CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Morphogenesis is defined as the development of form and structure, or shape, during growth

(Chandria, 2017). Structures of the chick embryo become distinct during the

By inducing a given substances into the air chamber or the yolk sac, the teratogenic

and toxicity effect can be easily detected, and with a few substances their method of activity

can be characterized.

Amoxicillin is an antibacterial drug, which has been used for several years. Amoxicillin

(INN) or amoxycillin (former BAN) is a moderate-spectrum _-lactam antibiotic used to treat

bacterial infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. It is usually the drug of choice

within the class because it is better absorbed, following oral administration, than other -

lactam antibiotics. Amoxicillin is susceptible to degradation by _-lactamase-producing

bacteria, and so may be given with clavulanic acid to decrease its susceptibility. Amoxicillin

acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It inhibits cross-linkage between the

linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that make up a major component of the cell wall of gram-

5
positive bacteria .

(A. ASHNAGAR,* N. GHARIB NASERI )

This study is about the different effects of Amoxicillin induced during Day 8 of

incubation of the chicken eggs but does not claim to cover all aspects of this broad subject.

Rather, our main goal is to differentiate the structures developed when the egg was induced
with Amoxicillin to the eggs that induced with ethanol and distilled water. Furthermore, since

the embryogenesis in chick is similar to human beings, the study was performed in chicken

embryo as a model to investigate teratogenic effect of amoxicillin in the development of the

embryo. We believe that this experiment will give important information about the toxic effects

of amoxicillin compounds as a basic embryo-pathological study.

(http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/11250008009438688)
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

We used in this experiment six (6), two (2) day old fertilized chicken eggs to study the

different effects of Amoxicillin. We cleaned the eggs by wiping it with wipes soaked in distilled

water. After cleaning the eggs, we determined the air space by candling and we put a mark to

where it is located. Then, since we had six (6) eggs we labeled it from 5a-5f. We put the eggs

inside the incubator and leave it there for a couple of days. We checked the eggs from time to

time to see if the eggs are still alive. On day 8 of incubation, we removed the eggs inside the

incubator to induce ethanol, distilled water and amoxicillin. We induced the eggs labeled 5a

and 5b with ethanol, eggs labeled 5c and 5d induced with distilled water and eggs labeled 5e

and 5f induced with Amoxicillin. We used lancelet to make a small hole so that 31gauge

syringe can fit in it. We induced .20 mL of each solution to the eggs and we closed it with

Para film. After inducing every egg, we cleaned it again and put it back inside the incubator.

On day 15 of incubation, we removed again the eggs to remove the chick embryo inside the

eggs. We locate where the embryo is located and made a small window to the shell adjacent

to where the embryo is. Then we used _____ syringe to remove the albumin inside the egg.

We cracked the eggs to removed the developed embryo to further observed the different

effects of the solution that was induced in different eggs. We measure the parts of the chick:

head to the tip of the foot, back of head to beak, wing span, length of each wing, height of the

head and each leg. We also weighed each developed chick then observed if there were

deformities present.
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

DAY OF THE APPEARANCE OBSERVATION

INCUBATION

DAY 1 5a-5f fertilized eggs

small air space

no observable blood
vessels

DAY 4-onwards Formation of blood vessels

to increase in number of

blood vessels.

DAY 8

DAY 15
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Amoxicillin is generally utilized penicillin, yet information on its formation defects on the

gross development of the embryo is restricted (Jepsen et.al., 2003).

In human, Teratogenicity depends upon the ability of the agent to cross the placenta.

During organogenesis between days 15 to 60, teratogenic agents are more likely to cause

major congenital malformations (Chung, _____). Amoxicillin can cross the placenta and could

possibly impact fetal organogenesis. The way that the present and earlier investigations

discovered expanded dangers after pre-birth presentation to aminopenicillins yet not to other

penicillins recommends that the aminobenzyl gathering may assume a part in the

improvement of oral clefts (Hernandez-Diaz et.al., 2003).

Also, Amoxicillin is somewhat related to Tetracyclines which exhibit a deposition in

developing bones with conceivable unsettling influences of longitudinal growth. In tissue

culture studies a restrait of osteogenesis has been observed in the presence of tetracyclines.

Furthermore, the occurrence of intrinsic appendage distortions due to tetracyclines has been

discussed (Dette & Knothe, 1985).

The embryos treated with puromycin blocked development similarly in all the organs.

(Maci, 1980). Rosalba Maci (1980) Chick embryo sensitivity to teratogenic agents, Bolletino di zoologia, 47:3-

4, 313-320, DOI: 10.1080/11250008009438688

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION