CE 356

Environmental Engineering-II

Lec-1: Introduction

Prof. Dr. Javed Anwar Aziz

Engr. Ghulam Hussain

 Course Objectives
 To learn basic concepts of wastewater
engineering:
• Origin of wastewater, quantities, characteristics,
carriage (collection), treatment, disposal/reuse.

 To design wastewater collection systems

 To understand and design various wastewater
treatment processes. 2
 TEXT BOOK
“WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE”

By

E.W. Steel and T.J. McGhee

6th Edition
 REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Wastewater Engineering, Treatment, Disposal,
Reuse by Metcalf and Eddy, 4th Edition.

2. Introduction to Environmental Engineering by

Davis and Cornwell, 2nd Edition.

3. Water and Wastewater Engineering by Fair &

Geyer

4. Water and Wastewater Technology By Mask J.

Hammer
 COMPONENTS OF WASTEWATER
ENGINEERING

 Collection system (network of sewer pipes)

 Disposal Works (sewage pumping stations,

outfalls)

 Treatment works (for rendering wastewater

treatment prior to its disposal into
environment)
 SOME BASIC TERMS
 SEWAGE: It is the liquid waste or wastewater
produced as a result of water use.

 SEWER: It is a pipe or conduit which carries sewage.

It is generally closed but normally not flowing full.

 SEWERAGE: It refers to the collection, treatment

and disposal of wastewater.
 Sewerage works or sewage works include all the physical
structures required for that collection, treatment, and
disposal.
 SOURCES OF WASTEWATER
 Domestic Sewage: It is wastewater from residential
buildings, offices, hotels and institutions etc.

 Industrial Waste: It includes the liquid discharges

from industrial processes.

 Storm Sewage: It include surface run off generated

by rainfall and the street wash.

– NOTE: Sanitary Sewage refers to the combined

sewage from domestic and industrial sources.
 TYPES OF SEWERS
 Sanitary Sewer: Sewer which carries sanitary
sewage i.e., wastewater originating from a municipality
including domestic and industrial wastewater.

 Storm Sewer: It carries storm sewage including

surface run off and street washes and any other
wastes which may be discharged into the streets or
onto the ground.

 Combined Sewer: It carries both sanitary and storm

sewage.
 TYPES OF SEWERS (Cont…)
 House Sewer is a pipe conveying wastewater from
an individual structure to a common sewer or some
other point of disposal.

 Lateral Sewer is a common sewer with no tributary

flow except from house sewers.

 Submain Sewer collects flow from one or more

laterals or house sewers.

 Main/Trunk Sewer collects flow from several

submains as well as lateral and house sewers.
 TYPES OF SEWERS (Cont…)
 Force Mains are pressurized sewer lines
which convey sewage from a pumping station
to another main or to a point of treatment or
disposal.

 Outfall Sewer receives discharge from all

collecting system and convey it to the point of
final disposal (e.g., a water body etc)
Fig: Types of sewers
 TYPES OF SEWER SYSTEMS
1. SEPARATE SYSTEM
If storm sewage is carried separately from
domestic and industrial wastewaters, the
system is called separate system.

• Separate systems are favored when:

– There is an immediate need for collection of
sanitary sewage but not for storm sewage.

– When sanitary sewage needs treatment but storm

sewage does not.
 TYPES OF SEWER SYSTEMS (Cont…)
2. COMBINED SYSTEM:
It is the system in which sewers carry both sanitary
as well as storm sewage.

• Combined system is favored when:

– Combined sewage can be disposed off without treatment.

– Both sanitary and storm sewage need treatment

– Streets are narrow and two separate sewers cannot be

laid.
 TYPES OF SEWER SYSTEMS (Cont…)
3. PARTIALLY COMBINED SYSTEM:

If some portion of storm or surface run off is

allowed to be carried along with sanitary
sewage, the system is known as partially
combined system.

NOTE: In urban areas of developing countries,

mostly partially combined system is
used.
 SEWAGE FLOW / QUANTITY
Domestic and industrial sewage is derived
from water supply, so it has a relationship with
amount of water consumption.

 It is generally reported that about 70-90% of

the total water supplied to a community
becomes wastewater.
 Sometimes, illicit drains and water use from privately owned
source produce quantities of sewage larger than public water
withdrawals.
 INFILTRATION: It is the water which enters the
sewers form ground through poor joints, cracked
pipes, and the walls of the manholes.

 INFLOW: Inflow is the water which enters the sewers

from surface through perforated manhole covers, roof
drains connected to the sewers, and drains from the
flooded cellars etc.
 VARIATIONS IN SEWAGE FLOW
Sewage flow rates vary by source and with
time.

Since sewers must be able to accommodate

the MAXIMUM RATE OF FLOW, the variation
in sewage flow need to be studied.
 VARIATIONS IN SEWAGE FLOW (Cont….)
• Generally, Herman’s Formula is used to
estimate the ratio of maximum to average flow.
Qmax 14
 M  1
Qav 4 p

Where; P = Population in thousand.

M = Peak Factor
 VARIATIONS IN SEWAGE FLOW (Cont….)
WASA Lahore considers the following relationship for
sewer design
Avg. Flow in sewer Peak Factor to
(m3/d) obtain Qmax
 2500 4.0
2500-5000 3.4
5000-10,000 3.1
10,000-25000 2.7
25000-50,000 2.5
50,000-100,000 2.3
100,000-250,000 2.15
250,000-500,00 2.08
> 500,000 2.0
 VARIATIONS IN SEWAGE FLOW (Cont….)

MINIMUM RATE OF SEWAGE FLOW:

• Generally taken as 50 % of average sewage

flow. Minimum rates of flows are used in:
– Design of sewage pumping station

– To investigate the velocities in sewers during

low flow periods.
 DESIGN PERIODS AND USE OF SEWAGE FLOW DATA

1. Design of Sewer Systems:

 Period of design is “Indefinite” as the system
is designed to care for the maximum
development of the area.

 Qmax is used for design of sewers.

 Qmin is used to check velocities during low

flows.
DESIGN PERIODS AND USE OF SEWAGE FLOW DATA (Cont….)

2. Design of Sewage Pumping Station:

 Design period is usually 10 years.

 Rates of flow required are:

average daily, peak and minimum flow rates,

including infiltration.
DESIGN PERIODS AND USE OF SEWAGE FLOW DATA (Cont….)

3. Design of Sewage Treatment Plants:

 Design period is usually 15 - 20 years.

 Rates of flow required are:

average daily, and peak flow both including

infiltration.