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and porphyry vectoring and fertility tools (PVFTS)
– Indicators of mineralization styles and recorders of hypogene geochemical dispersion halos
Pete Hollings, David R Cooke, Paul Agnew, Michael Baker, Zhaoshan Chang,
Jamie J. Wilkinson, Noel C. White, Lejun Zhang, Jennifer Thompson,
Ayesha Ahmed, J. Bruce Gemmell, Nathan Fox, Huayong Chen, Clara Wilkinson
Giant geochemical anomalies
Porphyry ore deposit geology
1 km
Porphyry vectoring and fertility tools (PVFTS):
• Minerals that can be used to predict the likely direction
and distance to mineralized centres, and the potential
metal endowment of a district (footprints)
Cerro Casale district, Chile
Enabling technologies
Unlocking the exploration potential of mineral chemistry
LA‐ICP‐MS
• Method for rapid acquisition of multi‐element mineral
chemistry data
• Significantly lower detection limits than electron microprobe
and other techniques
• New developments in automated data reduction and quality
control are about to facilitate more efficient and consistent
data processing
SWIR
• Rapid, reliable clay mineral identification technique
• Revolutionized alteration mapping in lithocaps and high
sulfidation epithermal environments
Porphyry indicator minerals (PIMS)
Geochemical fingerprints of porphyry deposits
• PIMS have distinctive trace element compositions
• Distinct from local country rocks (e.g., zircon)
• Distinctive of particular mineralization styles
and/or alteration zones (e.g., magnetite)
• Ideally, PIMS should be resistate, so
that they can be preserved in
stream sediments, till, etc.
• Zircon, magnetite, apatite,
tourmaline, garnet, epidote, pyrite,
andradite, gold
• Some PIMS require bedrock
sampling to be used in exploration
• Plagioclase, (chlorite)
Zircon geochemistry
Geochronology, petrogenesis, fertility
• Zircon is the most robust high temperature
geochronometer available for magmatic rocks
• Isotopic and trace element analyses can provide
profound insights into magma petrogenesis
• Key information gained from trace elements in
zircons include:
i. Magmatic oxidation states from Ce and Eu
anomalies (oxidised magmas form porphyry
mineralisation)
ii. Temperature of zircon crystallization from Ti
content
iii. Evolution of magma compositions from
variations in Zr/Hf, U, Th and REE patterns
Figure from Dilles et al. (2015)
Zircon – A porphyry indicator mineral
Magmatic oxidation state, water content, degree of fractionation
300
100
(Water content)
250
10000*(Eu/Eu*)/Y
10
200
Ce4+/Ce3+
Fertile
150
1
100
0.1
50
Barren Lu et al. (2016) Shen et al. (2015)
0.01 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
(Oxidation state of Degree of hornblende Cu (Mt)
(Ce/Nd)/Y
magma) fractionation
• Larger Paleozoic porphyry deposits of the
Fertile Barren Central Asian orogenic belt have zircons with
Batu Hijau porphyry Cu‐Au Nannihu porphyry Mo‐W Yellowstone rhyolite
Tampakan porphyry Cu‐Au Yuchiling porphyry Mo Bandelier rhyolite
high Ce4+/Ce3+ (Shen et al., 2015)
Dexing porphyry Cu‐ Mo‐Au Sungun porphyry Cu‐Mo Hawkin S‐type dacite
Kadoona (‐type dacite
• Barren Paleozoic granitoids in the Lachlan
Jiama porphyry skarn Cu‐ Mo‐Au Qulong porphyry Cu‐Mo
Sar Chesmeh porphyry Cu‐ Mo‐Au Bishop Tuff Fold belt, Australia, have low Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios
Lucerne reduced granite
(Belousova et al., 2006)
Zircon Eu/Eu* and Ce4+/Ce3+ anomalies
– a product of titanite fractionation? (Loader et al., 2017)
1000
• Loader et al. (2017) showed that
small amounts of titanite
100
crystallisation can produce zircon
Eu/Eu* and Ce4+/Ce3+ anomalies
melt/chondrite
• Titanite fractionation will deplete REE
10 from the melt
• MREE are more depleted than
LREE or HREE during this process
