Lens
2. Lens hood with lens cover
3. Internal microphone
4. The recording lamp flashes if theremaining capacity of recording media or
battery is low.
5. Remote sensor
6. ASSIGN 4/ZEBRA button
7. ASSIGN 5/AE SHIFT button*
8. ASSIGN 6/VISUAL INDEX button
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9. CH1 (INT MIC/INPUT1) switch
10. AUTO/MAN (CH1) switch
11. AUDIO LEVEL(CH1) dial
12. AUDIO LEVEL(CH2) dial
13. AUTO/MAN (CH2) switch
14. CH2 (INT MIC/INPUT1/INPUT2)switch
15. ASSIGN 1/2*/3 buttons
16. PUSH AUTO button
17. FOCUS switch
18. ND filter
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III.2.1.2.Camera Optics:
1. LENS
Focus Section
Zoom Section
Servo Drive Assembly
Aperture Section Drive
Back Foucs & Micro Focus
2. OPTICAL BLOCK
Color Filter Wheels
Prism & Dichroic Mirror
Bias light and a Suitable Lens Mount
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4. CAMERA ELECTRONICS
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III.2.3.1. Parts of PANASONIC Digital Video Cassette Recorder AJ-965p
DVCPRO50
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Front Panel
1. Power swtich
2. Format Display Area
3. Remote Button
4. Super Switch
5. REC INH Switch
6. TCG Switch
7. MODE Switch
8. Cassette Insertion Slot
9. Eject Button
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Rear Panel
1. AC IN socket
2. DIGITAL AUDIO IN and OUT connectors
3. ANALOG COMPONENT VIDEO IN connectors
4. ANALOG COMPOSITE VIDEO IN connectors
5. REF VIDEO IN connectors and 75 Ω termination switch
6. Remote control connectors
7. ENCODER REMOTE Connectors
8. ANALOG AUDIO IN connectors
9. TIME CODE IN connectors
10. TIME CODE OUT connectors
11. SERIAL COMPONENT AUDIO and VIDEO IN and OUT connectors
12. Fan
13. SIGNAL GND terminal
14. ANALOG COMPONENT VIDEO OUT connectors
15. ANALOG COMPOSITE VIDEO OUT connectors
16. RS-232c connectors
17. PARALLEL REMOTE connector
18. ANALOG AUDIO OUT connector
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19. MONITOR OUT connector
20. Option Connector
III.2.4. Editing booths: In ENG section Linear Editing takes place,Linear video
editing is a video editing post-production process of selecting, arranging and
modifying images and sound in a predetermined, orderedsequence. Regardless of
whether it was captured by a video camera, tapeless camcorder, or recorded in
a television studio on a video tape recorder(VTR) the content must be
accessed sequentially.
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III.3 Non-Linear Editing:
Non-linear editing enables direct access to any video frame in a digital video clip,
without needing to play or scrub/shuttle through adjacent footage to reach it, as was
necessary with historical video tape linear editing systems. It is now possible to
access any frame by entering directly the timecode or the descriptive metadata.
Video and audio data are first captured to hard disks, video server, or other digital
storage devices. The data are either direct to disk recording or are imported from
another source (transcoding,digitizing, transfer). Once imported, the source material
can be edited on a computer using application software, include fades, transitions,
and other effects that cannot be achieved with linear editing.
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DPS Velocity HD: Real-Time:
News NLE:
Dedicated Velocity 8.2 for News Editing & Playback for Transmission.
Sharing with FTP client placed at News Room for importing Video clips
from News Stringers directly.
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III.4. Computer Section:The main objective of this section is the maintainence
of following machines based on computer technology:
1. Video Loggers
2. ENPS System
3. FTP Server
4. Win Plus & Auto Script Prompter
Video Loggers: The main function of video loggers is to record off-air programs
relayed by DD Punjabi. The video logger available at DDK Jalandhar is having 90
days recording and playback facility.
FTP Server: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to
transfer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network, such as
the Internet. FTP may run in active or passive mode, which determines how the data
connection is established. In active mode, the client creates a TCP control
connection. In situations where the client is behind a firewall and unable to accept
incoming TCP connections, passive mode may be used. In this mode, the client uses
the control connection to send a PASV command to the server and then receives a
server IP address and server port number from the server, which the client then uses
to open a data connection from an arbitrary client port to the server IP address and
server port number received.
