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Chem11 c04 4 1 PDF
Chem11 c04 4 1 PDF
H2O
(a) (b) H2O2
Figure 3 (a) Hydrogen peroxide breaks down in the presence of black manganese dioxide. The
products are water and oxygen. (b) All the atoms in the reactants are accounted for in the products.
Notice the subscripts, indicating the numbers of atoms in each molecule.
Mini Investigation
Elephant Toothpaste
SKILLS
Skills: Controlling Variables, Performing, Observing, Analyzing, Evaluating, Communicating HANDBOOK A1, A2.2, A3.8
Drugstores sell 3 % hydrogen peroxide as a disinfectant for cuts. 7. Add enough yeast to cover the tip of the scoopula to each
Beauty supply stores sell 6 % and 12 % hydrogen peroxide for use test tube.
with hair-colouring products. In this activity, you will explore the effect 8. Light your splint from the lit candle. Test the gas produced
of the concentration of a hydrogen peroxide solution on its reactivity. with a glowing splint.
Equipment and Materials: chemical safety goggles; lab apron;
An open flame is used. Tie back long hair and secure
2 large narrow test tubes; 2 stirring rods; small beaker; scoopula;
loose clothing. Never leave the flame unattended.
candle; 3 % hydrogen peroxide solution; 6 % hydrogen peroxide
solution; masking tape; marker; liquid dish detergent; dry yeast; 9. Follow your teacher’s instructions for proper disposal.
wooden splint A. What evidence of chemical reactions did you observe? T/I
1. Put on your chemical safety goggles and lab apron. B. What variables were controlled in this investigation? What
2. Pour 3 % hydrogen peroxide into one test tube to a depth of variables were changed? T/I
about 3 cm and the same volume of 6 % hydrogen peroxide C. Compare the reactivities of the two hydrogen peroxide
to the other test tube. Label each test tube appropriately. solutions. T/I
3. Add about 5 drops of liquid dish detergent to each test tube. D. Why do you think hair salons use hydrogen peroxide
4. Use a different stirring rod to mix the contents of each test tube. solutions that are more concentrated than 3 %? What
5. Place the test tubes in the beaker. precautions should the technicians in salons follow when
using these products? T/I A
6. Place the beaker and its contents in the sink to catch any spills.
Chemists use both word equations and chemical equations to describe chemical reac- Symbol Meaning
tions. Both types of equations list reactants on the left of an arrow and products on
the right. A word equation gives the names of the reactants and products. A chemical (s) solid
equation, however, provides far more detail: it gives the chemical formulas of the (l) liquid
reactants and products, their state (Table 1), and specific conditions required for the
reaction to occur. The chemical equation also gives the ratio in which the chemicals (g) gas
react. This is done through coefficients placed before each chemical formula. A coeffi- (aq) aqueous (dissolved
cient of “1” is implied if no coefficient is written. For example, the word and chemical in water)
equations for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide are
Word equation: hydrogen peroxide '''
MnO2
" water 1 oxygen 1 energy lEARnIng TIP
1catalyst2
Balanced Chemical Equations
Chemical equation: 2 H2O2(aq) '''
MnO2
" 2 H2O(l) 1 O2(g) 1 energy A chemical equation is balanced if
1catalyst2
the total number of atoms of each
This chemical equation is “balanced” because the total number of atoms of each type type is the same on both sides of the
in the reactants is the same as in the products. In particular, there are four atoms of equation.
hydrogen and four atoms of oxygen on both sides of the arrow.
NEL 4.1 Introduction to Chemical Reactions 153
Tutorial 1 Balancing Chemical Equations
Follow these useful strategies when balancing chemical equations. For simplicity, the state
symbols have been omitted from these examples.
• Start by writing a skeleton equation. This is an equation that includes only the
chemical formulas, without coefficients.
• Balance atoms that appear only once on each side of the equation by placing
appropriate coefficients in front of the chemical formulas.
• Leave atoms that appear more than once to the end.
• Treat polyatomic ions as one unit, rather than as individual atoms, providing that
they do not change during the reaction.
• Check that the final equation is balanced.
Practice
1. Balance the following chemical equations: K/u C UNIT TASK BooKMArK
(a) P 1 O2 → P2O5 (d) FeCl3 1 NaOH → Fe(OH)3 1 NaCl
You will need to balance chemical
(b) K2O 1 H2O → KOH (e) AgNO3 1 H2S → Ag2S 1 HNO3
equations in the Unit Task, described
(c) AlBr3 1 K2SO4 → KBr 1 Al2(SO4)3 (f) (NH4)2CO3 → NH3 1 H2O 1 CO2
on page 242.
4.1 Summary
• Evidence of a chemical reaction includes colour change; absorption or release
of energy; production of a gas (except evaporating or boiling of a liquid); and
formation of a precipitate.
• During a chemical reaction, reactant atoms rearrange to form products.
• Chemical reactions are described using word equations or chemical equations.
• A balanced chemical equation gives the correct proportions of chemicals in a
chemical reaction. As a result, it obeys the law of conservation of mass.
4.1 Questions
1. (a) What evidence in Figure 5(a) suggests that a chemical (a) Write a word equation for this reaction.
reaction has occurred? (b) Write a balanced chemical equation, including all state
(b) What evidence in Figure 5(b) suggests that an invisible symbols.
gas is one of the reaction products? K/u T/I (c) What is the subscript for oxygen in nitric acid?
(d) What is the coefficient of nitric acid in the equation?
(e) How many atoms of oxygen appear on the left-hand
side of the equation?
(f) Distinguish between the symbols (l) and (aq) used in
this equation.
4. Why are the coefficients, but not the subscripts, sometimes
changed when balancing a chemical equation? K/u
(a) (b)
5. Balance the following chemical equations: K/u C
Figure 5 (a) Copper metal reacts in a silver nitrate solution to (a) S8 1 O2 → SO2
produce impure silver and dissolved copper nitrate. Dissolved (b) N2 1 H2 → NH3
copper(II) ions are blue. (b) A match flares as it catches fire. (c) Na 1 H2O → NaOH 1 H2
(d) Li 1 AlCl3 → LiCl 1 Al
2. Consider the statement, “In a chemical reaction, atoms are (e) C4H10 1 O2 → CO2 1 H2O
neither created nor destroyed, only rearranged.” Why is (f) N2 1 O2 → N2O5
this a statement of the law of conservation of mass? K/u (g) Li 1 B2O3 → Li2O 1 B
3. Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is an air pollutant formed from (h) Fe2O3 1 H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3 1 H2O
automobile exhaust. This toxic gas can be prepared in the (i) H3PO4 1 Ca(OH)2 → Ca3(PO4)2 1 H2O
laboratory by adding copper metal to a solution of nitric (j) NH3 1 O2 → N2 1 H2O
acid, HNO3(aq). The other reaction products are water and a (k) Ca3(PO4)2 1 SiO2 1 C → CaSiO3 1 CO 1 P
solution of copper(II) nitrate. K/u T/I C (l) C6H6 1 O2 → CO2 1 H2O