1
• Sm and Gd more depleted than Eu
• This process could produce false
% titanite crystallisation
0,1
positives for porphyry explorers
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu applying zircon as a PIM in regional
exploration
Loader et al. (2017)
Hornblende geochemistry – petrogenesis and fertility
Hollings et al. (2013)
Cao et al. (2018)
• high Si, low Al, Ca and alkalis group in intermediate‐felsic
rocks ‐shallow crystallization • Zoning suggests mixing of the two magmas
• high alkali, Al and Ca, low Si group in intermediate‐mafic • Presence of both groups in a single sample indicates
rocks ‐ crystallising at deeper crustal levels. interaction and phenocryst exchange between the two
parental magmas
Porphyry indicator minerals An % Excess Al
– Plagioclase (Williamson et al. 2016)
B B
A A
An % Excess Al
Anorthite %
• Plagioclase from fertile porphyry systems contains
Excess Al
‘excess’ Al related to high melt water contents
Sr/Y Cu (ppm)
• It may record injections of hydrous fluid or fluid‐
Cu in plagioclase Sr/Y in
rich melts into the sub‐porphyry magma chamber (ppm) plagioclase
• Excess Al may exclude copper from plagioclase,
enriching the remaining melts in Cu
A Position along the LA‐ICP‐MS point traverse B
Williamson et al. (2016)
Porphyry indicator minerals 100
Magmatic
– Magnetite 10
Hydrothermal
Al/Ti
1.0
0.1
50 µm
Ilmenite exsolution lamellae in magnetite, Grasberg
Cross (2000)
0.01
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
• Magnetite is resistive and easily separated, making it an attractive V/Ti
PIM candidate
• Two decades of research have shown that major and trace
element ratios can effectively discriminate magmatic and
hydrothermal magnetite from a diversity of ore deposit types
• Fine exsolution lamellae can affect magnetite LA‐ICP‐MS analyses
• Magnetite is prone to diffusional resetting by post‐crystallization
hydrothermal fluids – care must be taken in data interpretation
Dare et al. (2014)
Discrimination of porphyry magnetite
• Existing deposit type
discrimination does
not work for
porphyries with new
data
• Porphyry results plot
from Fe‐Ti‐V deposits
across into Kiruna and
IOCG fields
Sievwright (2017)
Diagram: Dupuis and Beaudoin (2011); Data from Sievwright (2017)
Recrystallised hydrothermal
magnetite vein
Magnetite alteration association
Colour
Alteration
Argillic-intermediate
• Hydrothermal magnetite derived from
Phyllic
Potassic
different porphyry alteration domains can be
Potassic-Phyllic
Potassic-Propylitic
discriminated
Propylitic
Unaltered
• DP1 is mainly controlled by Co+ Mg‐ and Al‐
Weak Propylitic
• DP2 is mainly controlled by V+ Co‐ and Mg‐
Sievwright (2017)
Magnetite in chalcopyrite
Bouzari et al. (2016)
Porphyry indicator minerals
– Apatite
Bouzari et al. (2016)
• Apatite chemistry and luminescence discriminates
magmatic and hydrothermal apatites from different
porphyry alteration zones (Bouzari et al., 2016; Loader,
2017)
Discrimination of porphyry‐related apatite
• Discriminant projection analyses can distinguish apatite
from magmatic and a variety of hydrothermal
environments, including porphyries (Mao et al., 2016)
• Porphyry apatite
• Low Mg, Dy, Pb, U
• High Mn, Y, Ce, Eu, Yb, Th
Mao et al. (2016)
Igneous apatite potential
2-6km
2-6 km
P765A (2008 – 2010)
Geochemical and geological halos in green rocks and lithocaps:
Three major questions being
The explorer’s toolbox for porphyry and epithermal districts
addressed:
1. Fertility: Can we detect the P1060 (2011 – 2014)
Enhanced geochemical targeting in magmatic‐hydrothermal systems
presence of well‐endowed
systems – how large? P1153 (2015 – 2018)
2. Vectoring: Applying the explorers’ toolbox to discover porphyry and epithermal
Cu, Au and Mo deposits
• How far to the ore zone?