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Because the speaker does not need to look down to consult written notes, he appears
to have memorized the speech or to be speaking spontaneously, looking directly into
the camera lens. Cue cards, on the other hand, are always placed away from the lens
axis, making the speaker look at a point beside the camera, which leaves an
impression of distraction.
(2) Shroud
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III.5 Outdoor Broadcasting
Outside broadcasting (OB) is the electronic field production (EFP)
of television or radio programmes (typically to cover television news andsports
television events) from a mobile remote broadcast television studio. Professional
video camera and microphone signals come into theproduction truck for processing,
recording and possibly transmission. The mobile production control room (PCR) is
known as a OB van.
A typical OB van is usually divided into five parts:
Parts of the television crew are located in the first and largest part is the video
production area. The television director, technical director, assistant
director, character generator (CG) operator and television producers usually
sit in front of a wall of video monitors. The technical director sits in front of
the video switcher. The video monitors show all the video feeds from various
sources, including computer graphics, professional video cameras, video tape
recorder (VTR), video servers and slow-motion replay machines. The wall of
monitors also contains a preview monitor showing what could be the next
source on air and a program monitor that shows the feed currently going to
air or being recorded The video switcher is usually operated by one person
called the technical director (TD) and is responsible for switching the video
sources to air as directed. Behind the directors there is usually a desk with
monitors for the editors to operate. It is essential that the directors and editors
are in communication with each other during events, so that replays and
slow-motion shots can be selected and aired. The "production room" in most
sporting events has a graphics operator and sometimes a font coordinator who
are in charge of the graphics, statistics, and the showing of the names of
commentators or the players to be shown on air.
The second part of a van is where the audio engineer has an audio
mixer (being fed with all the various audio feeds: reporters, commentary, on-
field microphones, etc.). The audio engineer can control which channels are
added to the output and follows instructions from the director. They relay the
information from producers and directors to their A2's who typically set up
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the audio cables and equipment throughout the arenas and the booth where
the commentators sit. The audio engineer normally also has a dirty feed
monitor to help with the synchronization of sound and video.
The third part of the truck is the VTR area. The tape area has a collection of
machines including video servers and may also house additional power
supplies or computer equipment. The "tape room" hasLSM operators who
have one or more cameras that go into their machines and can be played back
for replays when an exciting or important play occurs during the game. LSM
operators also play replay rollouts that lead into commercial breaks or show
the highlights of the event at the end of play. These operators also can play
back in slow motion or pause to show a key part of the action.
The fourth part is the video control area where the professional video
cameras are controlled using camera control units (CCU) by one or
two operators, to make sure that the iris is at the correct exposure and that all
the cameras look the same. These operators can shade, balance, and focus the
cameras from this position inside the truck. This area is controlled by an
operator called a V1 and depending on the size of the show and/or the
broadcast company may have a V2.
The fifth part is transmission where the signal is monitored by and engineered
for quality control purposes and is transmitted or sent to other trucks. The
transmission is monitored by the truck engineers to ensure the people at home
have a good picture and a high quality signal output.
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III.6 EARTH STATION
The earth station is the link between the terrestrial data sources and the remote
satellite resource. Its most familiar component is the earth station antenna, which
can be tens of meters in diameter or a small portable dish. In addition, there are
numerous, less obvious devices in the chain of devices that transmit or receive the
signal. This article will briefly summarize some of the most important aspects of
earth station operation.
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Digital Communication setup
III.6.2. Play Back Booth: In play back booth the main purpose is to play the
live programs e.g. the let us take an example of a live program in which we need to
play the songs on the demand of the consumers the all the songs in the list first to be
dumped on a machine , then to be played on demand. Studio connectivity has been
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provided through OFC via central apparatus room. However coaxial cables has also
been provided as standby to OFCCommand/Communication with studios, CAR and
VTR room etc. has also been provided.
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Fig: Implementation
BASEBAND RACK:
Fiber optic receiver to receive embedded signal
from studio(CAR)
Signal generator
Audio level monitor
Video monitor
COMPRESSION RACK:
Encoders
Multiplexers
Modulators
Redundancy switch
NMS
Rx Monitoring Rack
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UP convertor
RF power divider
C to L band Convertor
I.R.D
Spectrum Analyzer
HPA Rack
HPA
Dehydrator
Waveguide
ASNG
DSNG
C-band or Ku-band
Problems of Analog
Comparatively noisy
Fixed reception
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More programs per channel/Transponder i.e. spectrum efficient.
