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Notes 01 Introduction To Power Electronics PDF
Notes 01 Introduction To Power Electronics PDF
Permanent
Nd-Fe-Bo
Lens g
Magnet
Air gap
Drive Ith
PEAK
TTL Array
Switching -12
INPUT Driver Drive* Array
Is
PEAK current
set
Vsense
Diff. Amp.
Rsense
Power
-12
Converter
Vc Loop
PWM
P.W.M.
Filter
See:
1. B. Santarelli and M. Thompson, U.S. Patent #5,123,023, "Laser Driver with Plural Feedback Loops," issued June 16, 1992
2. M. Thompson, U.S. Patent #5,444,728, "Laser Driver Circuit," issued August 22, 1995
3. W. T. Plummer, M. Thompson, D. S. Goodman and P. P. Clark, U.S. Patent #6,061,372, “Two-Level Semiconductor Laser
Driver,” issued May 9, 2000
4. Marc T. Thompson and Martin F. Schlecht, “Laser Diode Driver Based on Power Converter Technology,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 12, no. 1, Jan. 1997, pp. 46-52
Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 10
Magnetically-Levitated
Magnetically Levitated Flywheel Energy Storage
• For NASA; P = 100W, energy storage = 100 W-hrs
S N N S
N S Flywheel (Rotating) S N
Stator Winding
N S
S N
N S
S N
N S S N
S N N S
Reference: http://www.magnetarcorp.com
Reference: S. Druyea, S. Islam and W. Lawrance, “A battery management system for stand-alone photovoltaic energy
systems,” IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 7, no. 3, May-June 2001, pp. 67-72
Reference: P
P. Maige
Maige, “A
A universal power supply integrated circuit for TV and monitor applications
applications,” IEEE Transactions
on Consumer Electronics, vol. 36, no. 1, Feb. 1990, pp. 10-17
Reference: H H. Matsuki
Matsuki, Y
Y. Yamakata
Yamakata, N N. Chubachi
Chubachi, SS.-I.
-I Nitta and H.
H Hashimoto,
Hashimoto “Transcutaneous
Transcutaneous DC-DC
converter for totally implantable artificial heart using synchronous rectifier,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,
vol. 32 , no. 5, Sept. 1996, pp. 5118 - 5120
Reference: http://www.cameca.fr/doc_en_pdf/oral_sims14_schuhmacher_ims1270improvements.pdf
Reference:
f J. W. Coltman,
C ““The Transformer
f (historical
( overview,”” IEEE
Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 8, no. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2002, pp. 8-15
f
Reference: N. Holonyak, Jr., “The
“ Silicon
S p-n-p-n Switch
S and Controlled
C Rectifier
f (Thyristor),”
( ) ” IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, vol. 16, no. 1, January 2001, pp. 8-16
Reference: B. J. Baliga, “Trends in Power Semiconductor Devices,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 43,
no. 10, October 1996, pp. 1717-1731
Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 41
Selected History of Power Switching Devices
• 1982 - Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) introduced
Reference: B. J. Baliga, “Trends in Power Semiconductor Devices,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 43,
no. 10, October 1996, pp. 1717-1731
Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 42
Review of Basic Circuit Concepts
• Some background in circuits
• Laplace notation
• First-order and second-
order systems
• Resonant circuits,
damping
p g ratio,, Q
• Reference for this material: M.
T. Thompson, Intuitive Analog
Circuit Design
Design, Elsevier,
Elsevier 2006
(course book for ECE529) and
Power Quality in Electrical
Systems, McGraw-Hill, 2007 by
A. Kusko and M. Thompson
R1
+ R1
vi + R2 vo +
- + R2
C vi (s) - vo(s)
-
1/(Cs) -
1
R2 +
vo ( s ) Cs R2Cs + 1
H ( s) = = =
vi ( s ) R + R + 1 ( R1 + R2 )Cs + 1
1 2
Cs
τ R = 2.2τ Risetime
1
ωh =
τ 0.35
Bandwidth τR =
ωh fh
fh =
2π
Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 46
First-Order Step
p and Frequency
q y Response
p
Step Response
0.8
de
Amplitud
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (sec.)
Bode Diagrams
e (dB)
0
hase (deg); Magnitude
-10
-20
-20
-40
-60
Ph
-80
-1 0 1
10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
1
q y ωn =
Natural frequency LC
ω RC 1 R 1 R
Damping ratio ς= n = =
2 2 L 2 Zo
C
Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 48
Second-Order System Frequency Response
1
H ( jω ) =
2 jςω ⎛ ω 2 ⎞
+ ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
ωn ⎝ ωn ⎠
1
H ( jω ) =
2 2
⎛ 2ςω ⎞ ⎛ ω 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ ωn ⎠ ⎝ ωn ⎠
⎛ 2ςω ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
−1 ⎝ ω n ⎠ −1 ⎛ 2ςωω n ⎞
∠H ( jω ) = − tan = − tan ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟
2 ⎟
⎛ ω ⎞ 2
⎝ ωn − ω ⎠
⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ ωn ⎠
30
20
10
0
-10
agnitude (dB)
-20
-30
-40
Phase (deg); Ma
-50
-100
-150
-1 0 1
10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
1
H ( s ) ω =ω =
n
2ς
π
∠H ( s )ω =ωn = −
2
1
H ( s ) ω =ω = =Q
n
2ς
1.8
1.6
14
1.4
1.2
Amplitude
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (sec.)
− ωn
σ x σ
x x σ
2 poles
x − jω n
+
vc C L
-
Now, we can find the resonant frequency by guessing that the voltage v(t) is
sinusoidal with v(t) = Vosinωt. Putting this into the equation for capacitor voltage
results in:
1
− ω sin(ωt ) = −
2
sin(ωt )
LC
This means that the resonant frequency is the standard (as expected) resonance:
1
ω r2 =
LC
Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 56
Energy Methods
iL
+
vc C L
-
1 1 2
CVo = LI o
2
2 2
+
vc C L
-
What does this mean about the magnitude of the inductor current ? Well,
we can solve for the ratio of Vo/Io resulting in:
Vo L
= ≡ Zo
Io C
+
vc C L
-
1
vo ( s ) Cs 1 1
H ( s) = = = = 2
vi ( s ) R + Ls + 1 LCs + RCs + 1 s
2
2ζs
+ +1
Cs ωn ωn
2
1
ωn =
LC
ω RC 1 R 1 R
ς= n = =
2 2 L 2 Zo
C
Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 60
Resonant Circuit --- Underdamped
• With ““small”
ll” resistor,
i t circuit
i it iis underdamped
d d d
1
ωn = = 200 Mrad / sec
LC
f n 31.8 MHz
L
Zo = = 5Ω
C
ω n RC 1 R 1 R
ς= = = = 0.001
2 2 L 2 Zo
C
Vpksin(ωt) 100
• ω = radian frequency 0
(rad/sec) -50
peaks at ±170V
• More on RMS later
⎛ ωL ⎞ −1
∠ = − tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ R ⎠
- Phasor representation
- Angle
⎛ Im( A) ⎞
θ = tan ⎜⎜ −1
⎟⎟
⎝ Re( A) ⎠
- Magnitude of A
A= (Re(( A) )2 + (Im(( A) )2
⎝ 3.5 ⎠
θ = 180o − 50.2 o = 129.8o
∴ 5.5 A∠129.8o
Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 78
Converting from Polar to Rectangular Form
Re{A} = A cos(θ )
Im{A} = A sin(θ )
Pavg
P.F . =
VRMS I RMS
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
1.5
5
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
1 10
1:10 Vout
120 VAC
AC
Reg.
Cbus
Vbus Switching Vo
AC
Reg.
Cbus
+
Vi RL vo(t)
-
Vi
<vvo(t)
(t)>
t
DT T T+DT
D L
+
Vi C RL vo((t))
-
Vcc L Vo
+
C R
vc