SEAWALL

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FUNCTIONS:

 Provides a high degree of protection against coastal flooding and erosion. Fixes
the boundary between the sea and land which can be beneficial to infrastructure
adjacent to the shoreline
 Redirect the waves back to the sea
 Reduce the waves energy to protect the nearby land and habitants

TYPES OF SEAWALL

• Curved Seawall

• Vertical Seawall

• Mound Seawall

LIMITATIONS:

Curved Seawall

1. Design to enable waves to break to dissipate wave energy and repel waves back to the sea
2. Design to prevent waves from overtoppo=ing the wall and have protection on the toe.

Vertical Seawall

1. Can lessen wave energy slightly

2. Suffer a lot of expensive damage in a short period of time.
Mound Seawall

1. Cant withstand or protect high energy conditions effectively

2. Usefull in lower energy erosional process

DESIGN FEATURE

• Curved seawall

• Vertical seawall
 • Rubble Mound seawall

CONCLUSION:

Therefore, It is evident that the construction of seawall along the coast allows for the protection of the
property by controlling the erosion, this kind of reduces the natural delivery of sand leading to
detrimental effects in the down-drift coast beaches.

FUNCTIONS

 built to keep a river from overflowing its banks or to prevent ocean waves from
washing into undesired areas.
  may be used to increase available land for habitation or divert a body of water so the
fertile soil of a river or sea bed may be used for agriculture.
 They prevent rivers from flooding cities in a storm surge.

LIMITATIONS

• Requires considerable area.

• Requires periodic maintenance

• Do not eliminate the need to evacuate during floods.

• This technique cannot be used to bring a substantially damaged or improved structure into
compliance with floodplain development standards.

• Interior drainage must be provided.

DESIGN FEATURES

CAPACITY

• Priority 1 levees include levees that will convey a 2,000 cfs Restoration Flow within the
current Restoration Flow path (40 miles of levee); Priority 2 levees will convey a 2,500 cfs
Restoration Flow that are not in Priority 1 (30 miles of levee); and Priority 3 levees will convey a
4,500 cfs Restoration Flow (65 miles of levee).

• Maximum settled levee height of 8-10 ft – Recommended as the practical limit of levees that
protect one or more individual structures based on available space and material costs.
• Minimum levee crest width of 10-12 ft- recommended to minimize seepage concerns and allow
for ease of construction, vehicle access and maintenance.
• Levee floodwater side slope of 1 vertical to 2.5 horizontal – recommended to minimize the
erosion and scour potential, provide adequate stability under all conditions & facilitate
maintenance.
Components of a levee:
1. Design High Water Level (HWL)
2. Low water channel
3. Flood channel
4. Riverside Slope
5. Riverside Banquette
6. Levee Crown
7. Landside Slope
8. Landside Banquette
9. Berm
10. Low water revetment
11. Riverside land
12. Levee
13. Protected lowland
14. River zone
 CONCLUSION:

Furthermore, levees have been built for the purpose of empoldering or as a boundary for an
inundation area. Levees can be permanent earthworks or emergency constructions built hastily in a
flood emergency, artificial levees require substantial engineering.

CULVERT
FUNCTIONS:
 Allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or similar obstruction from one side to
another side.
 Used as cross-drains for ditch relief and to pass water under a road at natural drainage
and stream crossings.
 To allow vehicle or pedestrian traffic to cross over the waterway while allowing
adequate passage for the water.
 To prevent flooding and to minimize erosion and to provide pathways for run-off.

Types of culvert

1. Pipe culvert
2. Box culvert
3. Bridge culvert

Limitation
1. Pipe culvert

pipe culvert is that it can be easily corroded at the crown because of bacteria‘s organic
matter and release of harmful gas, which is known as Crown corrosion

2. Box culvert

It is Suitable for non-perennial streams where scrub depth is not significant but the soil
is weak.
The box culvert is a rigid frame structure

3. Bridge culvert

Weights limit, the estimates of maximum single vehicle loads that structures can carry
without damage.
Design feature

1. Pipe culvert

Capacity

It can be constructed of any desired strength by proper mix design, thickness, and
reinforcement
can withhold any tensile stresses and compressive stresses.
Typically range from 1-6 ft. in diameter.

2. Box culvert

Capacity

The bottom slab of the box culvert reduces pressure on the soil.
3. Bridge culvert

Capacity

Highly strong foundation

Very strong
Allows traffic to pass on it