Noise-Free Reception.
Ghost elimination.
Up-Conversion
Transmission
Reception Up-Converters
The up-conversion is required to raise the frequency of the signal in desired band: C- band,
Extended C-band or Ku-band before transmission. The input to up converter is 70 MHz
(output of modulator) and output of Up-converter is fed to HPA.The up-conversion may be
done in stages or in one stage directly. The 70 MHz signal is first converted into L ±band and
then L band signal raised to desired frequency band.
The high power amplifier is used for the final power amplification of the digital RF signal in C-
band/Ku band that is fed to the antenna. The important parameters of HPAs are:
Frequency range
Bandwidth
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KHPA - Klystron High Power Amplifier
III.7. TRANSMITTER
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A television transmitter is a device which broadcasts an electromagnetic signal to
the television receivers. Television transmitters may be analog or digital.
Terrestrial transmission: A transmission from point A to point B that doesn’t make use of
satellites.
If the transmission is straight from point A to point B, then the maximize range it's a bit more
of the horizon (depending on what frequency are you transmitting)
Use of repeaters can extend the range.
LF MF HF VHF UHF are the most common frequencies used for terrestrial communications.
1. Exciter
2. Power Supply
3. Frequency Control
4. Cooling of final Stages
5. Protection Equipment
III.7.1.1 Exciter
In broadcasting and telecommunication, the part which contains the oscillator, modulator, and
sometimes audio processor, is called the "exciter". Most transmitters use heterodyne principle,
so they also have a frequency conversion units. Confusingly, the high-power amplifier which the
exciter then feeds into is often called the "transmitter" by broadcast engineers. The final output is
given as transmitter power output (TPO).
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Transmitters are sometimes fed from a higher voltage level of the power supply grid than
necessary in order to improve security of supply. For example,
the Allouis, Konstantynowand Roumoules transmitters are fed from the high-voltage network
(110 kV in Alouis and Konstantynow, 150 kV in Roumoules) even though a power supply from
the medium-voltage level of the power grid (about 20 kV) would be able to deliver enough power.
For medium-power transmitters, up to a few hundred watts, air cooling with fans is used. At
power levels over a few kilowatts, the output stage is cooled by a forced liquid cooling system
analogous to an automobile cooling system. Since the coolant directly touches the high-
voltage anodes of the tubes, only distilled, deionised water or a special dielectric coolant can be
used in the cooling circuit. This high-purity coolant is in turn cooled by a heat exchanger, where
the second cooling circuit can use water of ordinary quality because it is not in contact with
energized parts.
Lightning protection is required between the transmitter and antenna. This consists of spark
gaps and gas-filled surge arresters to limit the voltage that appears on the transmitter terminals.
In some transmitting plants UV detectors are fitted in critical places, to switch off the transmitter if
an arc is detected.
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Fig:DD1 Exciter
Fig:DD2 Exciter
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III.7.2 Analog transmission
Analog (or analogue) transmission is a transmission method of conveying voice, data, image,
signal or video information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or
some other property in proportion to that of a variable. It could be the transfer of an analog
source signal, using an analog modulation method such as frequency modulation (FM)
or amplitude modulation (AM), or no modulation at all.
III.7.4 Transmission
DTTV is transmitted on radio frequencies through terrestrial space in the same way as
standard analog television, with the primary difference being the use of multiplextransmitters
to allow reception of multiple channels on a single frequency range (such as
a UHF or VHF channel) known as subchannels.
The amount of data that can be transmitted (and therefore the number of channels) is directly
affected by channel capacity and the modulation method of the channel. The modulation
method in DVB-T is COFDM with either 64 or 16-state Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM). In general, a 64QAM channel is capable of transmitting a greater bit
rate, but is more susceptible to interference.
III.7.5 Reception
DTTV is received either via a digital set-top box (STB) or integrated tuner included
with television sets, that decodes the signal received via a standard television antenna. Some
set-top-boxes include digital video recorder (DVR) functionality.
