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7 Centrifugal pump
There are three basic equations for the analysis of flow characteristics, namely, the
continuity equation, the energy equation, and the impulse –momentum equation.
The fundamental principle of dynamics is the Newton’s Second Law of Motion, which
states that, “The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the applied force
changes in the direction of an externally applied force, and that the magnitude of the
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity of the body, this vector quantity has
body. Mathematically,
d dv dm
F= (mv) = m + v
dt dt dt
For constant mass flow rate, dm=0. The change in momentum may occur due to a change
For a constant mass flow rate, the momentum equation can be rewritten as,
=
Dynamic force applied in x- direction = rate of change in momentum in x- direction,
= ( − )
× = ( − )
Here, the left hand side term is the product of force and time, (F X t) is called the Impulse
of the applied force. Whereas, the right hand side term is the resulting change in
= ̇( − )= ( − )
The above equation represents, the force exerted by the body on the fluid.
Newton’s third law of motion, action and reaction are equal and opposite and therefore,
=− ( − )
= ( − )
discharge is 5 l/s. if the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa, Compute the force provided by
the flange bolts to hold the nozzle, figure as shown below. Assume incompressible steady
flow. Bolt
Pipe
Nozzle
Water Jet
Bolt
1
Figure 6.1 A pipe section with nozzle
Given: Diameter, d1= 20 mm; d2= 10 mm; pressure at 2, p2= 101 k N/m2; discharge, Q = 5
= = 15.92 ; = = 63.66 /
+ = +
2 2
Or, = 2000.55
Force provided by the flange bolt to hold the nozzle:
= ( − )
= 381.69