Environmental Engineering - II

by Engr. Fatima Ashfaq

BSc. Environmental Engineering, UET Lahore (2012-2016)
MS. Environmental Engineering, UET Lahore (2017-2020)
Email: Fatima.Ashfaq@umt.edu.pk
Course Aim
Develop the student’s knowledge of

 To plan, design wastewater collection

Systems.
 To plan, design wastewater Treatment

Systems.
 To introduce Environmental Laws, EIA and

Solid Waste Management.

Course Learning Outcome
Upon successful completion of the course, the student should
be able to comprehend:

 Design waste water disposal networks (C6)

 Evaluate measures to treat waste water. (C5)

 Apply techniques used for environmental

impact assessment. (C3)
 TENTATIVE COURSE CONTENT

A. Sources of waste water; Domestic and Industrial. Estimation of sanitary

sewage and storm water quantities. Hydraulics of sewers and design of sewerage
system. Sewage pumping stations. Characteristics of Domestic and Industrial
wastewater.
B. Wastewater treatment; purpose, principles and design of various
wastewater treatment processes including screens, grit chambers, sedimentation
tanks, Activated sludge process, Trickling Filters, wastewater stabilization
ponds and Aerated Lagoons. Sludge digestion and disposal.
C. Low cost sanitation options for rural areas and small communities.
Disposal of wastewater on land and water bodies. Waste assimilative capacity
of streams. Use of treated effluent for irrigation.
D. National Environmental Quality standards (NEQS). Introduction to
Environmental Impact Assessment. Evaluation of Environmental Impacts.
 Conduct of Course
2 + 1 credit hours course
Theory – 2 credit hours
● Quizzes 15 %
● Projects / Assignments 10 %
● Mid term exam 25 %
● End of Semester Exam 50 %

Practical – 1 credit hour

WARNINGS !!!
● Study in groups but submit work on your own
● No copying of project / assignments
● Severe penalty in case someone found cheating
● No make up quizzes or projects / assignments
● At least 80 % attendance is mandatory to appear in the exam

● Fundamental course in Civil Engineering

● Trending Issue
● Good class conduct and is very important to understand this
course
 Recommended Books:
Text Book

Water Supply & Sewerage by

E.W Steel and Mc Ghee
4th, 5th, 6th Edition (whichever Available).

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Waste water Engineering, Treatment, Disposal, reuse by

Metcalf and Eddy, 3rd Edition.
2. Water and waste water Engineering by
Fair & Geyer
3. Water and waste water Technology by
Mask J. Hammer
 Module – 1
Introduction to Environmental
Engineering - II

8th Semester
Environmental Engineering –II
By Engr. Fatima Ashfaq
By Muhammad Farhan Arooj
 SOME BASIC TERMS

Sewage: It is the Liquid Waste of Wastewater produced as a result

of water use.
Sewer: It is a Pipe or Conduit for carrying sewage. It is generally
closed and flow takes place under gravity.
Sewerage: it is a comprehensive term. This term is applied to the
Art Of the collection of wastewater and conveying it to the point
of final disposal with or without treatment.

SOURCES OF WASTEWATER

1. Domestic It is waste water from residential buildings,

offices, other buildings and institutions etc.

2. Industrial It is liquid waste from industrial processes

like dying, paper making, fertilizers, chemicals, leather
etc.

3. Storm water It include surface run off generated by

rainfalls and street wash.
 TYPES OF SEWERS

1. Sanitary Sewer: Sewer which carries sanitary sewage

i.e., wastewater originating from a municipality
including domestic and industrial wastewater.

2. Storm Sewer: It carries storm sewage including surface

run off and street washes.

3. Combined Sewer: It carries domestic, industrial and

storm sewage.