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III.7.6 Basic functioning of Transmitter at Jalandhar
The transmitter tower at Jalandhar currently operates on analog transmission. There are two
transmitters one is VHF and other is UHF. The VHF transmitter is CH#9 used for
transmission is DD NATIONAL channel while the UHF is CH#22 used for telecasting DD
NEWS. Both are of 10kW power.
After receiving the signals of these two channels through satellite, the signals undergo certain
processes. Firstly, audio and video components are separated and fed into exciter. The audio
component is amplified using FM technique and video component is amplified using AM
technique. The signal is amplied using power amplifiers of lower power then combined to
give a amplified signal. This amplified audio and video signal is then passed two the wave
guides. Wave guide is made of copper to reduce the distortions in signal. Then both amplified
audio and video components are recombined maintaining a band difference of 55.5 MHz and
then it is transmitted to the top of tower for telecasting.
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compatible displays are typically interlaced, and computer signals and compatible
displays are typically progressive (non-interlaced). These two formats are
incompatible with each other; one would need to be converted to the other before any
common processing could be done. Interlaced scanning is where each picture,
referred to as a frame, is divided into two separate sub-pictures, and referred to as
fields. Two fields make up a frame. An interlaced picture is painted on the screen
in two passes, by first scanning the horizontal lines of the first field and then
retracing to the top of the screen and then scanning the horizontal lines for the
second field in-between the first set. Field 1 consists of lines 1 through 262 1/2, and
field 2 consists of lines 262 ½ through 525. The interlaced principle
is illustrated in Figure2. Only a few lines at the top and the bottom of each field are
shown.
here are many different kinds of video signals, which can be divided into either
television or computer types. The format of television signals varies from country to
country. In the United States and Japan, the NTSC format is used. NTSC stands
for National Television Systems Committee, which is the name of the organization
that developed the standard. In Europe, the PAL format is common. PAL (phase
alternating line), developed after NTSC, is a n improvement over NTSC. SECAM is
used in France and stands for sequential coleur avec memoire (with memory). It
should be noted that there is atotal of about 15 different sub-formats contained within
these three general formats. Each of the formats is generally not compatible with
theothers. Although they all utilize the same basic scanning system andrepresent
color with a type of phase modulation, they differ in
specificscanning frequencies, number of scan lines, and color modulation
techniques, among others. The various computer formats (such as VGA,XGA, and
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UXGA) also differ substantially, with the primary difference
inthe scan frequencies. These differences do not cause a s m u c h c o n c e r n , becaus
e most computer equipment is now designed to handle variable scan rates. This
compatibility is a major advantage for computer formats in that
media, and content can be interchanged on a global basis.
In India we use the PAL system. It has 625 lines in each frame and uses interlaced
There are three basic levels of baseband signal interfaces. In order of increasing
quality, they are composite (or CVBS), which uses one wire pair; Y/C (or S-video),
whichuses two wire pairs; and component, which uses three wire pairs. Each wire
pair consists of a signal and a ground.
Thesethree interfaces differ in their level of information combination. More encoding
typically degrades the quality but allows the signal to be carried on fewerwires.
Component has the least amount of encoding, and composite the most.
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Composite/CVBS Interface
Composite signals are the most commonly used analog video interface.Composite vi
deo is also
referred to as CVBS, which stands for color,video, blanking, and sync, orcomposite
video
baseband signal. Itcombines the brightness information (luma), the color information
( chroma ), and the synchronizing signals on just one cable. The connector is
typically an RCA jack. This is the same connector as that used for
standardline level audio connections.
It is possible to obtain any desired colour by mixing three primarycolours i.e., red,
blue and green in suitable proportion.
The figure 10 shows the effect of projecting red, green, blue beams of light so that
they overlapon screen.Y = 0 . 3 R e d + 0 . 5 9 G r e e n + 0 . 1 1 B l u e
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manufacturers of the picture tube. So the pick up from the cameras and output forthe
picture tube should consists of three signals i.e. R, G and B. Itis only in between the
camera and the picture tube of the receiverwe need a system to transmit this
information.Colour television has the constraint of compatibility and
reversecompatibility with the monochrome television system whichmakes
it slightly complicated. Compatibility means that whencolour TV signal is radiated
the monochrome TV sets should alsodisplay Black & White pictures. This
is achieved by sending Y asmonochrome information along with
the chroma signal. Y isobtained by mixing R,G & B as per the well known equation :
Y= 0 . 3 R + 0 .59 G + 0.11 BReverse compatibility means that when Black &
White TV signal
isradiated the colour TV sets should display the Black & Whitepictures
Some important terms and their meanings in this context are listed below:
Aspect Ratio
Aspect ratio is the ratio of the visible-picture width to the height. Standard
television andcomputers have an aspect ratio of 4:3(1.33). H D T V h a s aspects
ratios of either 4:3 or 16:9(1.78). Additional aspect ratios like 1.85:1or 2.35:1 are
used in cinema.