3. Vectoring: P1202 (2018 – 2021)
Far‐field and near‐mine footprints: finding and defining the next
• In what direction? generation of Tier 1 ore deposits
Porphyry footprints – Arsenic in epidote
Fertility indicator – Baguio district, Philippines (Cooke et al., 2014)
Mexico skarn prospect Black Mt Nugget Hill
Geochemical anomaly Small porphyry Cu‐Au Large porphyry Cu‐Au
B 200
A B' C
Pyrite halo
Pyrite halo
Potassic zone
Pyrite Green Green Pyrite
C halo rocks rocks halo
160
Potassic zone
A B’
120
As (ppm)
80
40
0
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
Distance (m)
replacement epidote vein epidote skarn epidote whole rock
Porphyry footprints – Ti/Sr in chlorite
Vectoring tool – Batu Hijau, Indonesia (Wilkinson et al., 2015)
Sr in chlorite (sample mean values)
10000.0
SW traverse (original) 2009 traverse north
SW traverse 2010 W traverse
1000.0 2009 traverse south Bambu
Whole rock
100.0
Ti/Sr
10.0
Size of symbols 1.0
proportional to ppm; No Sr depletion
Maximum symbol size 1000 m
= 84 ppm Base map modified from Garwin (2000) 0.1
500 1500 2500 3500 4500 5500
• Chlorite trace element ratios provide vectors
to the mineralized centre of Batu Hijau Distance = ln {[Ti/Sr]/3x10‐6 } Distance to centre (m)
Batu Hijau ‐0.0088
within 2.5 km (potentially up to 5 km for
some trace elements) • Trace element substitution into the chlorite crystal
lattice is strongly controlled by temperature
Green rock vectoring – Example from
Resolution, Arizona, USA
• Provided as green rock blind test site to
P765A by Rio Tinto
• Porphyry Cu‐Mo deposit with total inferred
resource of 1.624 Gt at 1.47% Cu and 0.037%
Mo
Data from Resolution Copper and Rio Tinto websites
http://www.resolutioncopper.com; http://www.riotinto.com
Reproduced from Hehnke et al. (2012)
Rio Tinto blind site – plan view
10036353
N 10036354 10036355
10036356 10036357
10036358 10036359
Projection onto N‐S cross‐section
2 km
10036361 10036360
10036362
S 500 m
10036364
10036363
South Pseudo‐cross‐section: view west North
10036360
10036353
10036363
10036362 10036354
10036361
10036364
10036355
10036357 10036356
10036358
10036359
2 km
Green Rock Tools – Validation from Blind Sites
X = ln [ Ti / 97988 Sr]
‐0.0059
S‐N cross‐section;
colours are Ti/Sr bins
B A
300
Elevation (m)
‐300
Northing 4683375
‐900 Elevation ‐1000m
Distances calculated using Batu Hijau Ti/Sr proximitor
Rio Tinto’s Response
A B
Resolution, Arizona
Excellent results from 12 samples on a 2 km‐long
section that passed through the deposit
Resolution Porphyry
Cu‐Mo Deposit
Porphyry footprints – combining epidote and chlorite
Taldy Bulak, Kyrgyzstan
Southern Tien Shan Paleozoic Fold Belt After image from Ivanhoe Mines Website, 2003
Northern and middle Tien Shan Paleozoic Arc
Porphyry Copper
Major orogenic gold deposits
Russia
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
Daugystau
6 Moz
Taldy Bulak China Mongolia Ulaanbatar
Almaty
Kharmagtai
Bishkek (> 5 Moz)
Tuwu
Tashkent
Kumtor (10 Moz)
Muruntau Beijing
Kyrgyzstan Oyu Tolgoi
> 110 Moz. Tajikistan China
(50 Moz)
Zarmitan Jilau Almalyk (>2 GT @ 0.4% Cu
6 Moz 3 Moz 0.4g/t Au; 80 Moz Au) 0 250 500 km
A blind test site provided to AMIRA P765A by Andrew Wurst (Gold Fields)
Taldy Bulak, Kyrgyzstan
Vectoring tools – combining epidote and chlorite data
Barkol Au‐Cu N
prospect
Prospect
! ! Taldy Bulak
Taldybulak
!!