4. House Sewer: is a pipe conveying wastewater from

an individual structure to a common sewer or some
other point of disposal.
 TYPES OF SEWERS

5. Lateral Sewer: It receive discharge

from house sewers
6. Sub main sewer: It receive discharge
from one or more laterals.
7. Main/Trunk Sewer: Receive discharge
from two or more sub mains.
8. Force Mains are pressurized sewer
lines which convey sewage from a
pumping station to another main or to a
point of treatment or disposal
9. Outfall Sewer: Receive discharge from
all collecting system and convey it to
the point of final disposal (e.g., a
water body etc)
Components of Wastewater Engineering

• Collection system (network of sewer pipes)

• Disposal Works (Sewage pumping stations)
• Treatment works (render treatment)

TYPES OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

1. Separate System If storm water is carried separately

from domestic and industrial waste, the system is
called separate system.

When favored
I) There is an immediate need for collection of
sanitary sewage but not for storm sewage.
II) Where sanitary sewage need treatment but storm
water does not
2. Combined System: A system in which sewer carry both
sanitary as well as storm sewage.

When favored
I)When combined sewage can be disposed off with out
treatment
II)When both need treatment
III)When streets are narrow and two separate sewers cannot
be laid.

3. Partially Combined: If some portion of storm or surface

run off (from roofs, roads, open spaces etc) is allowed to be
carried along with sanitary sewage, the system is known as
partially combined system.

Note: In urban areas, mostly, partially combined system is used.

 Infiltration

It is the water that enters sewer through poor joints, cracked pipes and
walls and covers of manholes. Infiltration is almost non-existent in dry weather
but it will increase during rainy season.

Infiltration rates ≤ 45 lit /km of sewer/day/mm dia (E.W. Steel)

WASA: 225 mm – 610 mm, Infiltration = 5 % of Av. Sewage flow.

> 610 mm, Infiltration = 10 % of Av. Sewage flow.
 SEWAGE FLOW / QUANTITY
Sanitary and industrial sewage is derived from water
supply, so it has a relationship with amount of water
consumption. Generally 80–90% of water
consumption is taken as sewage flow.

Variation In Sewage Flow

Like water supply, sewage flow varies from time to
time. Since sewers must be able to accommodate the
max flow the variation in sewage flow need to be
studied.

Generally, following formula is used to estimate the

rates (Peak Factor) of max. to average flow
Problem1

The residential area of a city has a population density of 15000 per

1Km2 and an area of 120,000 m2. If the average water consumption
is 400 lpcd find the average sewage flow and the max sewage flow
that can be expected in m3/day.

Problem 2

For the above problem design a partially combined sewer system.

(n=0.012)

16
Problem

The residential area of a city has a population density of 15000

per 1Km2 and an area of 120,000 m2. If the average water
consumption in 400 lpcd find the average sewage flow and the
max sewage flow that can be expected in m3/day

Solution

Total pop = 15000  = 1800 persons.

Per capita sewage flow = 0.8  400 = 320 lpcd.

Av. Sewage flow = 1800  320 = 576 m3/d.

M=1+ = 1+ = 3.6

Max/Peak Sewage Flow = 576  3.6 = 2085 m3/d.

DESIGN PERIODS
1. Collection Works: Period of design is “Indefinite” as the system is
designed to case for the maximum development of the area.
2. Disposal Works: Design period is usually 10 years. Rates of flow
required are: average daily, peak and minimum flow rates,
including infiltration.
3. Treatment Works: Design period is 15 to 20 years flow rates
required are average and peak.

INVERT LEVEL
It is the level of the invert of the sewer pipe
Invert: Inverted Arch
Invert Level = G.L– Cover over pipe– thickness of Pipe– dia of pipe.

Steps For Design Of Sewer

1. Preliminary Investigations
2. Design consideration/Formulation of design criteria
3. Actual Design
4. Preparation of drawings and BOQ
5. Subsequent modifications.
1) PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

 If map of the area is not already a available, the first step is to carry out
survey to draw a map of the project area.
Different details are marked on the map like
Streets
Railway lines
Streams
Location of under ground utilities like gas, water mains etc.
 Establish BENCH MARKS through out the area and make contour profiles.
 Soil conditions should be investigated for the type of structure, location
of water table, presence of any underground rock etc.
 Collection of rainfall and run off data.
 Study of natural slopes of the area and selection of a suitable disposal
point.

2) DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS/FORMULATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA

(i) Design Flow

Sanitary Sewer = Peak Sewage flow + Infilt + Industrial flow

Partially Combined = 2  Peak sewage flow + Infilt + Industrial Flow

(WASA CRITERIA)
 (ii) Design Equation

Sewers are designed on the basis of open channel flow.

V= (Manning’s Formula)

Where
V = Velocity, m/sec
R = hydraulic mean depth =

= D/4, when pipe is flowing full or ½ full

S = slope of sewer
n = Co-efficient of roughness for pipe (0.012 for R.C.C pipes)
(see table 15.1 EW steel for more n values)

(iii) Minimum Velocities

Min velocities also called self cleansing velocities must be maintained
in sewers to avoid deposition of suspended solids and subsequent
choking of sewers.

Sanitary sewers = 0.6 m/sec [organic particle sp. gs = 1.61]

Storm sewers = 1 m/sec [inorganic particle sp. gs = 2.65]
20
Partially combined = 0.7 m/sec.
 (iv) Maximum Velocities
2.4 m/sec (E.W Steel)
A limit on higher velocity is imposed due to abrasive character of
solids in wastewater
Scraping or wearing away.

(v) Min. Sewer Size

225 mm is taken as min sewer size. [WASA, PHED]
why: chocking takes place with bigger size particles/substances which
are usually thrown into sewers through manholes etc.
[Examples: shrubs, bricks etc].

(vi) Min Cover:

1m is taken as min cover over sewers to avoid damage from live loads
coming on sewers.

(vii) Manholes
Purpose
Cleaning
Inspection
House connections
 Where provided

1.At every change in direction

2.Where two different dia pipes are to be connected.
Spacing
225 mm – 350 mm spacing 100 m
460 mm – 760 mm spacing 120 m [WASA]
> 760 mm spacing 150 m

Note For plots, one manhole be provided for 2 plots

viii)Qd/Qf Ratios

WASA recommend the Qd/Qf ratios in order to provide air space in the
upper portion of sewers for ventilation purpose. Qd represent design
flow and Qf is flow when sewer is flowing full.

Sewer Size Ratio (Qd/Qf)

225 – 380 mm 0.7
460 – 1220 mm 0.75
1370 mm and larger 0.8
 3)DESIGN OF SEWER

By design of sewer, we mean the following two things

1.To find Size of sewer
Q = AV is used to find size

2.To find required Slope to maintain a minimum velocity in

sewers.

V=

Is used to find slope.

4) PREPARATION OF DRAWING AND BOQ

Typical drawings include

• Sewer joints
• Manholes
• Disposal station
• Sewer profiles or L – sections

5) SUBSEQUENT MODIFICATIONS
Mostly done due to some unforeseen incident, to accommodate some
additional demand/requirement of the client etc.
PROBLEM :
Design a sanitary sewer to serve a population of 5,000 people, if the average
consumption is 400 liters per capita per day (lpcd). How many extra persons can be
served if the slope is doubled? Using "n" value of 0.013 in the Manning's formula &
the return flow as 70%. Check the minimum self-cleaning velocity. Neglect infiltration
& inflow?
Given Data:  
Population (P) = 5000 Persons
Average water consumption (q) = 400 lpcd
Manning Coefficient (n) = 0.013
Return Flow = 70 %
Assume Slop (s) = 0.005

Required:
1. Find the Velocity (V) =? Also check minimum self cleaning velocity
2. When the slope is doubled find the extra population to be served =?
Average waste water flow (qw) = P * Return flow (%) * q
  = 5000 * 0.7 * 400
  = 1,400,000 lpcd
  = 0.0162 m3/sec
Let take peaking factor (P.F) =3
Peak Hourly Waste Water Flow = 3 * 0.0162
  = 0.0486 m3/sec

