Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 1

Design of steel and composite bridges

Highway bridges

Joël Raoul
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 2

Main selected features

• General presentation and scope of EC3 and

EC4 related to steel and composite bridges
• Materials
• Structural analysis
• Cross-section analysis at ULS and SLS
• Treatment of instabilities
• Fatigue
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 3

Partie Partie Partie

4.1 4.2 Partie
4.3 5
application
s Pipelines piling
Silos tanks

Partie
2 Partie General rules Partie Plated elements generic
1.1 1.7 loaded transv.
rules
bridges
Partie fire Partie joints
1.2 1.8
Partie
7.1
Partie sheetings Partie Fatigue
pylons 1.3 1.9

Partie Stainless steel Partie Brittle

1.4 1.10
Partie fracture
7.2
Partie Plated Partie cables
1.5 elements 1.11
chimneys
Partie shells Partie
Partie 6
1.6 1.12 S500 to S690

Cranes
Eurocode 3 : steel structures
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 4

EN 1994 : composite steel-concrete structures

EN 1994-2 general rules and bridges
(self-sufficient)

CONCRETE PART STEEL PART

EN 1992-2 EN 1993-2
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 5

Scope of EN1993-2
All steel bridges (in general with an orthotropic deck) and the
steel part of composite bridges
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 6

Scope of EN1994-2
Composite bridges
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 7

Girder bridges

Economy : two-girder
bridges even for 2X2 lanes
due to robustness rules
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 8

Box girders
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 9

Composite members
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 10

Tension members (tie of bowstring arch)

Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 11

Composite plates
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 12

Filler beam decks

In the transversal direction In the longitudinal direction

Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 13

Materials

Concrete :
Between C20 and C60 for composite bridges (C 90 for concrete bridges)

Steel :
up to S460 for steel and composite bridges
(S 500 to S 700 in a separate part 1-12 for steel bridges)
Choice of material :
avoid brittle behaviour
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 14

HOAN BRIDGE 2000

Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 15

• An overlooked defect is assumed during execution :

e.g. : a = 2.2 mm for tf=80 mm

• It grows acc. to fracture mechanics laws (assuming

fatigue is governing the design)

• Up to the critical defect

depending on Charpy energy
at service temperature

• Over a period depending

on the inspection periodicity

NOTE: fabrication rules and

quality plan are given in EN 1090
They are assumed
to be met when using EN 1993
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 16

grade quality
EN 10025
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 17

Structural analysis

Elastic

Plastic (buildings, bridges in accidental situations)

Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 18

Classes of steel cross-sections

Cl.1

Mpl Cl.2
Cl.3
Mel

Cl.4


1 3 6


Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 19

Class of
flanges
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 20

Global analysis of composite bridges:

two aspects are considered

Cracking of concrete on
support
Non linear behaviour at
mid span

Mpl,Rd

Mel,Rd Class 1


Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 21

Modular ratio used in a composite section

n L  n0 . 1  Lt 

n0 
Ea
and t    t  t 0  creep coefficient given by EC2 :
E cm

Value of t0 :
 t0 = 1 day for shrinkage
t0 = a mean value in case of concrete cast in several stages
SIMPLE CALCULATIONS

 L is given by :
Permanent loads 1,1
shrinkage 0,55
Imposed deformations 1,5
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 22

Plate buckling and shear lag

Effectivep width effectives width

(plate buckling) (shear lag)
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 23

Effectives width of concrete slab (ULS and SLS)

Le
bei  min( ; bi )
8

beff
be1 b0 be2

b1 b1 b2
 Effectives width of stiffened plates
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 24

1.2 beta élastique en fonction du raidissage

1.2

Shear lag at ULS:

3 alternatives, black 1

one recommended
 ( 1.4  x ) 0.8
beta (alpha0,x)

 ( 1 x)
0.6
Shear lag atelu
SLS:
( 1.4  x )
elastic (red line)
0.4

0.2

0.083056
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
01/50 x x b0/Le 1.
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 25

Composite cross-section verification at ULS (M>0)

fck/gc 0,85 fck/gc
compression

 
PNA

ENA

 

fy/gM fy/gM
traction
Elastic resistance plastic resistance
(for class 1, 2, 3) (for classes 1/2)

NOTE : gM is 1.0 (recommended for resistance formulae)

Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 26

Verification at SLS

• Limitation of stresses for steel and composite bridges

– As in EN1992-2 and EN1993-2 (fy in the steel part)
• Limitation of crack widths for composite bridges
– As in EN1992-2 with tension stiffening (wk=0.3mm in
general)
– Using a simplified method
 Treatment of instabilities
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 27

expérimental behaviour mechanical model

M Aeff

=0 equ

1 
1
V 2=-cr 2

P
 Principle of verification
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 28

 u = ultimate loading (without instability)/ ULS loading

 cr = critical loading / ULS loading
u   f ( )
 
 cr Test /theory
(mechanical
model)
calibration
PRd=PRk/gM PRk   Pu
NOTE : gM is 1.1 (recommended for « stability » formulae)
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 29

Plate buckling of stiffened plates in EC3

Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 30

Fatigue verification in EC3

Calculation of DE,2 under a fatigue loading

P = 480kN

• Influence of the type of influence line

• Influence of the type of traffic
• Influence of the number of lanes
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 31

partial factor for

verification loading= 1,0

Dc =80
Category of
detail
 Orthotropic decks : recommended detailing
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 32

Deck plate thickness in the carriage way

in the heavy vehicle lane
t ≥ 14 mm for asphalt layer ≥ 70 mm
 © SETRA

Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 33

1st bridge entirely

designed to EC4 in
Avignon
4500 t

© SETRA
Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 34

Outstanding composite bridges

Max span 144 m: Verrières viaduct (composite box-girder bridge)

© SETRA

Max S460 thickness 120 mm: Guarrigue viaduct

© SETRA
© SETRA

Surface > 20000 m²: Vézère viaduct

Seminar ‘Bridge Design with Eurocodes’ – JRC Ispra, 1-2 October 2012 35

SOME INNOVATIONS / ECONOMY ISSUES

• Enormous scientific work

• Simplicity of calculations
• Robustness (fatigue + brittle fracture)
• Full exploitation of the materials (postcritical range)
• Steels up to S690
• Hybrid girders
• Harmonization of the format and the reliability of all
the instability formulae
• Treatment of stiffened plates
• Design of orthotropic decks