!!
250 m
! !! !!
Au‐Cu porphyry
Au‐Cu Porphyry
!!
!!
!!!! !!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!!!!!!
!
(
! Andash Au‐Cu
!!
!
!
!
!!
!!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!! !!
!
!!
!
!
!
!!!
!
!
Andash Au‐Cu
! skarns and Porphyry Devonian
!! ! Skarns and Porphyry
!!
!!
!!
!!!!
!!
!
!
!
!
!
! Cover
Tokhtonasai
Tokhtonasai
!
!
!! !! !
!! ! !! !
!
!
! !
!
! !
!!
!
!
!!! !
!
!
!
!
!
Au‐Cu skarns
Au‐Cu Skarns
!
!!
(
! !
!!
! !!
!
Au‐Cu
!
! !
!!
!!
!!
! !
!(
( ! !! Porphyry
!!
! !! !
!
!!
(
! !
(
!
!!
(
!! ! !!
! !! ! !!
! ! !!!
!!!
! (!
!! !
!!
! !
! !
!
!
!!
!
! !
! !
!
!
!
!!
!! !
!! !!
! (
!
!
!
!! !
!
!
!! ! !
!!
!
Younger !! !
!
!
!
!
!
Devonian !!
!!
!!
Cover
A blind test site provided to AMIRA P765A by Andrew Wurst (Gold Fields)
Porphyry footprints – combining epidote and chlorite
Vectoring tools – Taldy Bulak, Kyrgystan
• Grid sampling of 4 x 1.5 km area (27 samples)
• One outlier collected 4 km away with distinctive features
TGR‐25
‐ this sample does not contain pyrite
‐ the epidote has anomalous Pb, low As and Sb
‐ Metamorphic epidote in Devonian cover –
unrelated to Ordovician porphyry deposit
27 samples with
porphyry‐related
epidote – chlorite
alteration
TGR‐11 TGR‐22
Weak chlorite – Epidote – chlorite
epidote – (calcite)‐
1 km replacement of cemented breccia
diorite porphyry with sandstone
clasts
Porphyry footprints – combining epidote and chlorite
Vectoring tools – Taldy Bulak, Kyrgystan
Taldy Bulak, Kyrgyzstan
Contouring of epidote and
chlorite LA‐ICPMS data
2D‐grid sampling allowed
for contouring of results
Epidote
Chlorite
No epidote or chlorite
200 m
600 pm Cu in
soil anomaly
Epidote Chlorite
11
500 m 500 m
Porphyry vectoring and fertility tools – Lithocaps
SWIR, whole rock and mineral geochemistry
Cathedral Peak lithocap, Cerro Casale, Chile
Lithocap exploration – alunite SWIR peak shifts
Higher Na/(Na+K) ratio indicates
higher formation temperature
(Stoffregen and Cygan, 1990)
Mankayan lithocap
Philippines Wavelength position (nm)
• In the Mankayan lithocap,
alunite absorption peak at
~1480 nm shifts to higher
position closer to intrusive
centre
Wavelength position of the alunite absorption
feature at 1480 nm – Chang et al. (2011)
Lithocap exploration – whole rock geochemistry data (filtered)
Alunite crystals – PIXE images
Samples distal to FSE Proximal
Pb Pb Sr
Only plotting alunite‐bearing samples with
Also La/Pb increases; Hg, Ag, Ag/Au, Te, As/Zn decrease < 0.1% Cu, Au < 0.1 ppm Au – Chang et al. (2011)
Conclusions
• There are several magmatic and hydrothermal minerals that show
considerable potential as PIMS and/or PVFTS
• Contribution to a major porphyry discovery would help to validate
these approaches and to facilitate their widespread acceptance
as geochemical exploration techniques
• We predict that some of these are likely to become
routine tools used by explorers over the next decade
• New and emerging technologies need to be embraced
by industry if geochemistry is to maintain a critical role
in the discovery of new resources over the next decade
• Access to LA‐ICP‐MS technology is mostly through university
laboratories – this needs to change for widespread uptake
Epidote crystals – image source: http:// www.
gemselect.com/other‐info/ epidote‐unakite.php