Now finding the diameter of sewer pipe line

Using discharge formula;
Q = AV
0.0162 = (D2) ( R2/3 S1/2)
D = 0.264 m (264mm or 10.40”)
Use 12” Dia pipe
Checking the minimum self cleaning velocity
V = (  R2/3 S1/2 ) Where R = (D/4)2/3 for circular pipe
V = 0.96 m/sec
Vmin = 0.6 m/sec < V = 0.96 m/sec < Vmax = 2.5 m/sec

PART 2

Doubling the slope i.e. 2 S = 0.01

Q = (  π/4*D2) (  R2/3 S1/2)

Q = 0.0331 (m3/s) =0.0331*1000*86400

Q = P * qw

P = Q/qw Where qw = Return flow (%) * q (= 280 lpcd )

P = 2860429.78/280 (LITERS/DAY)/LITERS/CAPITA/DAY)  

P = 10,216 Persons
SEWERS FLOWING PARTIALLY FULL

It is necessary to determine velocity and depth of sewage in a pipe

when it is flowing only partially full. For this, use of the GRAPH will
allow quick computation of the hydraulic elements of partially filled
circular sewer.
For using this graph, it is necessary to find first the conditions
when a sewer is flowing full. Then by calculating the ratio of any
two known hydraulic elements, the others can be found.

Significance Of Partial Flow Study

Conditions during partial flow, must frequently be determined in
combined / partially combined sewers due to the following
reasons.
• To investigate velocities during dry weather flow to determine
possibilities of deposits occurring in pipes.

• Knowledge of depth of flow is of value in designing sewer inter

sections. Large sewers should be brought together at elevations so
that water may not back up into the other.
Fig. 1.Variation of flow and velocity with depth in circular pipes

28
 Problem 4
A 915 mm circular combined sewer is laid on
a slope of 0.003 and it is flow full with n =
0.013. What will be the velocity and depth of
flow when the sewer is carrying 8.5 m3/min
discharge. (0.1416 m3/sec).

29
Required:
Find the velocity at actual depth of flow=Va=?

Q when flowing full = V =(1/n) R2/3S1/2 =

= 1.57 m/sec

Q = A  V= = 1.036 m3/sec

Qa/Qf = 0.1416/1.036 = 0.14

d/D= 0.3 (from discharge line) d = 0.3  0.915 = 0.275 = 275 mm

at 0.1416 m3/sec
Va/Vf = 0.6 (from graph against 0.3)
Va = 0.6  1.57 = 0.94 m/sec
 Sewer Sewer
Minimum slope
diameter(in) diameter(mm)
6 150 0.0043

8 200 0.0033

10 255 0.0025

12 310 0.0019

15 380 0.0014

18 460 0.0011

21 530 0.00092

24 610 0.00077
Problem 5

Design a partially combined sewer system with following data:

Population density for residential area= 10000 per 1Km2
Population density for commercial area= 2000 per 1Km2
% age of residential area = 90%
% age of commercial area = 10%
Total area = 820,000 m2
Water consumption (lpcd) = (200 + reg. number /25)
Manning roughness coefficient = 0.012
Slope = 0.0014
Assume suitable data as applicable
Peak Factor = 2.5

32
 Problem 7

Answer the following questions related to partially

combined sewerage system design: Design
population=4000;
Avg water consumption=(200+(Roll #/25)),
Infiltration =10% of the average sewage flow. n
(RCC pipe)=0.013
a. Find out the average and peak sewage flow
b. Calculate the design flow for partially combined
sewer flow.
c. Calculate the sewer size and appropriate slope to
maintain self cleaning velocity
d. Using the figure 1 find out the actual velocity and
depth of flow at average flow.