Banking intervals
There are horizontal and vertical blanking intervals. Horizontal blanking interval is
the time period allocated for retrace of the signal from the right edge of the display
back to the left edge to start another scan line. Vertical blanking interval is the time
period allocated for retrace of the signal from the bottom back to the top to start
another field or frame. Synchronizingsignals occupy a portion of the blanking
interval.
Blanking Level
Used to describe a voltage level (blanking level). The blanking level is thenominal
voltage of a video waveform during the horizontal and vertical periods, excluding the
more negative voltage sync tips
.
Chroma
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The color portion of a video signal. This term is sometimes
incorrectlyreferred to as "chrominance," which is the actual displayed color informat
ion.
Color Burst
The color burst, also commonly called the "color subcarrier," is 8 to 10cycles of the
color reference frequency. It is positioned between the risingedge of sync and
the start of active video for a composite video signal.
Monochrome
The luma (brightness) portion of a video signal without the c o l o r information.
Monochrome, commonly known as black-and-white, predatescurrent color
television.
PAL
Phase alternate line. PAL is used to refer to systems and signals that are compatible
with this specific modulation technique. Similar to NTSC butuses subcarrier phase
alternation to reduce the sensitivity to phase errors thatwould be displayed as color
errors. Commonly used with 626-line, 50Hzscanning systems with a subcarrier
frequency of 4.43362MHz.
Pixel
Picture element. A pixel is the smallest piece of display detail that has aunique
brightness and color. In a digital image, a pixel is an individual
pointin the image, represented by a certain number of bits to indicate the brightness.
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RGB
Stands for red, green, and blue. It is a component interface typically used incomputer
graphics systems.Sync Signals/PulsesSync signals, also known as sync pulses, are
negative-going timing pulses invideo signals that are used by video-
processing or display devices tosynchronize the horizontal and vertical portions of
the display.
Y Cr Cb
A digital component video interface. Y is the luma (brightness) portion, andCr and
Cb are the color-difference portions of the signal.
Y/C
An analog video interface in which the chroma (color) information is
carriedseparately from the luma (brightness) and sync information. Two wire
pairsare used, denoted Y and C or Y/C. Often incorrectly referred to as "S-video.
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IV. Industry Applications
1. Doordarshan has a three tier programme service – National, Regional and
Local.
2. The emphasis in the National programmes is on events and issues of interest
to the entire nation.
3. These programmes include news and current affairs, magazine programmes
and documentaries on science, art and culture, environment, social issues,
serials, music, dance, drama and feature films.
4. The regional programmes are beamed on DD National at specific times and
also on the Regional Language Satellite Channels, catering to the interests of
a particular state, in the language and idiom of that region.
5. The local programmes are area specific and cover local issues featuring local
people.
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V. Future Enhancements
Doordarshan has completed its objective of providing information related to
the every field of daily life to the common man time to time. Whether
Doordarshan kendra Jalandhar is having analog transmission till now. But,
with the each passing day it is moving towards the betterment whether in the
form of digitiztion or in the form of stepping towards HDTV from SDTV.
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VI. Conclusions
The technology currently in use at Prasar Bharati has improved significantly. At this stage
there has been advancement in signal reception quality as systems are changing from
analog to digital with the advancement in different audio and video compression
techniques. For Doordarshan, DTH (Direct To Home Service) satellite services have
become more user friendly and also evolution of SDTV into HDTV have made it a popular
product among the people of India. It is also accessible from remote areas with more
channel and better reception.
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VII. Bibliography
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
2. http://prasarbharati.gov.in/
3. Antennas & Propagation,CS 6710, Spring 2010, Rajmohan Rajaraman
4. Electromagnetic Radiations and antennas, whites EE 382
5. Transmission Techniques for Digital Terrestrial TV Broadcasting By
Hikmet Sari, Georges Karan and Issabelle Jeanclaude
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